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| | Historic Expansion of Western Juniper in Southeast Oregon |
 | | Relict juniper woodlands, tree-age class distribution, fire scars, and historical documents indicate presettlement pinyon-juniper and juniper woodlands were usually open, savannah-like (Nichol 1937, West 1988), or confined to rocky surfaces or ridges (Cottam and Stewart 1940, Barney and Frishknecht 1974, Hopkins 1979, Johnson and Simon 1987). |
 | | Establishment location of each juvenile tree was recorded: beneath the canopy of J. occidentalis, Artemisia, other shrubs, tussock grass, or in the interspace. |
 | | Optimal climatic conditions around the turn of the century, reduced fire return intervals, and the indirect effect of livestock through the reduction of fine fuels and an increase in Artemisia cover are probably primary factors that have contributed to the rapid expansion of J. |
| juniper.oregonstate.edu /miller.htm (4065 words) |
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