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	Arthur Scherbius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arthur Scherbius (20 October 1878–13 May 1929) was a German electrical engineer who patented an invention for a mechanical cipher machine, later sold as the Enigma machine.
		Scherbius applied for a patent (filed 23 February 1918) for a cipher machine based on rotating wired wheels, what is now known as a rotor machine.
		Scherbius saw none of this as he was killed in a horse carriage accident in 1929.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arthur_Scherbius (309 words)

	Arthur Scherbius -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Arthur Scherbius (20 October 1878–13 May 1929) was a German (A person trained in practical applications of the theory of electricity) electrical engineer who patented an invention for a mechanical cipher machine, later sold as the (Click link for more info and facts about Enigma machine) Enigma machine.
		Scherbius applied for a (An official document granting a right or privilege) patent (filed 23 February 1918) for a (Click link for more info and facts about cypher machine) cypher machine, and eventually began to market the (Click link for more info and facts about Enigma cypher machine) Enigma cypher machine for commercial use.
		Scherbius saw none of this as he was killed in a horse (A vehicle with four wheels drawn by two or more horses) carriage accident in 1929.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ar/arthur_scherbius.htm (336 words)

	Edward Hebern - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They were Arthur Scherbius in Germany, Hugo Koch in the Netherlands, and A Damm in Sweden.
		Hebern started a company to market the Hebern rotor machine; one of his employees was Agnes Meyer, who left the Navy in Washington DC to work for Hebern in California.
		Scherbius designed the Enigma, Koch sold his patent to Scherbius a few years later, and Damm's company — taken over by Boris Hagelin after his death — moved to Switzerland and is still in existence, as Crypto AG.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edward_Hebern (275 words)

	Welcome to enigmatec GmbH, Berlin
		Enigma was not held secret at all at this time, because Scherbius tried to market it as "equipment for the transmission of business reports and telegrams".
		After Scherbius' death technical developing of the Enigma was further led by Willi Korn.
		Scherbius had already replaced the rotor system in 1928 by a patch board, with which the coding became still more complicated.
	www.enigmatec.de /english/home_enigma.shtml (1039 words)

	Shogi bei eLexi - das Onlinelexikon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Arthur Godfrey and His Friends was a television variety show which ran from 1949 until 1959.
		Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts (also known as Talent Scouts) was a television variety show whcih ran on CBS from 1948 until 1958.
		Arthur Scherbius was a German engineer who was granted a patent in 1919 for a cypher machine.
	www.elexi.de /en/s/sh/shogi.html (2197 words)

	Cryptologia: commercial enigma: Beginnings of machine cryptography, The
		None was financially successful but Scherbius, who called his machine Enigma, was responsible for introducing several models of what eventually became the best known cipher machine in the world.
		In 1918, Scherbius, an electrical engineer, and E. Richard Ritter, a certified engineer, founded the firm of Scherbius and Ritter and tried to interest the Imperial German Navy in its cipher machine.
		Scherbius and Ritter were on its board of directors.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200201/ai_n9051749 (1549 words)

	Virtual Bletchley Park
		The Enigma was patented in 1918 by Arthur Scherbius in Berlin, developed by him as a commercial product and shown to the public in 1922.
		Arthur Scherbius, the inventor of Enigma, suggested that most parts of the configuration be written down and passed as a document between the communicating parties.
		Scherbius suggested enciphering this start position, the message key, on the Enigma machine itself, but for this to work both ends had to have a known wheel start position from which this encipherment and decipherment of the message key could proceed.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /anoraks/enigma.htm (988 words)

	Deutsches Museum - Masterpieces - Enigma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1927 Scherbius bought the patents of the Dutchman Hugo Alexander Koch, who had reinvented the rotor principle in 1919.
		After the death of Scherbius in 1929, Willi Korn was in charge of further technical development of Enigma.
		Scherbius had already supplemented the rotor system with a plug board in 1928, which made enciphering even more complicated.
	www.deutsches-museum.de /ausstell/meister/e_enigma.htm (1123 words)

	Encyclopedia: Arthur Scherbius
		October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining.
		In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages.
		Tourists in a vis-a-vis, Prague The classic definition of a carriage is a four-wheeled horse-drawn private passenger vehicle with leaf springs or leather strapping for suspension, whether light, smart and fast or large and comfortable.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Arthur-Scherbius (718 words)

	enigma machine - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		On February_23, 1918, engineer Arthur Scherbius applied for a patent for a cipher machine using rotors, and, with E. Richard Ritter, founded the firm of Scherbius and Ritter.
		Chiffriermaschinen AG began advertising a rotor machine — Enigma model A — which was exhibited at the Congress of the International Postal Union in 1923 and 1924.
		The reflector — an idea suggested by Scherbius' colleague Willi Korn — was first introduced in the Enigma C (1926) model.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/enigma-machine (4386 words)

	Cryptologia: Dutch invention of the rotor machine, 1915-1923, The
		The rotor machine, one of the most important innovations in the history of cryptology, was independently invented by four people at roughly the same time: Edward Hugh Hebern in the United States in 1917 became the first to file for a patent.
		Arthur Scherbius in Germany came in second with a patent application, dated 23 February 1918.
		The idea of promoting the Enigma as a business machine came only after the war had ended and it was not much of a commercial success.8 But this does not explain why this development took place outside the military.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200301/ai_n9166984 (1333 words)

	56 - Cryptonomicon - Enigma
		The German engineer Arthur Scherbius decided a new and far more secure cryptography system should be created.
		As an electrical engineer, Scherbius chose to implement the system in an electro-mechanical machine that was to become known as Enigma.
		Scherbius took out his first patent in 1918 but had a hard time selling his machines.
	www.electricinca.com /56/annotations/enigma.htm (405 words)

	Catalyst 2001 Features - the Enigma
		Invented in 1918 by Arthur Scherbius, the Enigma machine went ignored for many years because of its expense, and because the Germans believed, mistakenly, that their existing codes were still secure.
		The Enigma machine was little more difficult to use than a typewriter—for both the sender and the recipient—but the message it generates is one of the most difficult to decrypt in all of history.
		Additionally, Scherbius designed a plugboard between the keyboard and the first scrambler so that the sender could swap six pairs of letters manually before beginning to type.
	www.brown.edu /Students/Catalyst/fall2001articles/features/young-enigma.html (1719 words)

	Codebreaking and Secret Weapons in World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1918 Arthur Scherbius patented a ciphering device which allowed businesses to communicate confidential documents without having to resort to clumsy and slow codebooks.
		Scherbius' machine was not a commercial success, and in 1918 he offered it to the German Navy, suggesting a seven rotor device (6 billion combinations) or one with thirteen rotors (100 trillion possibilities).
		Scherbius calculated that even if an enemy possessed 8-rotor machines and messages in both plaintext and cipher, it would require 1,000 operators working 24 hours a day 14.5 years to find the key.
	home.earthlink.net /~nbrass1/1enigma.htm (5998 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Arthur Scherbius founded with his friend Richard Ritter the Scherbius & the Ritter, an innovative society that was taken care of the more various products, from upsets some to the heat pillows.
		Scherbius was classified the search and the development and was always to hunting of new opportunities and ideas.
		One of its plans was rivoluzionare the antiquated operating way of the cryptography sending in pension paper and pen, and replacing them with how much better the technique of the twentieth century it could offer.
	www.3wstyle.net /comenius/EnigmaIng.html (491 words)

	:: a brief history ::
		Arthur Scherbius, inventor of the Enigma Machine, tried to sell it commercially, but he had no success with that.
		In a short story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Dancing Men, Sherlock Holmes is confronted by a simple substitution cipher.
		He solves the crime by deciphering a code in which the cipher text elements are hieroglyphics of little dancing men.
	www.thawte.com /cryptochallenge/html/popups/briefHistory.html (5184 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1918, a German inventor Arthur Scherbius and his close friend Richard Ritter founded the company of Scherbius and Ritter, a company involved in "everything from turbines to heated pillows.
		Thus, the most renowned and feared encryption in history was created and was called the Enigma machine.
		Scherbius produced not only government and military enigmas but also commercial version which were slightly different
	cseserv.engr.scu.edu /StudentWebPages/iplut/HistoryofCryptographyModern.htm (2494 words)

	Deutsches Museum Bonn: Meisterwerke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It is thought that between 100 000 and 200 000 Enigmas were produced, but most of them were destroyed during or immediately after the war.
		The principle of the Enigma was based on inventions by the Ameri- can Edward Hugh Hebern (1869 - 1952), the German engineer Arthur Scherbius (1878 - 1929), and the Dutchman Hugo Alexander Koch (1870 - 1928).
		They did the work on which their patents were based as early as 1917, 1918, and 1919 respectively.
	www.deutsches-museum-bonn.de /ausstellungen/meisterwerke/2_3enigma/enigma_e.html (457 words)

	Enigma Machine
		The Enigma machine began life in 1923 as a commercial product invented by a German named Arthur Scherbius aimed at businesses with a need for secure communication.
		It was a simple device to use, after setting it up, the operator types in the plaintext of his message.
		Even today there are Unix systems worldwide which use the Enigma cipher for file encryption, partly because of US Government blocks on the export of stronger encryption such as RSA.
	www.cmb.ac.lk /temp/new_science/Computer/dscs/courses/Computer/Msc/DSandC/enigma.htm (818 words)

	The Computing Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The 3-man signals team is using an Enigma machine at lower left.
		The Enigma machine was invented in 1918 by a German engineer named Arthur Scherbius.
		He hoped to sell Enigma to businesses and governments, but nobody was willing to buy his expensive machines.
	www.mos.org /exhibits/ComputingRevolution/enigma/3a.html (69 words)

	[No title]
		Enigma was the codename given to the machine said to be the most ingenious cipher machine in history.
		The Enigma was invented by a German called Arthur Scherbius and was made commercially available in the 1920's.
		By 1929 he had been bought out by the German army and navy, the Luftwaffe, the SS, the Abwehr and the Reichsbahn soon followed their example.
	people.bath.ac.uk /elb21/enigma.html (2560 words)

	BBC ICT Portal
		The Vigenère cipher is an early form of polyalphabetic cipher invented in the 16th century, but the most famous polyalphabetic cipher is the Enigma machine.
		Invented by Arthur Scherbius, this mechanical version of the Vigenère cipher was used by Germany prior to and throughout the Second World War.
		Looking rather like a typewriter, each letter on the keyboard was connected to a letter on the lampboard by 26 wires.
	www.open2.net /ictportal/comm/security/singh3.htm (212 words)

	Electrically Wired Rotors - Codes & Cyphers
		Arthur Scherbius, a German engineer, invented several encryption machines in the 1920’s.
		Several more improvements and contributions by Hugo Koch (a Dutch inventor), and Willi Korn (colleague of Arthur Scherbius) to the wired rotor technology made the Enigma machine one of the first commercially available enciphering machines available.
		Sometimes “Enigma” is used as a generic term to refer to a machine that enciphers using electrically wired rotors, but it is like calling a photocopier machine a Xerox.
	www.bellaonline.com /ArticlesP/art31590.asp (498 words)

	Historical Background
		Cryptography entered the machine age toward the end of World War I with the invention of the rotary electro-mechanical enciphering machine.
		Shortly after the end of World War I, Arthur Scherbius, a German inventor, developed and patented such a machine for the commercial market.
		Scherbius' Enigma, in a modified and improved form, was later used widely throughout the German armed forces as the standard method of encrypting messages prior to radio transmission.
	www.ellsbury.com /enigma1.htm (688 words)

	Legal Tyranny - The Story Behind U571 - Chapter 2, The Unbreakable Code
		The loss of men and supplies was causing a massive strain on Britain's war efforts.
		In 1923, Arthur Scherbius, a German engineer, introduced a new product designed to help businesses conduct secure overseas communication.
		Although the German military would have been a potential customer for Scherbius, the military wasn't interested initially.
	www.lawbuzz.com /tyranny/u571/u571_ch2.htm (241 words)

	Polish Festival (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After the war this development was not halted but increased, eventually two men were involved in building a cipher machine, later called Enigma, which made one of the most fantastic stories in the history of the Second World War.
		Both worked independently, but some time later Scherbius purchased KochŐs machine, made several fundamental changes in the device and finally Enigma was ready.
		It is difficult to believe, but this machine, later used by the German forces, some important ministries and Hitler himself, was offered on the open market, for commercial purposes, looking like a typewriter, it was operated electrically by a battery, and worked on a rotor system.
	www.polishfestival.org.uk /poles_enigma.htm (1000 words)

	Enigma Machine
		In 1918, Engineer Arthur Scherbius patented a cipher machine using rotors.
		In 1927, Scherbius bought a patent from 1919 of a similar machine from the Dutchman Koch, to secure his own patent, approved in 1925.
		The development of the reflector, an idea of Scherbius' colleague Willi Korn, made it possible to design the compact and much lighter Enigma C. Also, the type writer part was replaced by a lamp panel.
	users.telenet.be /d.rijmenants/en/enigma.htm (2032 words)

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