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	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		Arthus reaction, the development of an inflammatory lesion, with induration, erythema, edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis, a few hours after intradermal injection of antigen into a previously sensitized animal producing precipitating antibody; it is classed as a type III hypersensitivity reaction in the Gell and Coombs classification of immune responses.
		Cannizzaro's reaction, the reaction which certain aldehydes may undergo in concentrated alkali; one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to the corresponding alcohol and another molecule is simultaneously oxidized to the salt of a carboxylic acid.
		downgrading reaction, a lepra reaction, similar in appearance to the reversal (“upgrading”) reaction, representing a deterioration in the immune response to Mycobacterium leprae with worsening of the clinical symptoms of leprosy and an increased index of M.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_r_04zPzhtm (5194 words)

	Allergy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hay fever is one example of an exceedingly common minor allergy - large percentages of the population suffer from hayfever symptoms in response to airborne pollen.
		The anaphylactoid reaction is very quick (seconds to minutes); any set of complaints lasting longer is probably due to another cause.
		It is the symptoms of this exaggerated response that is seen as the allergic reaction.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/allergy (1280 words)

	Bee Stings and "Allergic" Reactions
		There is agreement that a local reaction is generally characterized by: pain, swelling, redness, itching and a wheal surrounding the wound made by the stinging apparatus.
		This is the reaction of the vast majority of persons and those suffering it are considered to be at little risk of death, unless the mouth or throat is affected so that the respiratory tract is obstructed.
		Another study revealed that prevalence of sustained systemic reactions was no greater in an allergic population than the population at large, again not referring to those experienced as life-threatening or anaphylactic, and further arguing against an allergic basis.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /AA159 (1930 words)

	Bee Stings and "Allergic" Reactions
		Two kinds of reactions are usually associated with bee stings and those of other stinging insects as well: (1) local or (2) systemic, allergic or life-threatening.
		Systemic reactions, he said, were generalized reactions occurring within a few minutes of a sting.
		On the contrary, no reaction at all may be a more ominous predictor of a lethal outcome on a subsequent sting." Death from bee stings comes about through a number of mechanisms, Dr. Rubenstein said, the most important of which appears to be atherosclerosis (build up of deposits in the arteries).
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /scripts/htmlgen.exe?DOCUMENT_AA159 (1930 words)

	Reaction
		A response that reveals a person's feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audience's reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mother's reaction when she saw the broken lamp".
		A reaction may have a positive ΔH. This means that, to proceed, the reaction requires an input of energy from outside.
		Here are some common reactions that you may run into in a college organic chemistry course: addition of HX to an alkene, halogen addition reaction, halohydrin formation reaction, oxymercuration reaction, hydroboration-oxidation reaction, hydrooxylation reaction, ozonolysis reaction, nucleophilic substitution, halogenation of an alkyl, hydration and dehydration.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /re/reaction.html (3453 words)

	Lecture 14: Hypersensitivity
		While we are probably all familiar with the consequences of a localised type I reaction (anaphylaxis) which are unpleasant and annoying, the consequences of a generalised reaction are potentially fatal.
		The second class of damaging reactions is caused by specific antibody binding to cells or tissue antigens.
		The Arthus reaction is the name given to a local type III hypersensitivity reaction.
	www-immuno.path.cam.ac.uk /~immuno/part1/lec13/lec13_97.html (2294 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 12, Ch. 148, Hypersensitivity Disorders
		In the Arthus reaction (typically a local skin reaction), animals are first hyperimmunized to induce large amounts of circulating IgG antibodies and then are given a small amount of antigen intradermally.
		A type III reaction is further evidenced by demonstrating the presence of circulating antibody to antigen, such as horse serum, hepatitis antigen, DNA, altered IgG (rheumatoid factor), and some molds.
		The autoimmune reaction is probably normally held in check by the action of a population of specific suppressor T cells.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section12/chapter148/148d.jsp (1822 words)

	Delayed Type Hypersensitivity
		The reaction was discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, but it wasn't until the 1940s that Landsteiner and Chase proved that the reaction was mediated by the cellular and not the humoral arm of the immune system.
		The first DTH reaction described used only the tuberculin antigen (tuberculin reaction), but the definition was later expanded to include cell mediated reactions to other bacterial and viral antigens, responses to pure protein with adjuvant or haptens, and host responses to allograft.
		Contemporary debate regarding the reaction is focused on the role of the Th1 and Th2 cells originally discovered by Mosmann.
	dermatology.cdlib.org /DOJvol5num1/reviews/black.html (4414 words)

	The Cutaneous Reverse Arthus Reaction Requires Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 and L-Selectin Expression -- Kaburagi ...
		For cutaneous Arthus reactions, mice anesthetized by inhalation of
		Arthus reaction-induced recruitment of neutrophils and mast cells in the skin (A) and the peritoneum (B) from mutant and wild-type littermates at 4 and 8 h after IC challenge.
		The peritoneal reverse passive Arthus reaction was induced by the i.v.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/168/6/2970 (5008 words)

	1.6.4 Chronic inflammation (delayed-type of hypersensitivity reaction) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This reaction is, in terms of its clinical consequences, by far the most serious type of delayed type hypersensitivity response.
		The delayed type hypersensitivity reactions are probably important for host defence against intracellular parasites such as tuberculosis and certain viruses and are prevalent in certain disease such as sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and polymyositis.
		Histologically the earliest phase of the reaction is seen as a perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells followed by a more extensive exudation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells.
	nic.sav.sk /logos/books/scientific/node43.html (547 words)

	Arthus reaction to recombinant hepatitis b virus vaccine.
		Arthus reaction to recombinant hepatitis b virus vaccine.
		A severe, local, inflammatory, late-phase reaction accompanied by skin necrosis occurred after an infant was given an intramuscular injection of recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine.
		The clinical course and appearance of the rash were typical of an Arthus reaction.
	www.vaccinationnews.com /DailyNews/August2001/ArthrusReactionHepBVax.htm (169 words)

	The Arthus Reaction in Rodents: Species-Specific Requirement of Complement -- Szalai et al. 164 (1): 463 -- The Journal ...
		The Arthus reaction was allowed to proceed for 4 h, and the net area of each IgG-induced dermal lesion was determined as described in Materials and Methods.
		An RPA reaction was allowed to proceed in the skin of a single rat for 4 h before preparation of skin biopsies from sites injected with saline (A) or 25 µg of IgG (B and C).
		The RPA reaction was initiated in normocomplementemic (A and B) and CoVF-treated hypocomplementemic rats (C and D).
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/164/1/463 (4349 words)

	eMedicine - Papulonecrotic Tuberculids : Article Excerpt by: David Barnette, Jr, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The eruption is believed to represent a hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculosis (TB) antigens released from a distant focus of infection.
		Most authors believe that it represents an initial Arthus reaction to released TB antigens or intact bacilli, followed by a subsequent hypersensitivity reaction to the mycobacterial products present in the skin.
		Although cultures of lesions are uniformly negative, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies have found mycobacterial DNA sequences present in approximately 50% of biopsy samples.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/byname/papulonecrotic-tuberculids.htm (579 words)

	Online Pharmacy, Tramadol, Paxil, antibiotics, amoxicillin, zithromax, Rx Online, pharmaceuticals, DHEA, prescription ...
		The inhibitory effects of selected drugs on the Arthus reaction, a model of immune-complex-induced tissue injury, were studied.
		The reverse passive Arthus reaction (RPAR) was elicited in the dorsal skin of rats, using bovine serum albumin and the gamma-globulin fraction of rabbit anti-BSA.
		The optimal amounts of antigen and antibody required to elicit the reaction, as well as the reaction kinetics, were examined.
	www.hairmillion.com /rx-online-info/naproxen-online-rx/naproxen-online-rx.134.html (630 words)

	IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
		Prior exposure to the allergen is required for an allergic reaction to happen later.
		Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes are derived from Arachidonic acid, and PAF is not.
		Reaction is generally 24 to 72 hours after allergen exposure.
	www.mednote.co.kr /4IMMUNOPATHOLOGY.htm (600 words)

	Full Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		dark reactions Process of carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms; the ATP used to drive the process is obtained in the light reactions; the dark reactions are called the light-independent reactions.
		Gram-negative Bacteria that lose the crystal violet in the Gram-stain procedure and therefore stain pink; the cell wall of these organisms is composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane.
		Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction Abrupt but transitory worsening of symptoms after starting effective antibacterial treatment, thought to be caused by substances released by the death of the bacteria.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/cellmicro/nester/student/olc/full_glossary.mhtml (12644 words)

	eMedicine - Id Reaction (Autoeczematization) : Article by Matthew P Evans, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Dermatophytid reactions are reported to occur in 4-5% of patients with dermatophyte infections.
		Id reactions are usually preceded by exacerbation of the preexisting dermatitis induced by infection, scratching, or inappropriate therapy.
		An acute, intensely pruritic, symmetric maculopapular or papulovesicular reaction that involves the forearms, thighs, legs, trunk, face, hands, neck, and feet (in descending order of frequency) is typical of the id reaction with stasis dermatitis (common).
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic193.htm (1465 words)

	21 Scientific Studies On Necrotic Arachnidism -- The Spider Project
		The literature on loxoscelism is contradictory because of the individuality of the reaction.
		Loxoscelism is a reaction to the bite of spiders of the genus Loxosceles.
		There is the same local reaction, but, in addition, fever, chills, vomiting, joint pain, and hematologic abnormalities occur.
	www.bulkmsm.com /research/spider/Australia/page6.htm (3116 words)

	arthus phenomenon - definition from Biology-Online.org
		A form of immediate hypersensitivity resulting in erythema, oedema, haemorrhage, and necrosis observed in rabbits after injection of antigen to which the animal has already been sensitised and has specific IgG antibodies.
		The reaction is caused by the inflammation that results from the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in tissue spaces and in blood vessel walls that activate complement, most of the damage seemingly being due to the polymorphonuclear leukocytes that phagocytise the deposits and release lysosomal enzymes.
		The phenomenon, described by Arthus, was in rabbits, but similar reactions (Arthus-type reactions) are observed in guinea pigs, rats, and dogs, as well as in humans.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/arthus_phenomenon (103 words)

	Apoptosis mediates decrease in cellularity during the regression of Arthus reaction in cornea -- Ozaki et al. 85 (5): ...
		Apoptosis mediates decrease in cellularity during the regression of Arthus reaction in cornea -- Ozaki et al.
		Apoptosis mediates decrease in cellularity during the regression of Arthus reaction in cornea
		The Arthus type allergic reaction is characterised by inflammatory cell infiltration and marked neovascularisation in the
	www.bjophthalmol.com /cgi/content/full/85/5/613 (3003 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 12, Ch. 146, Biology Of The Immune System
		An Arthus reaction is due to the presence of Ab that binds to the injected Ag, resulting in immune complex formation, complement activation, and neutrophil chemotaxis.
		The cellular infiltrate in an Arthus reaction consists mostly of neutrophils, while the infiltrate in DTH is composed of mononuclear cells.
		The ability to activate macrophages is at the heart of the typical delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, and the DTH skin test is an excellent example of the various cascades involved in a given immune response.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section12/chapter146/146b.htm (2519 words)

	Immunopath Lab Answers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Answer: Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing immunologic reaction occurring within minutes after the combination of an antigen with antibody bound to mast cells or basophils in individuals previously sensitized to the antigen.
		Answer: Autoimmune disorders result from immune reactions against "self" antigens whereas the hypersensitivity diseases are detrimental immune reactions directed at exogenous antigens.
		Answer: Type III; immune complexes precipitate in the vessel walls triggering an inflammatory reaction with activation of complement, release of inflammatory mediators, activation of neutrophils, release of lysosomal enzymes.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /edprog/Path/IMMUNO/ImmunoAns.htm (1394 words)

	Q: Pathology: Renal transplant hyper acute rejection Nagging Q Forums PLAB AIPPG USMLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This is because the reaction is against this antigen-antibody complex and in the "cross fire" the tissue is the "civilian casualty" because the antigen antibody complex has taken "cover" in the tissue in the endothelium, basement membrane etc. The blood vessel wall(endothelium) being the most common.
		In both cases the antibody pre-exists(for transplantaion it is sensitisation and for transfusion reaction it is by birth(ABO blood grouping) and/or by sensitisation(remember Rh incompatibility).
		The immune complex must be deposited on the blood vessel endothelium locally once the graft is revascularised and in an attempt to remove the immune complex the immune reaction occurs in the process destroying the tissue.
	www.aipge.com /posts29921-32.html (1428 words)

	The Immunopathology of Hypersensitivity Reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Type III reactions may be localized with a large deposition of antigen at a focal point where immune complexes are formed and tissue damage ensues including necrosis.
		A systemic dissemination of antigens will provoke a systemic inflammatory reaction which is most closely modeled by the well studied acute and chronic serum sickness reaction.
		Serum sickness was identified as the constellation of symptoms which followed the administration of antitoxins (antiserum given for infectious disease before the advent of antibiotics) which were derived from non-human sources, most often horses.
	www.lamold.com /white_papers/The%20Immunopathology%20of%20Hypersensitivity%20Reactions.htm (287 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Contribution of B2 receptors for bradykinin in Arthus reaction-induced plasma ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The reverse passive Arthus reaction (RPA), a model of type III hypersensitivity, involves inflammatory and haemorrhagic lesions which can be elicited by the formation of immune complexes in the peritoneal cavity (Steil et al., 1995).
		The reverse passive Arthus reaction was initiated in the peritoneal cavity by the i.p.
		The pathology of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, is also associated with the activation of immune complexes which seems to be instrumental in the pathogenesis of these diseases (Bailey and Sturm, 1983).
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v129/n8/full/0703225a.html (3593 words)

	Autoimmunity and Immune Complex Diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Arthus reaction, the classical model of local IC disease, is produced experimentally by the intracutaneous injection of antigen in previously sensitized animals which already have precipitating antibodies to the antigen.
		This test is performed by adding glass beads to a test tube of the patient's anticoagulated blood, shaking repeatedly to damage some of the cells and to release nuclei and nuclear fragments, incubating the preparation at 37 degrees Celsius for a suitable time, and then preparing smears and staining them with Wright's stain.
		The LE bodies are phagocytized by viable neutrophils (or macrophages) in the reaction mixture, thus forming cytoplasmic inclusion body-containing LE cells.
	edcenter.med.cornell.edu /CUMC_PathNotes/Immunopathology/Immuno_03.html (5998 words)

	Adverse reactions to tetanus toxoid. (JAMA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		particularly when local reaction is marked or antitoxin levels are high, or both.
		This patient most likely experienced an Arthus-type reaction, probably caused by multiple previous doses of the toxoid that
		reactions, tetanus toxoid should not be administered routinely more frequently than every 10 years as recommended by the
	www.whale.to /vaccines/tetanus2.html (444 words)

	Tramadol, buy tramadol, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, weight loss, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Arthus reaction is an immunologically induced inflammatory response characterized by immune complex deposition, complement fixation, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and tissue damage.
		The similarities between the reversed passive Arthus reaction (RPAR) and RA led us to investigate the usefulness of the RPAR in the search for new antirheumatic agents.
		The data show that the Arthus reaction, which is the result of the complex interaction of many factors, can be affected either generally or selectively at different time intervals by various therapeutic agents.
	www.online-pharmacy-usa.net /ref-naproxen/naproxen-research-abs3.202.html (739 words)

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