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Topic: Arthur Eddington

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	Arthur Stanley Eddington - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eddington was born in Kendal, England, son of Quaker parents.
		Eddington helped to experimentally verify the theory of general relativity by observing the appearance of stars around the region of a solar eclipse.
		Eddington's observations confirmed Einstein's theory, and were hailed at the time as a conclusive proof of general relativity over the Newtonian model; the news was reported in newspapers all over the world as a major story.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arthur_Eddington (1654 words)

	Astrophysics and Mysticism: the life of Arthur Stanley Eddington
		Arthur Stanley Eddington was born on 28 Dec 1882 in Kendal, on the edge of the Lake District.
		Eddington thought he had a proof that the inverse of the fine structure constant (the dimensionless constant formed from the values h, c and e, that governs the strength of radiative interactions in atoms) is precisely 137.
		Eddington identifies three types of knowledge: (1) structural, with the approximate meaning of mathematical, but in Eddington's thinking the structure appears to be almost identified with Group theory, (2) direct awareness (approximately sensation) and (3) sympathetic understanding, which he argues is essential because a remembered sensation is sympathetic understanding of a past sensation.
	silas.psfc.mit.edu /eddington (4942 words)

	Arthur Stanley Eddington - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (December 28, 1882 – November 22, 1944) was arguably the most important astrophysicist from the early 20th century.
		The Eddington Crater on the Moon is named after him, as are the asteroid and the Royal Astronomical Society's Eddington Medal.
		Later that year, Robert Ball, holder of the theoretical Lowndean chair also died, and Eddington was named the director of the entire the next year.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Arthur_Eddington (1683 words)

	ESA - Science - People - Studying the stars, testing relativity: Sir Arthur Eddington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Arthur Stanley Eddington was born in Kendal, England, on 28 December 1882.
		Eddington suspected that the chief source of a star's energy was sub-atomic and that hydrogen played a dominant role in supplying this energy.
		Later, Eddington became convinced that the fundamental constants of nature, such as the mass of the proton and the charge of the electron, were a 'natural and complete specification for constructing a Universe' and that their values were not accidental.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMDYPXO4HD_people_2.html (723 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Being a Quaker and a pacifist, he refused to serve in the army, and wanted to be allowed to do alternative service instead, but such a thing was not possible at the time.
		After the war, Eddington travelled to the island of Principe near Africa to watch the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919.
		Eddington also investigated the interior of stars, and calculated their temperature based on what would be necessary to withstand the pressure of the higher-laying layers.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/a/ar/arthur_eddington.html (364 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Eddington was the son of the headmaster of Stramongate School, an old Quaker foundation in Kendal near Lake Windermere in the northwest of England.
		Eddington was an enthusiastic participant in most forms of athletics, confining himself in later years to cycling, swimming, and golf.
		Eddington's greatest contributions were in the field of astrophysics, where he did pioneer work on stellar structure and radiation pressure, subatomic sources of stellar energy, stellar diameters, the dynamics of pulsating stars, the relation between stellar mass and luminosity, white dwarf stars, diffuse matter in interstellar space, and so-called forbidden spectral lines.
	www.phy.bg.ac.yu /web_projects/giants/eddington.html (975 words)

	Eddington
		Eddington was a Smith's prize winner for an essay on the proper motions of stars in 1907, and he was awarded a Trinity College Fellowship.
		Eddington had a long running argument with James Jeans over the mechanism by which energy was created in stars.
		Eddington had a fascination with the fundamental constants of nature and produced some surprising numerical coincidences most of which were published after his death in Fundamental Theory (1946), a book prepared for publication by Whittaker.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Eddington.html (1959 words)

	Clausen, B. L. --- on Arthur S. Eddington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Arthur Eddington was a professor at Cambridge University for most of his career and his studies there led to the first understanding of the internal constitution of stars.
		Eddington was elected to fellowship of the Royal Society in 1914, was awarded the knighthood in 1930, and became President of the International Astronomical Union in 1938.
		Eddington took the passage in 1 Kings 19:11,12 as nearest to his own sympathies: the Lord was not in the wind, earthquake, or fire that Elijah saw on Mt. Horeb, but in the still small voice.
	www.grisda.org /bclausen/papers/co46.htm (442 words)

	Sir Arthur Eddington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Sir Arthur Eddington was one of the most prominent and important astrophysicists of his time.
		Arthur Eddington was born on December 28, 1882 in Kendal, England.
		Eddington was one of the earliest creators of the concept of relativity.
	www.usd.edu /phys/courses/phys300/gallery/clark/edd.html (624 words)

	Arthur Stanley Eddington biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In December 1912 George Darwin, son of Charles Darwin, died suddenly and Eddington was promoted to his chair as the Plumian Professor of Astronomy in early 1913.
		Later that year the holder of the theoretical Lowndean chair also died, and Eddington was named the director of the entire observatory the next year.
		Throughout this period Eddington lectured on relativity, and was particularily well known for his ability to explain the concepts in lay terms as well as scientific.
	arthur-eddington.biography.ms (1477 words)

	Eclipse that Changed the Universe - Einstein's Theory of Relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Eddington refused the draft and was threatened with imprisonment.
		Eddington himself went to Principe; the expedition to Sobral was led by Andrew Crommelin from the Royal Observatory at Greenwich.
		Eddington had needed to make significant corrections to some of the measurements, for various technical reasons, and in the end decided to leave some of the Sobral data out of the calculation entirely.
	www.firstscience.com /site/articles/coles.asp (1738 words)

	Eddington limit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, the Eddington Limit is a natural limit to the luminosity that can be radiated by spherically symmetric accretion onto a compact object, like a fl hole.
		It is named in honour of the British physicist Sir Arthur Eddington.
		If luminosity exceeds the Eddington limit, there would be so much radiation pressure that the surrounding gas is pushed outward rather than inward.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eddington_limit (139 words)

	Eddington, Arthur Stanley (1882-1944)
		He contributed much to the introduction of Einstein’s general theory of relativity into cosmology, writing books on the new theory for both his fellow scientists and the public, and led one of the two 1919 solar eclipse expeditions that confirmed the predicted bending of starlight by gravity.
		Eddington’s greatest contributions concerned the astrophysics of stars.
		He dealt with the importance of radiation pressure, the transfer of energy by radiation, the mass-luminosity relation, pulsations in Cepheid variables, and the very high densities of white dwarfs, and was among the first to argue that subatomic reactions must power the stars.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/E/Eddington_Arthur.html (245 words)

	Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, Cambridge
		Eddington's influence beyond astrophysics was substantial: his writings inspired poets, novelists and painters, his belief in a spiritual world alongside the physical world contributed to debates about the relations between science and religion, and his philosophy of science continues to inform arguments about the nature and limits of scientific knowledge.
		Eddington's rejection in the 1930s of gravitational collapse in massive stars has since been disproved, along with the ideas from particle physics that he enlisted in support of his position.
		Without seeking to reduce Eddington's work to a single explanatory theme, whether religious, scientific or aesthetic, we will be sharing information and perspectives as we try to gain a richer appreciation of the different aspects that constituted Eddington's life and work.
	www.crassh.cam.ac.uk /events/2003-4/eddington.html (892 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		What gave Eddington’s cruel treatment of his junior colleague an added twist of the knife was his assumption that as an Englishman, he was automatically superior.
		Eddington and all the other astro-physicists of their time were convinced that all stars either blew themselves into smithereens or shrank until they became dense “white dwarfs”, small but solid.
		Eddington was withering about other colleagues but continued his baiting of Chandra for the rest of his life.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1050313/asp/look/story_4483229.asp (1234 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Summary
		Eddington will not be the only ESA mission going to L2; Herschel, Planck, JWST and Gaia will all make their way there during the coming years.
		Eddington will be the culmination of an international attempt to perform asteroseismology from space.
		Eddington was one of the first physicists to grasp the theory of relativity and made many contributions to the field, including an expedition to view a total eclipse of the Sun in 1919 which resulted in the first confirmation of Einstein's theory that gravity bends light when it passes near a massive star.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31150 (758 words)

	Eddington number
		Eddington arrived at this outrageous conclusion after a series of convoluted (and wrong!) calculations in which he first "proved" that the value of the so-called fine-structure constant was exactly 1/136.
		This is the Eddington number, notable for being the largest specific integer (as opposed to an estimate or approximation) ever thought to have a unique and tangible relationship to the physical world.
		Unfazed, Eddington simply amended his "proof" to show that the value had to be exactly 1/137, prompting the satirical magazine Punch to dub him "Sir Arthur Adding-One."
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/E/Eddington_number.html (250 words)

	Review of Empire of the Stars by Arthur I. Miller
		Then too, Miller (or his publisher) tries to make Eddington’s humiliation of a bright young Indian colleague the fulcrum of the story, so that, for one thing, the “climax” of the tale is over with the first chapter, and for another, it strikes one as something of an anticlimax.
		More important, Eddington’s ridicule did not utterly destroy Chandra’s career: not a few of Chandra’s peers, especially in other countries, acknowledged and even accepted his theories within a few years of the debacle at the Royal Astronomical Society, although almost none of them in England was willing to stand up to Eddington on the matter.
		Eddington became increasingly isolated from his colleagues (which included Chandra, still corresponding respectfully), and died in 1944 of a large stomach tumor that went too long undetected because of his preoccupations and a delay in medical examination due to war casualties being given first priority.
	calitreview.com /Reviews/empireofthestars_057.htm (1142 words)

	Planetary Society: Extrasolar Planets
		His plan was to test one of the most surprising predictions of Einstein's new General Theory of Relativity: that rays of light, traditionally viewed as the very epitome of straight lines, in fact bend in the neighborhood of massive objects.
		Like Eddington 80 years before, the researchers, were looking for the tell-tale signs of a ray of starlight, bending in the vicinity of a large mass.
		Whereas Eddington was looking for a displacement in a star's position, Sahu and his colleagues were looking for a related effect known as "microlensing." This phenomenon, like Eddington's displacement, occurs when a stellar light ray is bent while passing near a massive object.
	www.planetary.org /html/news/articlearchive/headlines/2001/microlensing.htm (1150 words)

	Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Eddington was one of the first physicists to grasp the theory of relativity, of which he became a leading exponent.
		He organized the expedition to view a total solar eclipse in 1919; his observations of bright objects near the sun confirmed the prediction of general relativity that light rays are bent when subjected to a strong gravitational field.
		Pictures and Maps for: Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/E/Eddingto.asp (355 words)

	Subramaniam Chandrasekar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As a result of the disagreement and the stature of Sir Arthur Eddington, Chandrashekhar realized that his chances of obtaining a tenured position at a British university were slim at best.
		Eddington's arguments were somewhat qualitative and did not include the results of special relativity and quantum physics.
		He realized that the argument between him and Eddington was essentially in what kind of physics to apply to these compressing stars at end of their life cycle.
	www.iasf.org /subraman.htm (1888 words)

	The religion of Arthur Stanley Eddington, physicist
		At 47, Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944) confessed in his Swarthmore Lecture at the Friends Yearly Meeting (London 1929) to "the wonder and humility we feel in the contemplation of the stars"; "the majesty of the infinitely great, the marvel of the infinitely small...
		Eddington believed that experience and thought are inseparable in understanding natural phenomena.
		Eddington's philosophical outlook tended to be neo-Kantian (Immanuel Kant himself was nurtured in Germanic pietism, which is similar to Quakerism).
	www.adherents.com /people/pe/Arthur_Eddington.html (586 words)

	Arthur Stanley Eddington Bibliography
		Eddington, A.S., Stellar Movements and the Structure of the Universe (Macmillan, London, 1914).
		Eddington, A.S., “On the Relation between the Masses and Luminosities of the Stars,”; MNRAS 84, 308-332 (1924).
		Eddington, A.S., “The Recession of the Extragalactic Nebulae,” MNRAS 92, 3 (1931).
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Eddington/EddingtonRefs.html (1274 words)

	New news on old experiments
		Eddington wanted to track starlight passing near the sun, and he used the sun's approximate mass to calculate the deflection predicted by Einstein.
		Because the comparison pictures (those not affected by the sun's gravity) had to be taken at night, Eddington had to factor in the temperature-induced size changes in the telescope.
		Eddington had done the experiment because he was partial to Einstein's theory, Collins and Pinch write, so he was predisposed to believe the data backing Einstein.
	whyfiles.org /153sci_truth/4.html (1462 words)

	Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley -- Encyclopædia Britannica
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