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Topic: Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution

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	Constitution - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		For example, in the Constitution of Australia, most of its fundamental political principles and regulations concerning the relationship between branches of government, and concerning the government and the individual are codified in a single document, the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia.
		Constitutions vary extensively as to the degree of separation of powers, usually meaning the constitutional separation of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government.
		A "constitutional violation" is an action or legislative act that is judged by a constitutional court to be contrary to the constitution, that is, "unconstitutional".
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/o/n/Constitution.html (3829 words)

	ICL - Soviet Union (Former~) - Constitution
		A Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR may not be prosecuted, or arrested, or incur a court-imposed penalty, without the sanction of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR or, between its sessions, of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
		The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR promulgates decrees and adopts decisions.
		The Procurator-General of the USSR is appointed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and is responsible and accountable to it and, between sessions of the Supreme Soviet, to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/r100000_.html (10400 words)

	Soviet Constitution
		The Soviet state is organized and functions on the principle of democratic centralism, namely the electiveness of all bodies of state authority from the lowest to the highest, their accountability to the people, and the obligation of lower bodies to observe the decisions of higher ones.
		(2) Citizens of the USSR are obliged to observe the Constitution of the USSR and Soviet laws, comply with the standards of socialist conduct, and uphold the honor and dignity of Soviet citizenship.
		Soviets of People's Deputies shall function publicly on the basis of collective, free, constructive discussion and decision-making, of systematic reporting back to them and the people by their executive-administrative and other bodies, and of involving citizens on a broad scale in their work.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/m/c/mcw10/Download/SovietConstitution.htm (5507 words)

	Nepal Constitution Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Nepal constitution of 23 Kartik, 2047 V.S. (November 9, 1990 A.D.) is a bold attempt to institutionalize the goals of the popular movement of the Spring of 1990.
		Article 12/1 gains a prohibition on capital punishment, and Article 12/2e substitutes a guarantee of "freedom to choose any profession, occupation, trade or to start any industry" for the old constitution's freedom to acquire, enjoy or dispose of property (old article 11/2e), a right guaranteed elsewhere in both documents.
		Constitutions and their language may be highly important in symbolic terms, but the meanings of the symbols they invoke must be determined with respect to a wider range of constitutional practices and traditions than the written documents themselves are capable of embodying.
	menic.utexas.edu /asnic/countries/nepal/nepconstanalysis.html (7183 words)

	Iran - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The constitution, which came into effect on the overthrow of the shah in 1979, provides for a president elected by universal suffrage and a single-chamber legislature, the Majlis (Islamic Consultative Assembly), consisting of 270 members, similarly elected.
		All legislation passed by the assembly must be sent to the Shura-E-Nigahban (Council of Guardians), consisting of six religious and six secular lawyers, to ensure that it complies with the constitution and Islamic precepts.
		Iran was declared an Islamic republic, and a new constitution, based on Islamic principles, was adopted.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Iran (2743 words)

	PMag v07n3p06 -- Soviet Military Doctrine: Why Does it Change So Slowly-If At All?
		Soviet democrats fail to understand that demilitarization is not the fruit of other positive changes in the USSR (e.g.
		Soviet civilian experts have warned against many of these extravagances, but they were not convincing, partly because they did not dispute the traditional paradigm of defence and security policy.
		The final aim should be total disarmament-not the reproduction of parity on the level of minimum deterrence, not the maintenance of a smaller but still huge army, not the gaining of respite for a renewal of the arms race in the future.
	www.peacemagazine.org /archive/v07n3p06.htm (2298 words)

	Ygael Gluckstein (Tony Cliff): Stalin's Satellites (Part 1, Chap.6a)
		Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution states: “The land, its deposits, waters, forests, mills, factories, mines, railways, water and air transport, means of communication, large state-organized farm enterprises (state farms, machine-tractor stations, etc.) and also the basic housing facilities in cities and industrial localities are state property, that is, the wealth of the whole people.”
		The Constitutions of the People’s Democracies all contain similar clauses with one difference, that the land is not, or rather, not yet included in the state-owned properties.
		Soviet law grants the franchise to everyone above the age of 18 with the exception of the inmates of forced labour camps.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1952/stalsats/pt1-ch06a.htm (8897 words)

	The "New European Soviet" - The New American - September 6, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Treaty of Rome was, in truth, a constitution for a new government disguised as a treaty.
		Traditionally, a treaty is an agreement between sovereign states, concerning borders, military alliances, trade relations, extradition, etc. The parties to the treaty remain sovereign states; their form of government is not altered and their citizens are not directly bound with new laws or obligations.
		And treason is not too harsh a word, for many of the key leaders of this operation are government officials who are betraying a sacred trust and have been lying outright to their constituents.
	www.thenewamerican.com /tna/2004/09-06-2004/eu.htm (1977 words)

	1936 Constitution of the USSR, Part I
		The grounds and procedure for acquiring or forfeiting Soviet citizenship are defined by the Law on Citizenship of the USSR.
		This right is ensured by the opportunity to vote and to be elected to Soviets of People's Deputies and other elective state bodies, to take part in nationwide discussions and referendums, in people's control, in the work of state bodies, public organisations, and local community groups, and in meetings at places of work or residence.
		Citizens of the USSR are obliged to observe the Constitution of the USSR and Soviet laws, comply with the standards of socialist conduct, and uphold the honour and dignity of Soviet citizenship.
	www.departments.bucknell.edu /russian/const/77cons02.html (1734 words)

	Myths of Martin Luther King by Marcus Epstein
		Most all conservative publications and websites have articles around this time of the year praising King and discussing how today’s civil rights leaders are betraying his legacy.
		In another article about Martin Luther King, Roger Clegg of National Review applauds King for speaking out against the "oppression of communism!" To gain the support of many liberal whites, in the early years, King did make a few mild denunciations of communism.
		Though King was never a Communist and was always critical of the Soviet Union, he had knowingly surrounded himself with Communists.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig/epstein9.html (2443 words)

	The College Hill Independent
		In 1989, the Inter-Regional Deputies’ Group and the electoral slate of Democratic Russia staged a powerful rally of half a million people in the Union’s capital to demand the abolition of Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution which designated the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as the leading and directing force of Soviet society.
		As they accurately foresaw, such pressure might scare the recalcitrant Soviet parliament into approving the constitutional amendments required for the establishment of the Soviet presidency.
		On March 13-15, 1990, the Third Congress of Peoples Deputies abrogated Article 6, instituted the office of the presidency, and hastily had the president elected by the Congress, rather than by popular vote.
	www.brown.edu /Students/INDY/alpha/article_old.php?id=176_2_2 (1517 words)

	Balkinization
		The referennce in the President's remarks to the so-called "vague standards" of Common Article 3 was a recurrent theme in his statement.
		Article III courts can grant warrants that identify a particular target probably because of the notion that such applications satisfy the Article III requirements of concreteness -- there's a specific case at issue -- and adversariness -- there is an identifiable target of either the search or the investigation.
		Comparing the quality of articles in the top student-edited law reviews with the quality of articles in the top peer-reviewed philosophy journals (my own scholarly point of reference), I have never been able to detect superiority in the peer-reviewed philosophy journals.
	balkin.blogspot.com (14050 words)

	ISCIP - Perspective
		In December 1989, General Lizichev spoke of a "regular offensive launched by destructive forces against the political organs of the army and navy."(2) Now, the question is being raised not only of the political organs—even the presence of the CPSU in the army is being contested.
		The abolition of Article 6 put the political organs in a difficult position, since they were obliged to justify their existence now that the CPSU theoretically had abandoned its monopoly of power.
		It is still impossible to provide a precise political picture of the Soviet army, despite the new information available under glasnost.' In many cases, the military seems to be divided between a fundamental anti communism and an attachment to the power and cohesion of the state.
	www.bu.edu /iscip/vol1/Thom.html (1602 words)

	PMag v06n3p06 -- Tribute to Andrei Sakharov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		On the domestic front, he was elected 10 the Congress of People's Deputies in 1989 and became one of the leaders of the loyal democratic opposition.
		His legacy will include the removal of Article 6 in the Soviet constitution which gives political supremacy to the Communist Party.
		And as regards the current regional/ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union, Sakharov maintained that the only way to reconstitute the Soviet Union on a democratic basis is for it to become a real confederation which different nations voluntarily agree or disagree to join.
	www.peacemagazine.org /archive/v06n3p06.htm (340 words)

	Commentary Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Following as it had upon the installation by the Soviet Union of puppet regimes in the occupied countries of East Europe, the Czech coup demonstrated that economic measures would not be enough by themselves to ward off a comparable danger posed to Italy and France by huge local Communist parties entirely subservient to Moscow.
		In denouncing the Soviet empire, he was accused either of signaling an intention to trigger a nuclear war or of being too stupid to understand that his wildly provocative rhetoric might do so inadvertently.
		It was a scene reminiscent of the response of some Communists to the suppression by the new Soviet regime of the sailors’ revolt that erupted in Kronstadt in the early 1920’s.
	www.commentarymagazine.com /podhoretz.htm (20452 words)

	November 6 @ LaunchBase.org (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		With 88 days between the equinox on September 23 and the solstice on 21 December, we are considered halfway through the relevant seasons (Autumn or Fall in the northern hemisphere; Spring in the southern hemisphere) on this day.
		1844 - The first constitution of the Dominican Republic was adopted.
		He states that even though 350,000 troops were killed in German attacks so far, that the Germans have lost 4.5 million soldiers (a wild exaggeration) and that Soviet victory was near.
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/November_6 (1809 words)

	1977 Constitution of the USSR, Part I
		The Soviet state is organised and functions on the principle of democratic centralism, namely the electiveness of all bodies of state authority from the lowest to the highest, their accountability to the people, and the obligation of lower bodies to observe the decisions of higher ones.
		The Soviet state and all its bodies function on the basis of socialist law, ensure the maintenance of law and order, and safeguard the interests of society and the rights and freedoms of citizens.
		The leading and guiding force of the Soviet society and the nucleus of its political system, of all state organisations and public organisations, is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
	www.departments.bucknell.edu /russian/const/77cons01.html (2424 words)

	Measuring Glasnost and Perestroika: Criteria for Monitoring Change in the U.S.S.R. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A correct assessment of the pace and depth of Soviet change is needed to separate rhetoric from reality, the cosmetic from the fundamental, and the transitory from the lasting in what has become the extremely fluid situation of Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet Union.
		\u239\'95 Repeal Article 227 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federal Republic and similar articles in the Criminal Codes of all other Union Republics that specify punishment for "infringement of the rights of the citizens under the guise of performing religious ceremonies" and are used to repress religious activists.
		Domestic Politics/Economy 0 Repeal Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution which declares the Communist Party to be "the leading and guiding force of Soviet society and the nucleus of its political system."
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/bu108.cfm (1534 words)

	PS-USSR
		Soviet economists were quoted as predicting 10 million unemployed by the end of l991".
		Another key facet of Soviet policy under Gorbachev was the so-called 'democratisation', the principal aim of which was to reduce the power of the first (Ligachev/Yanayev) politicalgrouping and increase that of second (Gorbachev) grouping.
		Within this, the 'Soviet of the Union' (elected by the whole population from constituencies of equal population size) would be subordinate to the 'Soviet of the Republic'; the latter would be elected from the republican parliaments, retaining the same number of seats as in the current 'Soviet of Nationalities'.
	website.lineone.net /~comleague/book/PS-USSR.html (8014 words)

	Israel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As a result of impending World war, the plan was never fully implemented, but the White Paper of 1939 policy was implemented well into the END of WW2, and enforced even when refugees who survived Holocaust were fleeing from Nazi persecution.
		The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former USSR topped 750,000 during the period 1989-1999, bringing the population of Israel from the former Soviet Union to 1 million, one-sixth of the total population, and adding scientific and professional expertise of substantial value for the economy's future.
		http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton55/st02_21x.pdf 6% of Israeli Jews define themselves as haredim (ultra-orthodox religious); an additional 9% are "religious"; 34% consider themselves "traditionalists" (not strictly adhering to Jewish halacha) ; and 51% are "secular".
	israel.iqnaut.net (5016 words)

	Union of Councils for Soviet Jews: Bigotry Monitor: Volume 6, Number 19
		The writer of the article interviewed several witnesses and pieced together four versions of the event.
		The stabbing prompted a protest action in the center of town, after which the group's pastor was fined for holding an unauthorized demonstration.
		Millions of people from the former Soviet southern republics have moved to Russia since the USSR’s collapse, replacing some of the millions of ethnic Russians who have died prematurely or were never born.
	www.fsumonitor.com /stories/051906BM.shtml (2789 words)

	The New Pentagon Papers
		Ben Franklin's comment that the Constitutional Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia had delivered "a republic, madam, if you can keep it" would come to have special meaning.
		In November, my Insider articles discussed the artificial worlds created by the Pentagon and the stupid naiveté of neocon assumptions about what would happen when we invaded Iraq.
		We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law.
	www.commondreams.org /views04/0310-09.htm (4641 words)

	A) Gorbachev gains the Politburo's approval to summon a Party Conference in June 1988 to which Yeltsin is ratified as a ...
		Conference approves Gorbachev's proposal for an amendment to the Soviet Constitution
		Following December 1988 ratification of amendments to Soviet Constitution, elections are held in March 1989 to a new Congress of People's Deputies
		In September 1993 Yeltsin, despite lacking any Constitutional authority, dissolves the Russian Congress of People's Deputies, and after an overnight armed uprising in Moscow on October 3-4, some army officers agree to support the anti-terrorist squad in evicting the deputies from the white skyscraper
	www.polisci.ucla.edu /faculty/anderson/PS156Anotes/S04004A.htm (1595 words)

	The St. Petersburg Times - Opinion - Why the State Collapsed in '91
		His upbringing, career, professional culture - a whole set of beliefs - has been keeping him on the other side of barricades, opposite those Russians who were sincerely ready to die by throwing themselves under the tanks (and in fact, three were killed), defending democracy a decade ago.
		Opportunists from the party apparatus, the KGB and the military-industrial complex enjoyed the (albeit still silent) support of colleagues who were tired of their bosses.
		That factor was the commercialization of the Soviet bureaucracy, a process that had been rapidly under way since 1989 when Article 6 of the Soviet constitution, which guaranteed the Communist Party's monopoly on political power, was repealed.
	www.sptimes.ru /story/5145 (794 words)

	IRAQ THE MODEL
		The cultural advisor of Sad's office described the proposed federalism of the center and south as a precursor for "A new mass grave for the Shia because of the differences and maybe disputes in visions among the various factions within the community".
		It is true that the constitution of Iraq guarantees the rights to freedom of expression and freedom of practicing religion but when practicing these rights means putting people's life in danger and worse as it may escalate already exiting tensions then these rights need to be put on the shelf for a while.
		What I'm trying to say is that Iraq is at war and the government has the constitutional cover through the "National Safety Law" to prohibit all sorts of mass gatherings that often end up with tragic loss in civilian lives until the governmnet is sure about its ability to protect such gatherings.
	iraqthemodel.blogspot.com (10580 words)

	Soviet-Empire.com Archive :: View topic - Repeal and Ammendment of Chapter 6 Article 27
		We should however wait until the congress of soviets as it is that body that is considered supreme.
		A bill on the next COS will also need to be tabled giving the COS the power to change the constitution.
		As the Congress of Soviets will soon be in session I feel this ammendment is rather important to put through or there wont be much of a congress of soviets.
	www.politicsforum.org /soviet/viewtopic.php?t=142 (405 words)

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