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	Arnold Sommerfeld
		'''Arnold Johannes Sommerfeld''' (December 5, 1868 - April 26, 1951) was a German physicist who introduced the fine-structure constant in 1919.
		Arnold Sommerfeld was born in Königsberg, where he also studied mathematics.
		Sommerfeld died in 1951 in Munich from injuries after a traffic accident.
	www.datamass.net /ar/arnold-sommerfeld.html (287 words)

	Arnold Sommerfeld: Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Arnold Sommerfeld, the great German theoretical physicist, is perhaps best known for his seminal contributions to the so-called "old" quantum theory preceding quantum mechanics proper.
		Sommerfeld's carer started, of all places, in an institute of mineralogy, but he quickly moved an to what Felix Klein called "physical mathematics", a field not to be identified with mathematical physics.
		Sommerfelds seminal role as a schoolbuilder was closely associated with his longtime position at the University of Munich, which forms a central part of the volume.
	www.gnt-verlag.de /programm/49/rez_centaurus_2002.shtml (848 words)

	Quantum Chemistry term paper--Arnold Sommerfeld
		Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld was born in Königsberg, East Prussia on the December 5, 1868.
		Sommerfeld is "certain that the average position of the two orbits will not be changed sytematically, without limit, but the perturbations" because the influences on one electron during one half of its orbit are the same as the influences on the other electron during the opposite half of its orbit.
		Sommerfeld, A.; Unsold, A. Physik (1926), 36 259-75.
	ed.augie.edu /~krshafer/quantumtermpaper.html (3600 words)

	Sommerfeld biography
		Sommerfeld entered the University of Königsberg immediately after passing the Arbitur but although mathematics was his main subject, he followed his all round interests by attending lectures in natural sciences, philosophy, and political economy as well.
		As indicated, the direction of Sommerfeld's research was immediately influenced by Klein who at this time was heavily involved in applying the theory of functions of a complex variable, and other pure mathematics, to a range of physical topics from astronomy to dynamics.
		Sommerfeld's work led him to replace the circular orbits of the Niels Bohr atom with elliptical orbits; he also introduced the magnetic quantum number in 1916 and, four years later, the inner quantum number.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Sommerfeld.html (2196 words)

	Sample biographies
		Sommerfeld was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the Mining Academy in Clausthal in the Harz Mountains.
		Sommerfeld formula for the relativistic fine structure of the hydrogen-like spectra, re-established by Dirac's wave equation, was generally considered to be one of the few lasting achievements of theoretical physics.
		Sommerfeld was disturbed by the rise of the nationalistic movement among students and lecturers (Dozenten) in the twenties.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/guides/ahqp/bios.htm (7357 words)

	Arnold Sommerfeld: Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel
		Not only is Arnold Sommerfeld, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics at the beginning of the twentieth century, noted for his exceptional scientific work, but he also promoted new concepts of theoretical physics, and the change from classical to quantum mechanics around 1920 warrants mention.
		Sommerfeld's interests changed from mathematical to physical aspects when he became the editor of the physical volumes of Enzyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften and was in contact with eminent physicists of the time.
		Sommerfeld was encouraged in this endeavor by the German mathematician Felix Klein, who established a strong liaison between mathematicians and researchers in physics and engineering in the late nineteenth Century.
	www.gnt-verlag.de /programm/49/rez_isis_2003.shtml (579 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Arnold Sommerfeld: Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel. Band 1: 1892- 1918 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sommerfelde's work as a mathematician and physicist is particularly significant because he traversed institutional and disciplinary boundaries, his mathematical methods offered ways of linking diverse intellectual realms and his focus on problems and techniques helped him found Germany's most successful school in theoretical physics.
		Sommerfeld was the first to teach undergraduate lectures in relativity and he trained eight Nobel laureates, including Heisenberg and Pauli.
		Historiographically this book is particularly significant because Sommerfeld's activities offer such a fascinating contrast to the vision of the intellectual and social agenda of theoretical physics that historians have cultivated by focusing primarily on the concerns of Planck and Einstein.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=99621 (545 words)

	Arnold Sommerfeld - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (December 5, 1868 in Königsberg, East Prussia – April 26, 1951 in Munich, Germany) was a German physicist who introduced the fine-structure constant in 1919.
		Arnold Sommerfeld studied mathematics and physical sciences at University of Königsberg.
		Sommerfeld was a great theoretician, and besides his invaluable contributions to the quantum theory, he worked in other fields of physics, such as the classical theory of electromagnetism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld (496 words)

	[No title]
		Arnold Sommerfeld was born on 5 December 1868 in Königsberg/East Prussia, the son of a physician.
		On the initiative of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and on the recommendation of Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Arnold Sommerfeld was appointed in 1906 to the chair of theoretical physics at the University of Munich.
		Arnold Sommerfeld immediately accepted the wave or matrix mechanics and the Pauli Principle and applied himself successfully to the theory of metallic conductivity.
	www.ethbib.ethz.ch /exhibit/pauli/sommerfeld.html (907 words)

	AllRefer.com - Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (Physics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld[Ar´nOlt yOhAn´us vil´helm zOm´urfelt] Pronunciation Key, 1868–1951, German physicist and teacher.
		He received a Ph.D. at KOnigsburg Univ. in 1891 and was a professor of physics at the Univ. of Munich from 1906 to 1940.
		In 1915, Sommerfeld made a major contribution to Niels Bohr's atomic theory by extending the theory to include elliptical paths for electrons.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Sommerfe.html (268 words)

	Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld Biography \| World of Physics
		Sommerfeld was born in Königsberg, Prussia, on December 5, 1868.
		Sommerfeld's solution to this problem was to suggest that electrons travel in elliptical, not circular, orbits around the nucleus.
		Sommerfeld continued in his post at Munich until the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/arnold-johannes-wilhelm-sommerfeld-wop (390 words)

	Rediscovering the Zenneck Surface Wave
		Sommerfeld had shown that an electromagnetic wave could be guided along a wire of finite conductivity, and Zenneck conceived that the earth's surface would perform in a manner similar to a single conducting wire." [see "Operating Principles of the Wardenclyffe Apparatus"]
		Now, Sommerfeld described an electrodynamic wave that is guided along a wire of finite conductivity and Zenneck expanded upon this description, asserting that the earth's surface performs in a manner similar to a conducting wire.
		And, while the Norton Surface Wave is the result of electrical currents induced in the ground by refraction of a portion of the reflected-wave component of the ground-wave at the earth-atmosphere interface, the surface wave associated with Tesla’s apparatus is the result of electrical ground currents flowing between two discrete points on the earth’s surface.
	www.tfcbooks.com /articles/tws4.htm (1669 words)

	Sommerfeld Arnold Johannes Wilhelm - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sommerfeld, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm (1868-1951), German theoretical physicist, born in Königsberg, then in Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), the...
		Schoenberg, Arnold (1874-1951), Austrian-born composer, creator of the twelve-tone system of musical composition, and one of the most influential...
		Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann (1710-1784), German composer and organist, oldest son of Johann Sebastian Bach, born in Weimar, and instructed in music by...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Sommerfeld_Arnold_Johannes_Wilhelm.html (128 words)

	Sommerfeld, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		During his early years at Munich his research was devoted principally to a study of the wave character of X rays.
		In 1916 he devised a formula for the structure of spectral lines and a general quantum theory of spectral lines.
		Sommerfeld was awarded the 1948 Oersted Medal in recognition of his service as an outstanding teacher.
	www.bartleby.com /65/so/Sommerfe.html (192 words)

	[No title]
		Arnold Sommerfeld an Russische Assoziation der Physiker, 4.
		Arnold Sommerfeld an William Francis Gray Swann, 5.
		Arnold Sommerfeld an Washington, National Academy of Sciences, 17.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~Sommerfeld/GeschDat/00625.html (121 words)

	IBZ - International Center for Science and the Humanities - Arnold Sommerfeld
		The Munich theoretical physicist and co-inventor of Qunatum Theory, who held the theoretical physics chair at the University of Munich from 1906 until his death 1951, gives his name to the International Center for Science and the Humanities in Munich.
		Sommerfeld was famous for his teaching ability and his outstanding research.
		It was the Sommerfeld tradition to sit comfortably at the Cafe am Hofgarten, not too far from today`s IBZ bearing his name, and the explore scientific questions with a group of research associates or one to one with a scientific friend.
	www.ibz-muenchen.de /e/sommerfe.htm (182 words)

	Sommerfeld, Arnold (1868-1951) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
		Sommerfeld, Arnold (1868-1951) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
		Sommerfeld was also the first to solve a diffraction problem exactly, using the Maxwell equations
		Klein, F. and Sommerfeld, A. Über die Theorie des Kreisels, 4 vols.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /biography/Sommerfeld.html (118 words)

	Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld Biography \| World of Scientific Discovery
		The first two decades of Sommerfeld's career were devoted to a wide range of topics, including optical phenomena, the behavior of gyroscopes, and radio waves.
		In 1915, he turned his attention to the subject where he made his greatest contribution: atomic structure.
		Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld from World of Scientific Discovery.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/arnold-johannes-wilhelm-sommerfeld-wsd (392 words)

	Albert Einstein to Arnold Sommerfeld - Physics Today February 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Einstein was still a patent officer in the Swiss capital, two years after his annus mirabilis, when he wrote this letter to Arnold Sommerfeld, the eminent professor of theoretical physics at the University of Munich.
		In the printed version of a lecture in 1907, Sommerfeld had written that the phase velocity of a light pulse, but not the signal velocity, can exceed c in a dispersive medium.
		Enthusiastically telling Sommerfeld of his bold conjecture, Einstein could hardly have known that, in a December 1907 letter to Hendrik Lorentz, Sommerfeld had characterized Einstein’s work as containing an unhealthy dogmatism in the “abstract-conceptual manner of the Semite” [die abstrakt-begriffliche Art des Semiten].
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-58/iss-2/p14b.html (449 words)

	Arnold Sommerfeld - The supporter of Indian physics in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Singh, Rajinder: Arnold Sommerfeld - The supporter of Indian physics in Germany
		The German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951), who died fifty years ago, was a great admirer and supporter of Indian physicists.
		Sommerfeld visited India in the second half of 1928.
	www.uni-oldenburg.de /histodid/publikationen/histodid57.html (120 words)

	References for Sommerfeld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		M Born, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society of London 8 (1952), 275-296.
		W Heisenberg, Arnold Sommerfeld, Naturwissenschaften 38 (1951), 337-338.
		K Reich, Die Rolle Arnold Sommerfelds bei der Diskussion um die Vektorrechnung, dargestellt anhand der Quellen im Nachlass des Mathematikers Rudolf Mehmke, in History of mathematics (San Diego, CA, 1996), 319-341.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/References/Sommerfeld.html (162 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		April 26, 1951, Munich), German physicist whose atomic model permitted the explanation of fine-structure spectral lines.
		After studying mathematics and science at Königsberg University, Sommerfeld became an assistant at the University of Göttingen and then taught mathematics at Clausthal (1897) and Aachen (1900).
		Sommerfeld also did detailed work on wave mechanics, and his theory of electrons in metals proved valuable in the study of thermoelectricity and metallic conduction.
	www.phy.bg.ac.yu /web_projects/giants/sommerfeld.html (128 words)

	Arnold Sommerfeld Books - Signed, used, new, out-of-print
		Arnold Sommerfeld's Mathematische Theorie der Diffraction marks a milestone in optical theory, full of insights that are still relevant today.
		In a stunning tour de force, Sommerfeld derives the first mathematically rigorous solution of an optical diffraction problem.
		Physics of the one- and two-electron atoms : proceedings of the A. Sommerfeld centennial memorial meeting and of the International Symposium on the Physics of One- and Two-Electron Atoms
	www.alibris.com /search/books/author/Arnold_Sommerfeld (321 words)

	Sommerfeld-Projekt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Arnold Sommerfeld zählt neben Max Planck, Albert Einstein und Niels Bohr zu den Begründern der modernen theoretischen Physik.
		Durch die Ausarbeitung der Bohrschen Atomtheorie, als Lehrbuchautor (Atombau und Spektrallinien, Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik) und durch seine "Schule" (zu der etwa die Nobelpreisträger Peter Debye, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg und Hans Bethe gehören) sorgte Sommerfeld wie kein anderer für die Verbreitung der modernen Physik.
		Die erhaltene wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz von Arnold Sommerfeld wurde im Rahmen eines DFG-Projektes 1995 bis 2000 erschlossen.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~Sommerfeld (105 words)

	Sommerfeld, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm - Component of : Early Ideas in the History of Quantum Chemistry.
		Sommerfeld, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm - Component of : Early Ideas in the History of Quantum Chemistry.
		Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld was born 5 Dec 1868 in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) and died 26 April 1868-1951 in Munich, Germany
		Presently only one (but good) biography source is given here.
	www.quantum-chemistry-history.com /Somfeld1.htm (118 words)

	Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics - Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics - Home
		Welcome to the Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics
		The Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC) (Information Flyer: English / German) was founded on November 5, 2004 and inaugurated on January 19, 2005.
	www.theorie.physik.uni-muenchen.de (102 words)

	Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics - Sommerfeld Lecture Series (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics - Sommerfeld Lecture Series
		The Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC) was inaugurated on January 19, 2005.
		His achievements have earned him numerous prestigious awards, including the Oskar Klein Medal for Physics (2001) and the Dirac-Medal (2002).
	www.asc.physik.lmu.de /asc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=72 (752 words)

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