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Topic: Arterial gas embolism

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	Gas Embolism: Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health
		Gas embolism, also called air embolism or arterial gas embolism, is the presence of gas bubbles in the bloodstream that obstruct circulation.
		Gas embolism is second only to drowning as a cause of death among divers.
		Gas embolism is frequently caused when divers hold their breath during ascent.
	health.enotes.com /nursing-encyclopedia/gas-embolism (819 words)

	AllRefer Health - Arterial Embolism
		This is caused when the artery that supplies the blood to that organ or body part is blocked by an embolus (blood clot or atherosclerotic plaque) that has moved in the bloodstream from its point of origin to a new location.
		Arterial embolism may be caused by a single embolus or multiple emboli.
		If an embolism involves the arteries supplying blood flow to the lungs, it is called not arterial embolism, but a pulmonary embolism, and it is a different condition (i.e., clots originated in the veins, not the arteries).
	health.allrefer.com /health/arterial-embolism-info.html (579 words)

	Glossary
		arterial gas embolism - the condition characterized by bubble(s) of air from a ruptured lung segment under pressure; the bubbles enter the pulmonary circulation and travel to the arterial circulation, where they may cause a stroke.
		carbon dioxide - CO ; an odorless, tasteless gas that is a byproduct of metabolism; is excreted by the lungs in exhaled air.
		Henry's Law - the amount of any given gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is a function of the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid and the solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid.
	www.lakesidepress.com /pulmonary/books/scuba/sectionq.htm (2781 words)

	Arterial Gas Embolism
		Arterial gas embolism is a major cause of death in diving and the initiating cause (pulmonary barotrauma) usually goes undetected.
		Bubbles in the arterial circulation can arise from basically three sources: venous gas embolism with breach of the pulmonary vascular filter (paradoxic gas embolism), patent foramen ovale (paradoxic gas embolism) and tear of the pulmonary parenchyma with entry of gas into pulmonary venous outflow.
		Arterial gas emboli arise from gas bubbles in the pulmonary capillaries => pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart =>possible coronary artery emboli (rare) or internal carotid and vertebro-basilar arteries to thebrain => cerebral artery embolism (blockage) with the clinical picture of a stroke.
	www.scuba-doc.com /artgsemb.htm (834 words)

	Arterial Gas Embolism: Injury During Diving or Work in Compressed Air: Merck Manual Professional
		Arterial gas embolism is a potentially catastrophic event that occurs when gas bubbles enter or form in the arterial vasculature and occlude blood flow, causing organ ischemia.
		Gas emboli may enter the arterial circulation from ruptured alveoli after lung barotrauma, from within the arterial circulation itself in severe decompression sickness, or may migrate from the venous circulation (venous gas embolism) either via a right-to-left shunt (patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect) or by overwhelming the filtering capacity of the lungs.
		Venous gas embolism that does not enter the arterial circulation is less serious.
	www.merck.com /mmpe/sec21/ch323/ch323c.html (705 words)

	Ocean Leisure, Londons premier marine and watersports store (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		CO2; an odorless, tasteless gas that is a byproduct of metabolism; is excreted by the lungs in exhaled air.
		the amount of any given gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is a function of the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid and the solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid.
		the degree to which a gas is dissolved in the blood or tissues; full saturation occurs when the pressure of gas dissolved in the blood or tissues is the same as the ambient (surrounding) pressure of that gas.
	www.oceanleisure.co.uk /glossary/diving.html (3941 words)

	[No title]
		By convention, arterial gas embolism is presumed whenever neurologic symptoms onset soon after a decompression or where there are concurrent neurological deficits and obvious lung damage.
		Gas will efflux from the tissues at a rate that is influenced by the same phenomena that affect gas uptake; but for reasons which are not completely understood, more slowly.
		Arterial gas embolism may arise then, by arterialization of venous bubbles, either across or by bypassing the lungs, or result from pulmonary barotrauma.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/drafts/Decompression_sickness.doc (3076 words)

	Gas Laws
		If you covered a lake with neon, the atoms of that gas would pass though the surface of the water until the neon in the water had the same pressure as what is left in the air.
		Again, more common sense; if a gas mixture is made up of 80 percent nitrogen and 20 percent oxygen, then it stands to reason that 80 percent of the pressure is exerted by the nitrogen and 20 percent by the oxygen.
		Gas transfers out of the liquid until the gas tension is equal to the air pressure.
	www.deep-six.com /page70.htm (4121 words)

	Arterial Embolism \| Your Health Connection
		An embolus is a blood clot, bit of tissue or tumor, gas bubble, or other foreign body that circulates in the blood stream until it becomes stuck in a blood vessel.
		Arterial embolism can be treated with medication or surgery, depending on the extent and location of the blockage.
		An arterial embolism is serious and should be treated promptly to avoid permanent damage to the affected area.
	www.yourhealthconnection.com /topic/artembolism (900 words)

	Glossary
		CO2; an odorless, tasteless gas that is a byproduct of metabolism; is excreted by the lungs in exhaled air.
		The amount of any given gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is a function of the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid and the solubility coeffient of the gas in the liquid.
		The degree to which a gas is dissolved in the blood or tissues, full saturation occurs when the pressure of gas dissolved in the blood or tissues is the same as the surrounding pressure of that gas.
	www.empirescuba.com /html/glossary.html (3072 words)

	Embolism Information on Healthline
		Arterial emboli are generally a complication of heart disease.
		Arterial emboli are usually a complication of heart disease where blood clots form in the heart's chambers.
		A pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots that travel through the blood stream to the lungs and block a pulmonary artery.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/embolism (730 words)

	A.D.A.M. Outdoor Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		An air embolism occurs when there is a rupture in the barrier between the microscopic air space of a lung and its corresponding blood vessel, which carries oxygenated blood back to the heart (where it can be distributed to the body).
		Anyone suspected of having suffered an air embolism should be placed in a head-down position (with the body at a 15- to 30-degree tilt), turned onto his left side, be assisted with breathing if necessary, and immediately transported to an emergency facility.
		The treatment for arterial gas embolism is recompression in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, which pressurizes the victim's environment and shrinks the bubbles.
	www.humed.com /humc_ency/outdoor_health/air_embolism.htm (664 words)

	Arterial embolism
		If an embolism involves the arteries supplying blood flow to the lungs, it is called pulmonary embolism, rather than arterial embolism, and it is a different condition (that is, clots originated in the veins, not the arteries).
		The outcome varies depending on the location of the embolism and the extent that the embolism affects blood supply to the area.
		For example, if a high risk for embolism is identified, blood thinners (such as Coumadin) may be prescribed to prevent formation of a blood clot that could be a source of the embolism.
	www.pennhealth.com /ency/article/001102.htm (917 words)

	Diving Injuries and Decompression Sickness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Although this article focuses on decompression sickness, arterial gas embolism is mentioned because it is often difficult to differentiate the two.
		Arterial gas embolism is caused by an overexpansion of the lungs, which results in torn alveoli and release of air into the pulmonary capillaries.
		Decompression sickness, also known as the ‘bends’ or Caisson’s Disease, is a function of Henry’s Law which states: The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid.
	www.marinemedical.com /articles/diving.htm (2650 words)

	Welcome to the SSS Recompression Chamber Diver Safety Network
		Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE) sometimes simply called gas embolism is caused by entry of gas bubbles into the arterial circulation which then act as blood vessel obstruction called emboli.
		These emboli are frequently the result of pulmonary barotraumas caused by the expansion of gas taken into the lungs while breathing under pressure and held in the lungs during ascent. The gas might have been retained in the lungs by choice (voluntary breath holding) or by accident (blocked air passages).
		In all cases of arterial gas embolism, associated pneumothorax is possible and should not be overlooked. AGE may develop within minutes of surfacing, causing severe symptoms that must be diagnosed and treated quickly and correctly because the supply of blood to the central nervous system is almost always involved.
	www.sssnetwork.com /dci.htm (1684 words)

	Special Project
		Arterial gas embolism occurs as a result of gas bubbles entering arteries.
		There are primarily three causes for bubbles in arteries: a rupture in the pulmonary vascular filter, a patent foramen ovale; predominantly in infants, and a tear in the lung.
		As unlikely as a diving injury is Arterial Gas Embolism is one of the least likely injuries.
	www.geocities.com /bigmikaele/special_project.htm (190 words)

	Neurologic Complications of Scuba Diving - June 1, 2001 - American Family Physician
		Arterial gas embolism is the most dangerous form of pulmonary barotrauma and accounts for nearly one fourth of fatalities per year among recreational divers.
		Arterial gas embolism develops when free air enters the pulmonary vasculature and is carried to the heart and arterial circulation.
		The initial management of neurologic decompression sickness is similar to that of arterial gas embolism and decompression illness, and requires transport to a recompression facility.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20010601/2211.html (3298 words)

	Doc's Page
		Arterial Gas Embolism, pneumothorax, round window rupture, etc.; for the disorders which involve supersaturation of gases in tissues, i.e.
		The clinical picture may be similarly unrevealing: gas embolism superimposed upon tissues with a significant inert gas load may result in a clinical presentation that resembles DCS rather than AGE.
		Cardiac arrest in cases of barotraumatic arterial gas embolism (AGE) is usually ascribed to reflex dysrhythmias secondary to brainstem embolization or secondary to coronary embolization.
	www.scubamed.com /fordocs.htm (4731 words)

	Diving Doctor - Diver Magazine
		All gases react in accordance with Boyle's Law, (P1V1 = P2V2) and therefore, as the pressure increases during descent the volume of all gas in the body is reduced proportionally and, as the pressure is reduced during ascent the volume of all gas is proportionally increased.
		If gas is not allowed to enter or leave a space with constant volume, the pressure in that space will become different than the surrounding pressure (a pressure differential will develop) and tissue damage may result.
		In surface supplied diving, the breathing gas is pumped down to the diver from the surface through a hose to the divers helmet.
	divermag.com /archives/feb97/divedoctor_feb97.html (1348 words)

	Recompression
		There are two basic classes of diving emergency requiring recompression, air embolism (arterial gas embolism) and the Bends (decompression sickness).
		Air embolism is the most dangerous diving accident, and is an extreme medical emergency requiring immediate recompression.
		Recompression is indicated in arterial gas embolism (air embolism), venous gas embolism (decompression sickness) and cases of omitted decompression.
	www.rescuediver.org /med/recomprs.htm (1345 words)

	DAN Divers Alert Network : Decompression Illness: What Is It and What Is The Treatment?
		On the other hand, air embolism may cause less spectacular symptoms of neurological dysfunction, such as sensations of tingling or numbness, a sensation of weakness without obvious paralysis, or complaints of difficulty in thinking without obvious confusion in individuals who are awake and easily aroused.
		Currently cerebral gas embolism is responsible for approximately 10 percent of all DCI cases annually.
		Although a diver with severe DCS or an air embolism requires urgent recompression for definitive treatment, it is essential that he be stabilized at the nearest medical facility before transportation to a chamber.
	www.diversalertnetwork.org /medical/articles/article.asp?articleid=65 (3547 words)

	Diving Doctor - Diver Magazine
		Therefore, pneumothorax in diving is usually accompanied by arterial gas embolism and/or mediastinal/subcutaneous emphysema and occurs in cases of massive overpressure such as "blow-up".
		In the blow-up situation, the gas in the lungs is expanding so rapidly that it cannot all escape into the mediastinum and the capillaries.
		From the left heart the gas would enter the aorta and then enters either the coronary arteries to give a classic heart attack (rare, only in horizontal divers) or the carotid arteries to result in cerebral embolization.
	divemar.com /divermag/archives/april97/divedoctor_april97.html (1780 words)

	Blane Perun's TheSea.Org
		gas absorption and elimination: Dissolved gases such as nitrogen are absorbed into the blood and tissues during the course of the dive.
		gas embolism: also arterial gas embolism or air gas embolism; The condition characterized by bubble(s) of air from a ruptured lung segment under pressure; the bubbles enter the pulmonary circulation and travel to the arterial circulation, where they may cause a stroke.
		Henry's Law: The amount of any given gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is a function of the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid and the solubility coefficient of the gas in the liquid.
	www.thesea.org /coral_reef_information/glossary/diving_glossary.php (6553 words)

	eMedicine - Venous Air Embolism : Article Excerpt by: Andrew G Wittenberg, MD, MPH
		Gas emboli are usually composed of air, but they can also occur with medically used gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen.
		Arterial gas embolism (AGE) is a separate but related entity that is not discussed in any detail in this article.
		From there, it has the potential to continue on to the pulmonary arteries where it may cause interference with gas exchange, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and even cardiac failure and arrest.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/venous-air-embolism.htm (632 words)

	Belize Diving, Hyperbaric Chamber on Ambergris Caye, San Pedro
		Arterial Gas Embolism (AGE) - sometimes simply called gas embolism is caused by entry of gas bubbles into the arterial circulation which then act as blood vessel obstruction called emboli.
		The gas could have become trapped in an obstructed portion of the lungs that has been damaged from some previous disease or accident; or the diver, reacting with panic to a difficult situation may breathhold without realizing it.
		In all cases of arterial gas embolism, associated pneumothorax is possible and should not be overlooked.
	www.ambergriscaye.com /pages/town/hyperbar.html (2445 words)

	Jenks Hyperbaric Oxygen Clinic > Indications > Medicare > Gas Embolism ( DNN 3.0.13 ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The gas emboli result in damage to the vascular endothelial lining which elicits an immune response and a decreased or obstructed blood supply which triggers an ischemic response.
		Venous gas embolism poses a greater threat to life than AGE only when larger quantities of gas are involved.
		Venous gas microembolism is often equated with decompression illness.
	www.jenkshbot.com /Default.aspx?tabid=84 (2179 words)

	Embolism
		Arterial blood gas measurements are sometimes helpful but, alone, they are not diagnostic for pulmonary embolism.
		In the case of an arterial embolism, the affected limb is placed in a dependent position and kept warm.
		Embolism can be prevented in high risk patients through antithrombotic drugs such as heparin, venous interruption, gradient elastic stockings, and intermittent pneumatic compression of the legs.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/embolism.jsp (1710 words)

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