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Topic: Arras Culture

	Iron Age - Pytheas of Massilia - The Gallic Wars - Arras Culture
		There are exceptions to every rule, of course, and the biggest exception to this particular rule is known as Arras Culture.
		Arras (near Market Weighton in East Yorkshire) Culture is represented by a burial tradition using, so called, square barrows.
		Similarities between Arras Culture burials and those found in parts of mainland Europe, allied to the fact that the Romans would call the inhabitants of East Yorkshire 'Parisi', a name also given to the Gallic tribe who went on to found Paris, has led to speculation that these people were immigrants from northern France.
	www.dot-domesday.me.uk /iron.htm (4210 words)

	Category:Archaeological cultures - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An archaeological culture is a pattern of similar artefacts and features found within a specific area over a limited period of time.
		As the archaeological cultures refer only to material items, sometimes even the purpose of which is uncertain, the word "culture" can be misleading.
		This category currently also includes archaeological industries which are similar to archaeological cultures but are limited only to artefact types.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures (103 words)

	Arras
		Arras is a city of northern France, préfecture (capital) of the Pas-de-Calais département.
		It the First World War Arras was near the front a long series of battles nearby are known as the Battle of Arras in which a series of medieval tunnels beneath the city, unknown to the Germans, became a decicive factor in the French holding the city.
		The Arras were also a tribe which migrated from France to England and practiced ceremonial burial rites (500-400 B.C.) where the chariot was interred with the chieftain.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/a/ar/arras.html (321 words)

	Arras Culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arras culture is a name given by archaeologists to an Iron Age culture from what is today eastern Yorkshire.
		An alternative explanation is that the British Arras culture was an by some of the natives attempt to ape continental society.
		The vehicle burial aspect of the culture developed in Britain only in the third and second centuries BC which suggests it was adopted independently or that they were forgotten and then re-introduced by the immigrants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arras_Culture (351 words)

	Arras - member town of the network
		Rohart-Courtin (Emile): Mayor of Arras from 1912 to 1919.
		Arras is the administrative capital of the Pas de Calais département and that of the Arras urban community.
		Its rich, historical cultural heritage is attracting a growing number of tourists from France and abroad.
	www.rafhael.org /en/cities/arras.htm (1063 words)

	www.arras-online.com - Arras : History and visits
		The history of Arras dates back to the pre-Roman era, when it was known by the gaul name of Nemetocenna – from the celtic Nemeton, meaning “sacred place.” The town took the Roman name of Nemetacum as it spread to Baudimont hill under the influence of the Augustinian Empire.
		The name Arras for the town did not appear until the 12th century, according to etymologists, and is directly related to the celtic “Ar” indicating tapping water – certainly a reference to the location of the city vis a vis the Scape and the Crinchon.
		However, Arras was a prize in the competition between Bourgogne and France, and was destroyed in 1477 by Louis XI.
	www.arras-online.com /history.php (1446 words)

	Nord-Pas-de-Calais Town Information
		Arras, the capital of the département of Pas-de-Calais, was formerly the capital of the historic province of Artois.
		Arras is at the intersection of Routes Nationaux N 17, N 25, N 39, N 50, D 937, D 341 and D 919.
		By the 12th century, the word Arras was used by the English to refer to the beautiful woolen tapestries that enabled the town to enter a period of great cultural and material wealth.
	www.french-at-a-touch.com /French_Regions/Nord_Pas_de_Calais/nord-pas-de-calais_town_information.htm (4293 words)

	AllRefer.com - Arras, France (French Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		it had become a center of wealth and culture, renowned particularly for tapestry.
		It was nearly destroyed during the wars between Burgundy and France (15th cent.), which ended with the Treaty of Arras (1435).
		Occupied (1492) by the Spaniards, Arras was conquered (1630) by the French; French possession was confirmed (1659) in the Peace of the Pyrenees.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Arras.html (297 words)

	Parisii - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Barry Cunliffe states that the Arras Culture, which is associated with the Parisii demonstrates economic and social continuity from the 5th century BC onwards however and the view that the East Yorkshire Parisii were a colony of the Gaulish Parisii is may be a simplistic one.
		An alternative explanation to a folk movement however is that the British Arras culture was an attempt by some of the native Britons attempt to ape continental society.
		The vehicle burial aspect of the culture developed in Britain in the third and second centuries BC which suggests that it was adopted independently and prior to the historic defeat of Vercingetorix.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Parisii (428 words)

	Arras France - Americans in France
		Arras' beauty can be seen in the harmonious appearance of the Flemish architecture in two large market-squares la Grand-Place, and the formally known Petit Marché, renamed in 1945 as La Place des Héros.
		Workmen were carefully restoring and cleaning the buildings the first time we were in Arras.
		By our next two or three visits, we had expected our two favorite squares would be clean and neat, but since it took two World Wars and five hundred years to get damaged and dirty, and it took many years for them to get renovated and cleaned.
	www.americansinfrance.net /Tidbits/Arras_France.cfm (244 words)

	Telegraph \| Travel
		During the First World War, when Arras was bombarded and much of the town centre reduced to rubble by the Germans, it became known in the French press as the "martyr town".
		Then, heavily embroiled in the Hundred Years War, Arras was besieged and burned by the Burgundians in 1414, and successfully besieged again in 1477 by the French king, Louis XI, who demolished the town walls, deported the entire populace and renamed the town Franchise.
		Half a century later, Arras was swallowed up by the Spanish Netherlands, until it was yet again besieged and finally taken permanently for France by Louis XIII in 1640.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /travel/main.jhtml?xml=/travel/2004/06/14/etarras.xml&sSheet=/travel/2004/06/16/ixtrvhome.html (1231 words)

	ARRAS: little reviews: Juliana Spahr, Fuck You Aloha I Love You
		Spahr's follow-up to her 1995 National Book Series Award winning debut Response is an understated, careful examination of the individual in the troubled nexus of the law, community, culture and, centrally, language.
		In culture an older man and a younger man stand facing each other with their feet spread for balance.
		But Spahr -- who teaches literature at the University of Hawai'i, Manoa, and has recently published a study of social identity and literature called Everybody's Autonomy -- may have the last word, as this seemingly simplified approach to over-complex politicized issues makes a disruptive, yet redescriptive, contribution that is (unlike "theory") hard to ignore.
	www.arras.net /the_franks/spahr_fuck_you.htm (206 words)

	England, The Prehistoric Period
		The Celtic culture as a whole, developing very early on about 1000 BC, and reaching its finest expression around 500 BC, is a fundamental part of Europe's past.
		In present-day Yorkshire, "the Arras Culture" with its La Tene chariot burials attests to the presence of a wealthy and flourishing Celtic society in Northeast Britain.
		Here, a culture developed that was probably highly involved in the mining and trading of tin; it is characterized by a certain type of hill fort that is also found in Britanny.
	www.britannia.com /history/narprehist2.html (798 words)

	Shattering the Silences: THE CULTURE WARS AND THE GREAT CONVERSATION
		With titles like Richard Bernstein's Dictatorship of Virtue and James Davison Hunter's Before the Shooting Starts screaming at us from bookstore windows and "Mercenaries of the Culture Wars" trumpeting from the magazine racks, we ought to know what it is we are about to die for before we salute any of the contending Caesars.
		the notion of cultural or moral relativism as applied not only in anthropological studies of pre-literate societies but in thinking about the divisions in modern American life over religion, race, ethnicity, art, entertainment, sexual behavior, child-rearing, psychosocial norms, public-school curriculums, immigration, language, and the proper forms of patriotism.
		Ann Maxwell Hill of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in a paper given at the 1995 meetings of the American Anthropological Association, recounts her own odyssey as a student at Columbia and a teacher at Oberlin and Dickinson of the introductory course in anthropology.
	www.pbs.org /shattering/culture.html (1349 words)

	The Art Newspaper -- News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The contenders are Amiens, Arras, Boulogne, Calais, Lens and Valenciennes
		As The Art Newspaper went to press, the French Ministry of Culture was about to announce the city chosen for a new outpost of the Louvre, and a decision has still not been made.
		Amiens is the most culturally rich of the cities, with an historic city centre and spectacular Gothic cathedral.
	www.theartnewspaper.com /news/article.asp?idart=11624 (477 words)

	Iron Age - Pytheas of Massilia - The Gallic Wars - Arras Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There are exceptions to every rule, of course, and the biggest exception to this particular rule is known as Arras Culture.
		Arras (near Market Weighton in East Yorkshire) Culture is represented by a burial tradition using, so called, square barrows.
		Similarities between Arras Culture burials and those found in parts of mainland Europe, allied to the fact that the Romans would call the inhabitants of East Yorkshire 'Parisi', a name also given to the Gallic tribe who went on to found Paris, has led to speculation that these people were immigrants from northern France.
	www.stephen.j.murray.btinternet.co.uk /iron.htm (4269 words)

	Cultural Wedding Customs,Traditions, Gifts and Favors
		Bringing culture to a wedding is not only a fantastic way to share something personal with the guests, but a sincere tribute to the families who have come together.
		But such a feat is not easy to pull together, and most couples who entertain the thought might be intimidated by the scope of their ambitions.
		A saying that is regarded as a cultural tradition, "may you grow old on one pillow", can be woven into a theme for the wedding.
	www.beau-coup.com /cultural-traditions-weddings.htm (1617 words)

	Driffield Online - The Digital Community for the Yorkshire Wolds.
		This period sees further cultural changes in the area: the emergence of a distinctive local tradition known as the Arras Culture, named after the type-site, near Market Weighton, and excavated in 1815-17.
		In a typical burial, the corpse is laid on its side in a crouched or contracted position, sometimes in a coffin, and buried with the head usually at the north end of the grave and facing east.
		There are similarities between the burials of the Arras Culture and several distinct groups of La Tene burials in northern Europe, where the burial of carts was also practised.
	www.driffield.co.uk /wolds_arch_iron.htm (580 words)

	Garton Chariot reconstruction
		In later times, under the Roman laws of Diocletian, it was a serious offence for a horse, mule or pony to haul more than 500 kilograms on level ground as the threat of strangulation and heart failure was caused by the pressure of the breast-band which hindered breathing'.
		The chariot belongs to the Arras culture vehicle burials of the Celtic Iron Age of Eastern Yorkshire at a time when the art of casting bronze on to iron was in vogue.
		This is a modern technique and exhibits the great technical skill of the Arras culture wheelwrights.
	www.gallica.co.uk /celts/garton.htm (1283 words)

	King of a Castle for the Day \| Culture & Lifestyle \| Deutsche Welle \|
		And Burg Arras’ precarious location perched above the river made it virtually impossible for prisoners to escape.
		Arras means ‘fortified mountain’ in medieval Latin, and the isolated position meant no one could storm the castle keep.
		Burg Arras is not the only fortification along the winding Moselle River.
	www.dw-world.de /dw/article/0,,524813,00.html (873 words)

	Project Management Recruitment and Services from Arras People
		Arras People was established in response to the growing demand for quality, experienced project office support resources within many of today's organisations.
		Arras People now provides excellent project management candidates alongside our professional project office support personnel across all industry sectors.
		arras people is part of arras services © 2003 terms and conditions
	www.arraspeople.co.uk /about.html (294 words)

	Lithuanian Political Science Association
		The title of the conference celebrates that fact that Edinburgh was an innovative centre of enlightenment thinking in the 18th century and in the 21st century has become again the base for its own parliament.
		This title is designed to invite proposals for papers and sessions on the widest range of topics - built environment, governance, population, social relationships, economy and culture.
		We invite proposals from all periods of history and from the widest geographical range.
	www.lpasoc.lt /skelbimai/TN_update_001002_2.htm (2096 words)

	Project Management Recruitment
		Arras People is the UK's specialist programme and project management recruitment business, our consultants have all worked within the field of project management at some point in their careers therefore providing a friendly, efficient and knowledgeable recruitment service which few can rival
		I had 5 companies inc. Arras competing for this, received 20 CVs and yours was the best 3 I got.
		Arras People provides a refreshingly different approach to recruitment, the consultants were all project management practitioners in their past careers - hardened recruitment sales people we're not!
	www.arraspeople.co.uk /clients.html (543 words)

	WAERC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		An interdependence between Iron Age activity in the wetland landscape of the upper Hull valley and that on the dryland landscape of the Yorkshire Wolds seems apparent.
		Halkon and Millett (1999) have argued for similar ‘complementary landscapes’ in the case of the Foulness valley in the Vale of York and the Yorkshire Wolds region around Arras.
		Although these experienced occasional inundation, they were long-lived, with associated material culture, ranging from the early second to the late fourth centuries AD, in the area of Kingston upon Hull.
	www.hull.ac.uk /wetlands/hwp/hull.htm (2017 words)

	LitLine: A Website for the Independent Literary Community
		Arras started as a print journal in 1996 and was turned into a web-zine in 1998.
		Left Curve is an artist-produced critical magazine that addresses the problem(s) of cultural forms emerging from the crises of modernity that strive to be independent from the control of dominant institutions and free from the shackles of instrumental rationality.
		Xcp: Cross Cultural Poetics is a biannual interdisciplinary journal of poetry, poetics, experimental ethnography and cultural and performance studies.
	www.litline.org /links/journals.html (9547 words)

	João Sedycias: História da Língua Inglesa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		So we know that a thriving culture existed around 8,000 years ago in the misty, westward islands the Romans were to call Britannia, though some have suggested the occupation was only seasonal, due to the still-cold climate of the glacial period which was slowly coming to an end.
		The cultures may have combined to produce the striking Megalithic monuments, the burial chambers and the henges.
		The tombs consisted of passage graves, in which a long narrow passage leads to a burial chamber in the very middle of the mound; and gallery graves, in which the passage is wider, divided by stone partitions making stall-like compartments.
	home.yawl.com.br /hp/sedycias/histing50.htm (4186 words)

	Arras Iron Age Barrow Cemetery - Yorkshire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sadly there is now nothing to be seen on the ground here at this Iron Age burial site- although it once contained over 100 round mounds.
		The finds in this area of East Yorkshire have also been termed 'Arras Culture' and are thought to date from around the 4th to 2nd centuries BC and it is possible that they may be the burials of the Celtic Parisi tribe who had links with, and may have originated from, Northern France.
		Originally the barrows were around 1 metre in height and up to 9 metres in diameter, some were contained within square enclosures between 9 and 12 metres wide, with a 1 metre deep and 2 metres wide ditch.
	www.stone-circles.org.uk /stone/arras.htm (292 words)

	WHY
		It is tempting to imagine a link between the distinctiveness of this 'Arras Culture' and the equally rare (in England) profusion of cup, circle and groove-marked stones to be found literally all over Rombalds Moor and Middleton Moor in West Yorkshire.
		One of the most important early pieces of historical evidence for the cultural composition of Celtic Britain is the work of the first century Greek geographer Ptolemy, who charted the island and catalogued its inhabitants as an aid to the Roman Empire's desire to expand into British territories.
		However central Brigantia must have been to the need for cultural and political cohesion within the Brigantian territories, she is far from the only deity worshipped within the Brigantian territories of West Yorkshire, as the case of Verbeia shows.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /music/Info/CMJ/Conf/elfed.htm (7399 words)

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