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	Arnold Toynbee - LoveToKnow 1911
		ARNOLD TOYNBEE (1852-1883), English social reformer and economist, second son of Joseph Toynbee (1815-1866), a distinguished surgeon, was born in London on the 23rd of August 185 2.
		Toynbee's interest in the poor and his anxiety to be personally acquainted with them led to his close association with the district of Whitechapel in London, where the Rev. Canon S.
		Barnett was at that time vicar - an association which was commemorated after his death by the social settlement of Toynbee Hall, the first of many similar institutions erected in the East End of London for the purpose of uplifting and brightening the lives of the poorer classes.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Arnold_Toynbee (449 words)

	Arnold Joseph Toynbee - Encyclopedia.com
		Arnold Joseph Toynbee 1889-1975, English historian; nephew of Arnold Toynbee.
		Toynbee describes the Jews in terms of an ancient colonial...
		32-33; Marvin Perry, Arnold Toynbee and the Crisis of the...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-ToynbeeAJ.html (999 words)

	Arnold Toynbee
		Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883) was an economic historian, the uncle of Arnold J. Toynbee with whom he is sometimes confused.
		Toynbee was born in London, England, and taught economic history at Balliol College, Oxford.
		Toynbee was one of the first to use the phrase, "industrial revolution".
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ar/Arnold_Toynbee.html (68 words)

	Toynbee - MSN Encarta
		Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975), British historian, known for his view of the past as a succession of civilizations rather than political entities.
		Arnold Joseph Toynbee was born on April 14, 1889, and educated at Balliol College, University of Oxford.
		According to Toynbee's hypothesis, the failure of a civilization to survive was the result of its inability to respond to moral and religious challenges, rather than to physical or environmental challenges.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568729/Toynbee_Arnold_Joseph.html (331 words)

	Arnold Toynbee
		Toynbee, a prolific author, was the nephew of a great economic historian, Arnold Toynbee, with whom he is sometimes confused.
		Toynbee was interested in the seeming repetition of patterns in history and, later, in the origins of civilisation.
		Toynbee’s books, huge in scale, achieved wide prominence but he was more admired by the History reading public than by fellow historians, who criticised him for contorting information to fit his alleged patterns of history.
	www.philosophyprofessor.com /philosophers/arnold-toynbee.php (523 words)

	Arnold Toynbee and History. Review by Paul Mattick 1956
		Criticism is directed not so much at Toynbee’s meaningless developmental scheme — “challenge and response,” which are carried on by “creative minorities” whose spiritual decline leads to the destruction of civilizations — as at Toynbee’s distaste for the modern nation-state and his desire for a world civilization based on the major religions.
		Although Toynbee’s philosophy of history is ridiculous, national sovereignty is as obsolete as he regards it to be despite the apparent renaissance of nationalism.
		Compared with this kind of criticism, even Toynbee’s mystical speculations toward a universal religious civilization — nonsensical as they are — appear to be more human and of greater relevance to the trend and the needs of the state.
	www.marxists.org /archive/mattick-paul/1956/toynbee-history.htm (351 words)

	Arnold J. Toynbee - Japan
		Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH (April 14, 1889 – October 22, 1975) was a British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History, 1934-1961, was a synthesis of world history, a metahistory based on universal rhythms of rise, flowering and decline, which examined history from a global perspective.
		Toynbee was the nephew of the economic historian Arnold Toynbee, with whom he is sometimes confused.
		Toynbee's ideas have not proved overly influential on other historians; yet, his overall theory certainly was taken up by some scholars, for example, Ernst Robert Curtius, as a sort of paradigm in the post-war period.
	arnold-j-toynbee.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Arnold_J._Toynbee (1986 words)

	Arnold Toynbee on Civilizations and Religions
		The British historian, Arnold Toynbee, formulated a complex theory of the growth and demise of civilizations.
		Toynbee argues that the history of a nations can only be understood in the context of the broader civilization of the nation is a part.
		A society, according to Toynbee, develops into a civilization when it is confronted with a challenge which it successfully meets in such a way as to lead it on to further challenges.
	www.applet-magic.com /toynbee.htm (504 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889)
		Toynbee was educated "almost entirely in the Greek and Latin classics" at Winchester and Balliol College,; Oxford (1911), later calling his classical education a "priceless boon to the would-be historian"[1].
		Toynbee was criticized for his emphasis on religion and for sweeping theories often employing myth and metaphor as models and supporting evidence.
		Toynbee proposed instead that the rise and fall of secular civilizations fed the constant rise of higher religions, notably Christianity: "The breakdowns and disintegrations of civilizations might be the stepping-stones to higher things on the religious plane"[3].
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=313 (1021 words)

	A Study of History - Arnold J. Toynbee
		In contrast to Oswald Spengler, who thought that the rise and fall of civilizations was as inevitable as the march of the seasons, Toynbee maintained that the fate of civilizations is determined by their response to the challenges facing them.
		Toynbee's theory of challenge and response may explain such things as the relative stability of the Egyptian civilization and the rise of the Hellenic civilization.
		Much of what Toynbee suggests seems quite plausible to me, such as the stability of civilizations in a stable environment, and the thesis that an unstable environment will pose challenges that may unlock previously untapped sources of creativity and energy.
	www.zenker.se /Books/toynbee.shtml (1671 words)

	Arnold Toynbee Relationships plus Arnold Toynbee and You
		Arnold Toynbee is an idealist who would like to paint the world in pastel colors, and live in peace and harmony with others at all times.
		Arnold Toynbee is able to attract and influence others because he is so pleasant and so sincere in his approach.
		Arnold Toynbee responds intensely to beauty and physical appearance, and the physical attractiveness of his partner is very important to him.
	www.topsynergy.com /famous/Arnold_J_Toynbee.asp (768 words)

	Toynbee Arnold Joseph - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975), British historian, known for his view of the past as a succession of civilizations rather than political entities.
		Toynbee, Arnold, Broadcast news summary (quotations): United States: America is a large, friendly…
		Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH (April 14, 1889 October 22, 1975) was a British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History, 1934-1961, was a synthesis of...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Toynbee_Arnold_Joseph.html (219 words)

	Arnold J. Toynbee Summary
		Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH (April 14, 1889 – October 22, 1975) was a British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History, 1934-1961, was a synthesis of world history, a metahistory based on universal rhythms of rise, flowering and decline.
		Toynbee was the nephew of the economic historian, Arnold Toynbee, with whom he is sometimes confused.
		Toynbee's ideas have not proved overly influential on other historians; yet, his overall theory certainly was taken up by some scholars, for example, Ernst Robert Curtius, as a sort of paradigm in the post-war period.
	www.bookrags.com /Arnold_J._Toynbee (2453 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Arnold Toynbee
		Toynbee established for himself a reputation as a noted historian with a background in Hellenic and Byzantine affairs following his education at Oxford University.
		After the war Toynbee was Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine History at the University of London from 1919-24 and served from 1925 until his retirement in 1955 as Director of Studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, in addition to serving as Research Professor of International History at the University of London.
		Toynbee, who published many works including his influential twelve-volume A Study of History (1934-61, a comparative study of 26 civilisations in world history), served once again in the Foreign Office during the Second World War.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/toynbee.htm (277 words)

	Arnold J. Toynbee / Challenge and Response
		Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975), perhaps the greatest modern historian, was educated at Winchester and Balliol College, Oxford.
		From 1925 to 1955, when he retired, Toynbee held the Chair of research professor of International History at the University of London, and was also the director of studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs.
		Toynbee discovered that challenges (such as those of climate and foreign invasion) great enough to cause extinction of culture if not met successfully, but not so severe that the culture could not respond creatively, was the ideal condition in which great civilizations developed.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /toynbee_challenge_and_response.html (4002 words)

	Arnold Toynbee — FactMonster.com
		Toynbee was interested in applying historical method to the study of economics.
		Toynbee Hall in London, the first settlement house, was named for him.
		Arnold Joseph Toynbee - Toynbee, Arnold Joseph Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 1889–1975, English historian; nephew of Arnold...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0849197.html (200 words)

	Arnold Toynbee: Ecumenism Manque, or the Whig Interpretation of History in
		For example, Toynbee maintains that the power unit of study is not the nation but a civilization; yet he uses such national and subnational units as the Netherlands, New England, and North Carolina as examples of the character of civilizations.
		On the other hand, I admit to perceiving in Toynbee's work an element of cultural guild probably occasioned by disappointment in the inadequate way in which Western civilization exemplifies the virtues Toynbee admires, an attitude by no means uncommon among Western liberals and aesthetes.
		But if Toynbee's, mistakes and inadequacies are well known, we can still improve our own study of history by a judicious reappraisal of his.
	www.worldandischool.com /public/1990/june/school-resource17753.asp (508 words)

	Arnold Toynbee
		Toynbee on a number of occasions found himself, prompted by his historical surroundings, momentarily transported to an earlier time.
		He called this circumstance the "local annihilation of Time." See Volume X of A Study of History.
		"Toynbee Tiles" have been mysteriously appearing in cities on the east coast of the United States, and in South America, embedded in pavement.
	www.nndb.com /people/084/000025009 (99 words)

	Background Research
		Toynbee felt that all historical signifigance was based on the major religious movements at any given time or place and, accordingly, he wrote his history based on the revolution and connectivity of religions and major historical events.
		Toynbee was also a religious man himself, but this is not to say he was a non-secular academic.
		In fact, Arnold Toynbee was a very secular man. On browsing through a long out-dated book on cults, I came across a section on the new religion of Baha'i.
	www.toynbee.net /toynbee.html (1176 words)

	Arnold Toynbee Study of History
		Arnold Toynbee, Study of History, philosophy of history, rise, fall, civilizations
		Arnold Joseph Toynbee (April 14, 1889 - October 22, 1975), British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History, 1934 - 1961, (also known as History of the World) was very popular in its time.
		Born in London, Arnold J was educated at Winchester College and Balliol College, Oxford.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /philosophy/history/toynbee_study_history.html (446 words)

	Arnold Toynbee and classical political economy
		Toynbee assumed that it was the barbarian at the gate (in whatever form that happened to take) which forced civilizations to remain vigorous and inventive.
		In Toynbee, it is always the political elite that responds to a political challenge in political ways.
		I may be biased, but I suspect that Toynbee's adversary theory can only be appealing if someone is already ideologically inclined to see things in terms of the capitalist marketplace, in which new value is realized in the sphere of exchange, in Toynbee through instances of challenge and response.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/10/051.html (547 words)

	TomFolio.com: by Arnold TOYNBEE
		Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 1889-1975 The German terror in France; an historical Record.
		From the dj: Dr. Toynbee describes 24 people (or couples in his view equivalent to one person, such as the Webbs, the Tawneys, and the Hammonds) who made an impression on him personally and of whom his recollections seem to him to be of general interest.
		Toynbee, Arnold Historian's Approach to Religion: Based on Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh in the Years 1952 and 1953 Publisher: Oxford University Press London 1956.
	www.tomfolio.com /SearchAuthorTitle.asp?Aut=Arnold_TOYNBEE (1712 words)

	Arnold Toynbee and Macrohistory
		The issue with Toynbee was never his writing (in the end, a matter of taste), nor his remarkable erudition (still breathtaking).
		It seems to me that the conceptual weaknesses of such speculative theories and accounts of history—represented by both Toynbee and Spengler—contributed directly to the analytical turn in philosophy of history of the past 40 or so years, at least for historians (philosophers came at it from a different route).
		But Toynbee goes on to explain that to propound a definition before on has surveyed the phenomena to which it applies is to expose oneself of the risk of seeing one's preliminary labour lost.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/10/069.html (1635 words)

	Arnold Toynbee Biography / Profile
		Arnold Joseph Toynbee was born into a lower-middle-class family, rich intellectually if not socially.
		One uncle, also named Arnold Toynbee, earned distinction as a historian, philosopher, and reformer.
		Toynbee himself credited his mother, a historian and one of the first women to receive a degree from a British university, with first turning his thoughts to history.
	www.enotes.com /salem-lit/arnold-toynbee-0270000297 (112 words)

	Marshall, On Arnold Toynbee
		I knew Arnold Toynbee first when he had just begun to lecture at Oxford on Economics.
		He had indeed been brought at an early age into contact with the realities of life, and had been impelled in the first instance to economic studies by seeing with his own eyes, and hearing with his own ears, the results of that physical and moral degradation and suffering which are caused by poverty.
		In this modern age, as in earlier times, it is through his personal influence that the leader has made himself felt; and the new impulse that Toynbee gave was towards a more intimate personal contact of those who are well nurtured, well cultured and strong, with those who are ill nourished and ignorant and weak.
	www.dse.unifi.it /marshall/toynbee6.htm (1056 words)

	RealityTest Resources
		RealityTest is indebted to Wilson for his inclusion of Arnold J. Toynbee's "time travelling" experiences in Beyond the Occult.
		From their perspectives in their respective living moments, all happening "live" in what Seth calls the "spacious present," Sir Walter Ralegh (see The History of the World published around 1615), H.G. Wells, and Arnold J. Toynbee are even now hard at work conceiving and writing their universal histories, employing the best resources available to them.
		Without even touching on probable or alternate histories, equally valid from a greater perspective, it's plain, too, that beliefs and assumptions about the past are in continuous flux.
	www.realitytest.com /resource.htm (8306 words)

	Fourth Turning Book Review
		Arnold J. Toynbee ("A Study of History") describes the 'Disintegrations of Civilizations ' in Part V of his XIII part opus in terms that can be related to Strauss and Howe's book.
		In his "Cycle of War and Peace," Toynbee identified and dated five repetitions of a [cycle of war], each initiated by the most decisive war of its century.
		In addition to five modern centuries, Toynbee identified similar cycles spanning six centuries of ancient Chinese and Hellenistic histories, all situated in what he called 'break-up' eras of great civilizations.
	www.newtotalitarians.com /FourthTurningBookReview.html (2142 words)

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