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	Arsphenamine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arsphenamine is a drug that was used to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis.
		Sahachiro Hata found this compound in 1908 while studying in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich, during a survey of thousands of compounds (derivates of the drug atoxyl) in search of anti-spirochete activity (the bacterium that causes syphilis is a spirochete).
		but in 2005, researchers determined Arsphenamine's structure to be a compound of a cyclic trimer and a pentamer[2].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arsphenamine (178 words)

	Arsphenamine - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Arsphenamine, also known under its trade name Salvarsan, is a drug that was used to treat syphilis.
		Paul Ehrlich, in his search for a magic bullet that would attack a disease-causing agent, and leave human tissue untouched, found this drug (the 606th he tested) in 1909.
		The comparative distribution and retention of the crystalloid and colloid fractions of arsphenamine and neoarsphenamine in the blood and tissues of the rat
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /arsphenamine.htm (176 words)

	Encyclopedia: Arsenic
		During the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, a number of arsenic compounds have been used as medicines, including arsphenamine (by Paul Erlich) and arsenic trioxide (by Thomas Fowler).
		Arsphenamine as well as Neosalvarsan was indicated for syphilis and trypanosomiasis, but has been superseded by modern antibiotics.
		The FDA in 2000 approved this compound for the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that is resistant to ATRA.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Arsenic (5531 words)

	Encyclopedia: Paul Ehrlich
		Depression-era U.S. poster advocating early syphilis treatment Syphilis (historically called lues) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by a spirochaete bacterium, Treponema pallidum.
		Bad Homburg is the capital city of the Hochtaunuskreis, Hessen, Germany, on the southern slope of the Taunus, bordering among others Frankfurt and Oberursel.
		His life is depicted in the movie The Magic Bullet, which focused on SalvarsanÂ® (arsphenamine, "compound 606"), his cure for syphilis.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Paul-Ehrlich (1624 words)

	Arsphenamine jaundice and the recognition of instrument-borne virus infection.
		Arsphenamine jaundice and the recognition of instrument-borne virus infection.
		Soon after its introduction in 1910, intravenous arsphenamine treatment for syphilis was found to be complicated by jaundice.
		The infection most often transmitted was probably hepatitis B virus (HBV), but the high mortality in a few of the outbreaks of arsphenamine jaundice suggests that variants of HBV, or other hepatitis viruses, were sometimes involved.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/aug/M9580494.html (324 words)

	Julius Wagner-Jauregg - Nobel Lecture
		It was ascertained by means of a preliminary experiment of a large number of paralytics that those treated with tuberculin (with a maximum dose at that time of 0.1) showed more and longer-lasting remissions and a longer duration of life than an equal number of untreated paralytics.
		It is due to the late Kyrle of Vienna that the malaria treatment was extended to these luetics in that in these cases, which are not yet immediately threatened, he prescribed a course of arsphenamine to precede the malaria, and a second course to follow it.
		The results in respect of the readjustment of the cerebrospinal fluid, which in such cases with other methods of treatment is on the contrary frequently very refractory, were so gratifying that already a large number of syphilologists have become acquainted with these methods.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/1927/wagner-jauregg-lecture.html (3936 words)

	Syphilis: Chapter X
		Instead of his last sentences being a defense of the use of arsenic, as he intends them to be, it is an indictment of the whole drug practice, not alone in "syphilis," but in all forms of disease.
		A condition of the kidneys called nephrosis is frequently the result of mercury and arsphenamine used in the treatment of so-called "syphilis." Degeneration of the epithelial tissues of the tubes of the kidneys occurs.
		I do not intend to devote so much space to the other drugs now employed in the treatment of so-called "syphilis", but shall tell enough of their evils to enable the reader to understand why they should be avoided as carefully as should mercury and arsenic.
	www.soilandhealth.org /02/0201hyglibcat/020134syphilis/020134syphilis-ch10.htm (3560 words)

	Silver (CASRN 7440-22-4), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency
		In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, silver arsphenamine was used in the treatment of syphillis; more recently it has been used as an astringent in topical preparations.
		injections of silver arsphenamine (total dose was 4-20 g) over a 2- to 9.75-year period.
		dose resulting in argyria in one patient, 1 g metallic silver (4 g silver arsphenamine x 0.23, the fraction of silver in silver arsphenamine) is considered to be a minimal effect level for this study.
	www.epa.gov /iris/subst/0099.htm (3558 words)

	In Their Own Words
		He did 300 experiments–most of them failures–and then, of course, with the success of 606, he developed Salvarsan (arsphenamine) as a treatment.
		At first, it was hard to get a pharmaceutical firm to manufacture arsphenamine, but then they could not make enough.
		There was criticism, terrible criticism, that they were making too much money, that the drug cost too much, and that Ehrlich was profiting from it.
	history.nih.gov /NIHInOwnWords/docs/krause1_05.html (939 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.66 (1995)
		ity to arsphenamine liver injury in protein-depleted dogs that could be prevented by prior feeding of protein or the sulfur-containing amino acids.
		As with chloroform liver injury, arsphenamine liver injury was not prevented by nonsulfur-containing amino acids.
		This led Whipple to emphasize the importance of body protein stores and their content of S-containing amino acids in protecting the liver against toxic agents, but the exact mechanism of the protective action was not established.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309052378/html/388.html (396 words)

	Systemic argyria associated with ingestion of colloidal silver
		Silver sulfadiazine (1 %) was formulated in 1967 by substituting a portion of the sulfonamide with an atom of silver; it is the most frequently used topical agent for burn treatment [2].
		In a subset of twelve patients treated with 4-20 gm IV arsphenamine, argyria becomes clinically apparent after the patient has been exposed to a total IV arsphenamine dose of 8 gm.
		Gaul and Staud used their extensive database of patients with argyria and estimated that a person aged 50 would have an average retention of 0.23-0.48 gm of silver, the equivalent to 1-2 gm of silver arsphenamine [11].
	dermatology.cdlib.org /111/case_reports/argyria/wadhera.html (2980 words)

	BioMedicine - antibioticevolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In total, Elrich tested 606 arsenic compounds, and in 1909, compound number 606, arsphenamine (later called salvarsen) was shown to destroy the syphilis-causing pathogen Treponema pallidum, and was successfully used to treat cases of syphilis
		Although arsphenamine was used to treat many syphilitic patients, it was extremely toxic and some patients died from it.
		Arsphenamine was unfortunately not the selective "magic bullet" that Elrich had been searching for
	www.bioteach.ubc.ca /Biomedicine/antibioticsagain (3899 words)

	Arsphenamine Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Looking For arsphenamine - Find arsphenamine and more at Lycos Search.
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	www.jobsinart.com /cgi-bin/search.cgi?category=encyclopedia&search=Arsphenamine (340 words)

	Syphilis: Chapter XIII
		Due to the failure of arsphenamine "physicians adopted the plan of giving mercury and iodides in conjunction with arsphenamine.
		Before the advent of arsphenamine, post-mortem examinations of patients with syphilis revealed signs of the disease in a high percentage of cases, so that actual cure probably was attained only rarely.
		Accordingly, the results of malarial therapy, and the established incompetence of arsphenamine, its numerous modifications, and bismuth and mercury compounds created among syphilologists a receptive mood for a new method of treatment.
	www.soilandhealth.org /02/0201hyglibcat/020134syphilis/020134syphilis-ch13.htm (2739 words)

	colloidal silver article by James South
		of silver arsphenamine per kilo were administered [intravenously] at intervals from three to seven days.
		From this study it is seen that in spite of the administration of silver arsphenamine in amounts far exceeding that employed clinically [in humans], no significant toxic effects were observed." (7).
		In their summary Hill and Pillsbury report that a safe (with respect to argyria) total dose of the intravenous drug Silver arsphenamine would be 6 grams (.9 grams Silver), while with Silver nitrate "the danger of argyria is very slight if the total amount injested by mouth is below six grams [3.8 grams Silver]."(7).
	www.smart-drugs.com /_vti_bin/shtml.exe/ias-silverJamesSouth.htm/map (4928 words)

	SWGC Art Gallery - Digital Gallery
		A section of penname pov was an on-line component of between arsphenamine and artefact, the fourth-year students exhibition which was held at Sir Wilfred Grenfell College Art Gallery from April 28 to June 7, 2003.
		The only limitations that I have placed on myself has been to keep the works concise and to the point, to develop my skill at manipulating narratives, and to improve my technical skill at rendering video for the Internet.
		A copy of searching was an on-line component of between arsphenamine and artefact, the fourth-year students exhibition which was held at Sir Wilfred Grenfell College Art Gallery from April 28 to June 7, 2003.
	www.swgc.mun.ca /artgallery/digital.html (445 words)

	Silver Bullet in Medicine - Health and Medical Information produced by doctors - MedicineNet.com
		He then reused the concept of a magic bullet to apply to a chemical that binds to and specifically kills microbes or tumor cells.
		Ehrlich's best known magic bullet was arsphenamine (Salvarsan, or compound 606), the first effective treatment for syphilis.
		At a meeting in 1910, Ehrlich and his colleagues announced the remarkable effects of their treatment of syphilis with this magic bullet.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=31953 (451 words)

	Colloidal Silver Safety Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The authors concluded that argyria may become clinically apparent after a total accumulated i.v.
		dose of approximately 8 g of silver arsphenamine.
		dose of 8 gm silver arsphenamine is the limit beyond which argyria may develop (Hill and Pillsbury, 1939).
	reach-for-life.com /prodinfo/colsil_iris.htm (3603 words)

	arsphenamine - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "arsphenamine" is defined.
		arsphenamine : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		arsphenamine : Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=arsphenamine (115 words)

	Merck Vet. Edition - Organic Arsenicals
		Aromatic organic arsenicals include trivalent phenylorganicals such as thiacetarsamide and arsphenamine for the treatment of adult heartworms in dogs and pentavalent compounds such as phenylarsonic acids and their salts.
		Thiacetarsamide and arsphenamine are no longer used commonly.
		Phenylarsonic compounds are used as feed additives to improve production in swine and poultry rations and also to treat dysentery in pigs.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/210303.htm (457 words)

	Total Arsenic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1938, it was established that arsenic can counteract selenium toxicity (NRCC, 1978).
		The introduction of arsphenamine, an organoarsenical, to control venereal disease earlier this century gave rise to intensive research by organic chemists, which resulted in the synthesis of at least 32,000 arsenic compounds.
		However, the advent of penicillin and other drugs nearly eliminated the use of organic arsenicals as human therapeutic agents (EPA, 1980).
	sposerver.nos.noaa.gov /projects/gomexico/as.html (843 words)

	Kipkeepers, Pox and Gleet Vendors: A Rapid History of Syphilis - Further advances in therapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Less effective, but also less toxic than arsphenamine
		Alternating therapy with bismuth and arsphenamine became common therapy.
		Heavy metals could cure some acute infections, but were not effective versus later infections, especially neurosyphilis.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /other/histmed/clancy/slide62.html (48 words)

	BIOL 211: MICROBIOLOGY
		Chemotherapeutics involves the treatment of disease through the use of drugs (chemicals), most of which have been synthesized or modified in the laboratory; many treat the signs and symptoms of disease, not the causative agent
		The first chemotherapeutic agent recognized was an arsenical compound called Salversan (arsphenamine #606), isolated by Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata, for the treatment of syphilis - 1910
		Antibiotics are naturally occurring products of microbial metabolism, some of which have been synthesized or altered in the laboratory; all have antimicrobial action; used by microbes as a way of reducing competition for nutrients
	www.centralia.ctc.edu /Depts/Science/Biol211/antibiotics.html (1350 words)

	Colloidal Silver Safety of Use - The EPA
		However, all of this is dependent upon the body's actual retention of colloidal silver in body tissues.
		There is no existing data which addresses the very real differences between isolated ionic silver (and particles sized.0003 -.05 microns in diameter), and silver compounds (silver nitrate, silver arsphenamine, silver proteins, silver salts, silver acetate, etc.).
		Can a risk assessment for argyria based on high strength ionic silver compounds be applied to low PPM isolated silver solutions and colloidal silver?
	www.silvermedicine.org /safety.html (4094 words)

	STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS: III. ANAPHYLAXIS INDUCED BY ARSPHENAMINE -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		ANAPHYLAXIS INDUCED BY ARSPHENAMINE -- Landsteiner and Jacobs 64 (5): 717 -- The Journal of Experimental Medicine
		Experiments are described which show that with a given treatment
		guinea pigs can be sensitized to arsphenamine, so that a considerable
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/abstract/64/5/717 (127 words)

	Re: Why is Thimerosal a necessary component of vaccines?
		It was added to keep bacterial growth down and it works.
		Remember, in the 1930s syphilis was treated by giving patients an arsenic containing compound (arsphenamine), and skin infections were treated with mercurichrome and gentian violet (a violet colored dye that bound to bacteria and either killed them or prevented growth).
		The problem with adding antibiotics to vaccines is that the antibiotics can degrade and/or the antibiotics could potentially contribute to developing drug resistant bacteria.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2005-07/1121272471.Me.r.html (235 words)

	Definitions - Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota
		The IND/IDE Assistance Program has templates (annual report template) available to assist in the compliance of submitting the annual report in a timely manner.
		Biological product means a virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic product, or analogous product, or arsphenamine or derivative of arsphenamine (or any other trivalent organic arsenic compound), applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of a disease or condition of human beings.
		Botanical drug are products intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease in humans.
	www.ahc.umn.edu /research/indide/generalinfo/definitions/home.html (2074 words)

	Syphilis, neurosyphilis, penicillin, and AIDS.
		Musher DM; Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center,; Houston, TX 77030.
		Early neurosyphilis, characterized by meningitis, cranial nerve abnormalities, and cerebrospinal accidents, was first described in patients with syphilis who received inadequate courses of arsphenamine.
		Although more effective, penicillin at conventional doses does not yield treponemacidal levels in the central nervous system and probably does not eradicate the infecting organisms, suggesting that it works synergistically with the host's immune response in preventing neurosyphilis.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1991/sep/M9190577.html (394 words)

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