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Topic: Artesian aquifer

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	Florida Geological Survey \| Geological Bulletin No. 31 \| Geology and Hydrology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The quantity of water present in the aquifer depends on the porosity of the rock, that is, on the volume of the spaces or pores or cracks between the solid rock particles.
		An artesian aquifer, unlike a water-table aquifer, is completely filled with water, and because it is overlain by a bed of low permeability, the water is contained in the aquifer under pressure, to rise above the top of the aquifer where tapped by a well that penetrates the confining bed (see fig.
		The Floridan Aquifer is principally an artesian aquifer (fig.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /springs_of_florida/geohydro.html (3622 words)

	Artesian Water Kids Corner
		Water enters the aquifer from the highest level of the aquifer, and when a well is drilled at a lower level, pressure from above forces the water out through the artesian well.
		The water in the aquifer is forced out of the well by pressure from water at a higher level in the aquifer.
		Artesian wells are named after the town if Artois in France, where the first one was drilled in 1126.
	www.artesianwater.com /kids/kids.htm (719 words)

	speleogenesis.net :: Publications
		In basins where stratigraphically lower aquifers crop out along marginal recharge areas at higher elevations and where heads are generally great (as in high-relief cratons and foreland basins), vertical head gradients between aquifers are predominantly upward, so that pattern of upward communication prevails throughout the entire area of confined flow.
		The hydrostratigraphy of an artesian basin is determined mainly by the relative permeabilities of rock units.
		However, the importance of this condition for artesian transverse speleogenesis is probably limited because similarity of growth rates after breakthrough is achieved by switching of control over discharge to the hydraulic conductivity of one of the adjacent aquifers before the maximum growth rates could be reached.
	www.speleogenesis.info /archive/publication.php?PubID=24 (10325 words)

	ScienceDaily: Artesian aquifer
		An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer whose water is pressurized.
		Concentrations Of Nitrous Oxide In The Central High Plains Aquifer Are Increasing (January 3, 2001) -- Nitrous oxide is an important atmospheric trace gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect and the destruction of ozone.
		Artesian aquifer -- An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer whose water is pressurized.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Artesian_aquifer (1420 words)

	Artesian: World of Earth Science
		Artesian refers to a condition in which groundwater flows from a well without the aid of a pump or other artificial means.
		Artesian conditions arise when the energy per unit weight possessed by groundwater is great enough to force the water from a deeply buried aquifer to the ground surface in the event that the aquifer is tapped by a well.
		Artesian wells were used by ancient Egyptians, and the word artesian comes from the French province of Artois, where the first European artesian well was constructed in 1126.
	science.enotes.com /earth-science/artesian (386 words)

	Introduction to the Edwards Aquifer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Edwards Aquifer is an underground layer of porous, honeycombed, water-bearing rock that is between 300-700 feet thick.
		The San Antonio segment of the Aquifer extends in a 160 mile arch-shaped curve from Brackettville in the west to near Kyle in the northeast, and is between five and 40 miles wide at the surface.
		Water moves generally from southwest to northeast through the Aquifer (see Flowpath Map), and there are a number of barrier faults that make it difficult for waters in the various units of the Aquifer to mix together.
	www.edwardsaquifer.net /intro.html (2496 words)

	Artesian Aquifers
		A well is artesian because the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.
		Artesian wells were named after the former province of Artois in France, where many artesian wells were drilled by Carthusian monks since 1126.
		The water in an artesian well flows from an aquifer, which is a layer of very porous rock or sediment, usually sandstone, capable of holding and transmitting large quantities of water.
	www.finewaterimports.com /water.imports/articles/104 (493 words)

	StreamLines/1996 Fall Issue/Feature Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Floridan aquifer is a confined artesian aquifer.
		The Floridan aquifer is replenished in a natural process called "recharge." Recharge occurs when water seeps down from the surficial aquifer to the Floridan, directly into the Floridan where it is closer to the surface, or where sinkholes have broken through the Floridan's confining layer.
		The "sand and gravel" aquifer in the Pensacola area and the Biscayne aquifer in the Miami area are types of surficial aquifers.
	sjr.state.fl.us /programs/outreach/pubs/streamln/96fall/fa96sln2.html (625 words)

	ATSDR - PHA - Bayou Bonfouca; Slidell, St. Tammany Parish, LA
		Beneath the surficial aquifer, the shallow artesian aquifer consists of sands, silty sands, silts, and clays and ranges in thickness between 9 and 16 feet.
		The estimated extent of free-phase creosote contamination in the shallow artesian aquifer is evident in two main contaminated areas on-site (Figure 4).
		This contamination is believed to be the result of the presence of free creosote in both the shallow artesian aquifer and the bayou to the east (3).
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /HAC/PHA/bonfouca/bon_p2.html (5288 words)

	What is Groundwater?
		Groundwater in unconfined aquifers, that do not have impermeable soil or rock layers between the aquifer and the land surface, usually flows into the same stream drainage basin where it is located.
		Confined or artesian aquifers, which exist at greater depth, may be part of a regional groundwater flow system that may not correspond with the surface drainage.
		An aquifer containing water that is not under pressure; the water level in a well is the same as the water table outside the well.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/naturalresources/DD5867.html (2284 words)

	ch11_Groundwater Systems
		Aquifers (and aquicludes) are typically in sediments or sedimentary rocks as they sediments and sedimentary rocks are found at the earth's surface more frequently than the relatively impermeable igneous and metamorphic rocks.
		In an open aquifer, water infiltrates through permeable soil and rock or sediment that make up the unsaturated zone (where pore spaces are only partially filled with water) into the saturated zone of the aquifer (where all the pore spaces are filled with water).
		The aquifer was recharged by rainfall in the Black Hills to the west.
	www.mhhe.com /earthsci/geology/mcconnell/demo/gwsystem.htm (1326 words)

	Artesian (Confined) Aquifers and Effect of Pumping, G77-358-A
		Water level declines have been especially pronounced during the pumping season in places where the aquifer is artesian or confined (a confined aquifer is also referred to as an artesian aquifer).
		A confined aquifer, in contrast to an unconfined aquifer, is separated from other aquifers and the land surface by a confining layer (Figure 1).
		The rate of leakage into the confined aquifer is determined by the composition, thickness, fracturing, and geometry of the confining material.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/20/19755.htm (1201 words)

	Jheri Leah Hurst
		Aquifer- an underground layer of rock or unconsolidated sands and gravels that is saturated with usable amounts of water/ above or between layers of impermeable rock or clay.
		Artesian aquifer- an aquifer that is sandwiched between two layers of impermeable materials and is under great pressure, forcing the water to rise without pumping.
		Aquifer is an underground layer of rock or soil that holds the water that we call groundwater.
	www.cst.cmich.edu /users/kiefe1we/hurst1jl/pub_html/Aquifer.htm (1839 words)

	Aquifers
		A confined aquifer that is under pressure is an artesian aquifer.
		We use aquifers as a source of drinking water and of water to irrigate crops or to use in industry, pumping water from the aquifer using a well.
		Aquifers are refilled, or recharged, in areas where they are exposed on the surface of the earth.
	coastgis.marsci.uga.edu /summit/aquifers.htm (266 words)

	KGS--Sedgwick County Geohydrology--Ground Water
		The hydraulic gradient in an artesian aquifer is called the pressure gradient and is measured on the piezometric surface.
		The field coefficient of permeability of an aquifer may be expressed as the rate of flow of water at the prevailing temperature, in gallons a day, through a cross sectional area having a thickness of 1 foot and a width of 1 mile for each foot per mile of hydraulic gradient.
		The coefficient of transmissibility is the field coefficient of permeability multiplied by the saturated thickness, in feet, of an aquifer.
	www.kgs.ku.edu /General/Geology/Sedgwick/gw01.html (1157 words)

	Artesian aquifer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer containing groundwater that will flow upwards out of a well without the need for pumping.
		In recharging aquifers, this happens because the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.
		"Fossil water" aquifers can also be artesian if they are under sufficient pressure from the surrounding rocks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artesian_aquifer (276 words)

	Aquifer Test Forum--Glossary
		An aquifer whose upper and lower boundaries are defined by aquicludes.
		A confined aquifer whose upper and/or lower boundaries are defined by aquitards.
		Volume of water released from storage by an unconfined aquifer per unit surface area of aquifer per unit decline of the water table.
	www.aquifertest.com /forum/glossary.htm (329 words)

	Chesapeake Meteor
		The rate of recharge is not the same for all aquifers, though, and that must be considered when pumping water from a well.
		In this case, the rocks surrounding the aquifer confine the pressure in the porous rock and its water.
		If a well is drilled into the "pressurized" aquifer, the internal pressure might (depending on the ability of the rock to transport water) be enough to push the water up the well and up to the surface without the aid of a pump.
	meteor.pwnet.org /impact_event/aquiafers.htm (1264 words)

	Las Vegas Wash Coordination Committee : Additional Resources : Teacher/Student Materials
		An aquifer in which ground water is under pressure significantly greater than atmospheric and its upper limit is the bottom of a bed of distinctly lower hydraulic conductivity than that of the aquifer itself.
		ARTESIAN WELL: (1) A well bored down to the point, usually at great depth, at which the water pressure is so great that the water is forced out at the surface.
		ARTESIAN ZONE: A zone where water is confined in an aquifer under pressure so that the water will rise in the well casing or drilled hole above the bottom of the confining layer overlying the aquifer.
	www.lvwash.org /resources/teach/gloss.html (2397 words)

	Travel time, Groundwater, artesian aquifer, Roswell Basin
		Recharge to the artesian aquifer of the Roswell Basin occurs over a broad region east of the Sacramento Mountains known as the Pecos Slope where geologic units containing the artesian aquifer are exposed at land surface.
		Recharge to the artesian aquifer of the Roswell Basin occurs over a broad region east of the Sacramento Mountains known as the Pecos Slope where geologic units containing the artesian aquifer, including the San Andres Limestone, are exposed at land surface.
		Pathways of predevelopment discharge from the artesian aquifer included upward flow through fractures and solution channels in the overlying confining beds of the Seven Rivers Formation (Welder, 1983) sometimes discharging as springs as the base of sinkholes.
	nm.water.usgs.gov /BitterLakes.htm (941 words)

	INJECTION - Parts of an Aquifer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This pressure is the result of the recharge area of the aquifer being at a higher level than the rest of the aquifer region.
		This is why artesian wells flow by themselves; the pressure forces the water out of the well.
		This pressure results from a portion of the aquifer being at a higher elevation as shown in the figure.
	www.purdue.edu /dp/envirosoft/inject/src/aqparts.htm (380 words)

	INJECTION - Parts of an Aquifer
		An aquifer that has pressure built up inside as a result of the recharge area of the aquifer being at a higher level than the rest of the aquifer region.
		A well that penetrates into the lower level of artesian aquifer region where there is enough pressure to cause the well to flow.
		Occurs when the pressure at this point in the artesian aquifer is less than the depth of the well, so that water does not rise to the surface.
	pasture.ecn.purdue.edu /~epados/farmstead/inject/src/aqparts.htm (381 words)

	Miracles of the Qur'an - Modern Science Reveals New Miracles of the Qur'an
		A closed artesian aquifer is confined by an overlying impermeable body of rock, which prevents any water from filtering down into the aquifer.
		The fact that artesian wells are drilled in rocky areas runs parallel to the description in the Qur'an.
		Surat al-A`raf 160 may therefore be a reference to artesian wells, the first of which was opened in 1126 in the French region of Artois.
	www.miraclesofthequran.com /predictions_12.html (758 words)

	Edwards Aquifer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The aquifer's recharge zone, where surface water enters the aquifer, follows the Balcones Fault line, from Brackettville (roughly along Highway 90), through San Antonio, and north to Austin (roughly along Interstate 35).
		The artesian zone, where water springs from wells naturally due to the higher elevation of the recharge zone, extends 10–20 miles (16–32 kilometers) south on the west end to only a few miles south on the east end.
		The springs fed from the aquifer are also home to many unique species, such as the Fountain Darter, San Marcos Gambusia (which might already be extinct), and the San Marcos salamander.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edwards_Aquifer (434 words)

	Plugging Artesian Wells
		A: An artesian well is a well that has been drilled into a rock formation that contains water confined under pressure (an artesian aquifer).
		Well #1 is properly constructed, with the casing in good condition, set through the confining clay and into the artesian aquifer.
		A: Abandoned wells are plugged by pumping grout cement through a PVC pipe or drill rod which is lowered to the bottom of the well.
	www.brevardcounty.us /environmental_management/artesian_wells.cfm (601 words)

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