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Topic: Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

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	Japan Self-Defense Forces - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Japan's defeat in World War II, the only major military defeat in the country's history, had a profound and lasting effect on national attitudes toward war, the armed forces, and military involvement in politics.
		The Japanese military is severely limited by Article 9 of the Japanese constitution that renounces force as a means of settling international disputes and prohibits the creation of an army, navy, and air force.
		Although possession of nuclear weapons is not forbidden in the constitution, Japan, as the only nation to experience the devastation of atomic attack, early expressed its abhorrence of nuclear arms and determined never to acquire them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Self-Defense_Forces (1461 words)

	East Asian History Sourcebook: THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN, November 3, 1946
		Article 35: The right of all persons to be secure in their homes, papers and effects against entries, searches and seizures shall not be impaired except upon warrant issued for adequate cause and particularly describing the place to be searched and things to be seized, or except as provided by Article 33.
		Article 77: The Supreme Court is vested with the rule-making power under which it determines the rules of procedure and of practice, and of matters relating to attorneys, the internal discipline of the courts and the administration of judicial affairs.
		Article 97: The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/eastasia/1946ConstitutionJapan.html (4418 words)

	ipedia.com: Constitution of Japan Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Notable parts of the Constitution include the designation of the Emperor as the symbol of the state with ceremonial powers, Article 9, which forbids Japan from having an army or a navy, and the establishment of judicial review.
		The first constitution in Japan was enacted by the Emperor during the Meiji Era on February 11, 1889.
		Article 1 of the first chapter states that Japan shall be ruled by the Emperor and the Imperial Family for "ages eternal", adding -- in contradictory terms -- that the Emperor is inviolable (Article 3) and at the same time subordinate to the Constitution (Article 4).
	www.ipedia.com /constitution_of_japan.html (346 words)

	9
		9 To 5 9 to 5 is a phrase which refers to the time at which most United States and are an incarnation of the eight-hour...
		Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan The Constitution of Japan has the Article 9 "No War" clause.
		British Columbia provincial highway 9 1961, Highway 9 was extended south to a junction with the new Highway 1 alignment....
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/9.html (2183 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Japan [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Japan is a temperate region with four distinct seasons, but because of its great length from north to south, its climate varies from region to region: the far north is very cold in the winter, while the far south is subtropical.
		Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch, prompting some claims that Japan's fishing is leading to overdepletion in fish stocks such as tuna.
		The Japanese population is rapidly aging, the effect of a post-war baby boom followed by a decrease in births as the country modernised in the latter part of the 20th century (notable aspects including the shift from agricultural to urban lifestyles and the increasing tendency for women to remain in the workplace).
	encyclozine.com /Japan (3974 words)

	Deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This controversial deployment marked a significant turning point in Japan's history as it is the first time since the end of World War II that Japan sent troops abroad except for a few minor UN peacekeeping deployments.
		As article 9 of the Constitution of Japan prohibits Japan from using force, this intervention is considered illegal by many.
		Public opinion regarding this deployment was sharply divided, especially given that Japan's military is constitutionally structured as solely a self-defense force, and operating in Iraq seemed at best tenuously connected to that mission.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Deployment_of_Japanese_troops_to_Iraq (337 words)

	The Hindu : Defence . . . in principle
		Article 9 has been a bone of contention since the constitutional revision bill was being deliberated in 1951-52, the year Japan concluded the San Francisco Peace Treaty and regained political independence.
		Japan is accustomed to permitting its bureaucracy vide latitude in interpreting statutory laws (by way of so called administrative guidance), but a constitutional review will provide a golden opportunity for Japan to prove to the world that it has attained full political maturity.
		Japan is urging more coordinated efforts among the countries of the region in dealing with pirate attacks, stowaways and smuggling of drugs and weapons.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2001/01/14/stories/1314063d.htm (1231 words)

	The American Occupation in Japan
		JapanÍs constitution was written during the Occupation, and that has remained wholly unchanged until today.
		One of the largest problems with the Meiji constitution was that it did not have a system of checks and balances, as every part of the government would act in the name of the emperor.
		Article 9 of the constitution claims that Japan ñrenounces war as its sovereign right î and that Japan will never maintain any sort of military.
	www.indyflicks.com /danielle/papers/paper10.htm (1166 words)

	[A-List] Request for Advice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Please compare the news article below with Article 9 of The Constitution of Japan, which says:- "Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes.
		Article 2: The citizens of Japan will complacently and meekly obey the dictates of the Government of the United States of America as conveyed to them by the Government (aka Viceroy) of Japan.
		Article 3: Amendments to this Constitution shall be intitiated soley by the Government of the United States of America.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/a-list/2004-May/030308.html (1361 words)

	Asia Times Online - The trusted news source for information on Japan
		Japan's deployment of troops to Iraq - the largest contingent of Self-Defense Forces to be sent overseas - follows a controversial order by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi on December 26 in response to a request from the US.
		Mindful that the decision has been opposed by almost 80 percent of the public because of constitutional restrictions, Koizumi is pushing a 2005 deadline, the 50th anniversary of his conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), for rewriting Japan's constitution and changing the provision that renounces war by the country - Article 9.
		This Article 9 provision was meant to prevent a repeat of Japan's military aggression and occupation of its neighboring countries in the decades before 1945, when Allied forces defeated the country.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Japan/FA08Dh03.html (924 words)

	The Constitution of Japan; Article 9: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To most examining this situation, it is quite clear that Japan completely moved away from Article Nine by maintaining an armed force on both land and sea and in the air, known as the Self-Defense Force (SDF), and by using military strength as a means to maintain the peace of Iraq.
		Prime Minister of Japan: The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of the Cabinet of Ministers, which are appointed by him/her from the members of the Diet.
		Article Nine: Article Nine of the Constitution of Japan forbids Japan from maintaining a military force and using war as a means of settling international disputes.
	www.andrews.edu /~tkarr/JapanUSRelations.htm (5631 words)

	Editorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although Japan currently lacks military capability, there is growing sentiment among its citizens to remove the U.S. troops stationed in the country.
		Japan was seen as an enormous threat to U.S. and Western political thought after World War II.
		Article 9 was written a long time ago.
	thepost.baker.ohiou.edu /archives/020196/editorial.html (464 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN
		In the historical fact, the Constitution of Japan was enacted by U.S.A army in 1946 year because U.S.A army had controlled Japanese Government as a result of Second world war when the Constitution of Japan was established.
		War expenditure of Japan is 45 billion dollars, and it is the third-ranking in the world in 2002.
		Article 9 in Japanese text is mere ordinary negative sentence.
	www.existenz.co.jp /constitu.htm (863 words)

	Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution \| National Clearinghouse for U.S.-Japan Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the American occupation of Japan after World War II, the Japanese were unable or unwilling to complete a new constitution which satisfied General Douglas MacArthur.
		We reject and revoke all constitutions, laws, ordinances and rescripts in conflict herewith.
		The advice and approval of the Cabinet shall be required for all acts of the Emperor in matters of state, and the Cabinet shall be responsible therefor.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/LP/LS36.html (708 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Japan starts to rewrite pacifist constitution
		Japan's pacifist constitution will today face the biggest threat in its 60-year history when MPs discuss legislation paving the way for the country to play its biggest role in overseas military operations since the second world war.
		Those who want to protect the constitution, imposed by US occupation forces in 1947, say that reform will send the wrong messages to Japan's neighbours, and send the country back down the slippery slope to militarism.
		His party's plans for the constitution were boosted when the Democratic party, Japan's biggest opposition group, said it would draft its own set of reform proposals by 2006.
	www.guardian.co.uk /japan/story/0,7369,1125987,00.html (884 words)

	Japanese SDF Out of Iraq / Protect Article 9! Petition
		Under Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, the very existence of a military in Japan is prohibited, and the dispatch of those forces overseas is in further direct violation of Japan's Peace Constitution enacted in 1947.
		It is your responsibility to observe Article 9 of the constitution.
		I've been to Japan a couple of times, and prefer to remember the nice side of all the people: not the warmongering of the present government, which is abominable.
	www.thepetitionsite.com /takeaction/964698665 (1429 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN
		The freedoms and rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be maintained by the constant endeavor of the people, who shall refrain from any abuse of these freedoms and rights and shall always be responsible for utilizing them for the public welfare.
		The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.
		This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
	www.solon.org /Constitutions/Japan/English/english-Constitution.html (4197 words)

	Wednesday, May 10, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Regarding Japan's support for the U.S. military, there is no way for the Government to insist that we "can draw a line" between safe and dangerous zones.
		Morimoto: "Japan's security policy is limited in terms of the extent of what Japan can do, based on pushing interpretation of the Constitution to the very limit.
		Yamauchi: "I wanted to pass along to future generations the significance of Article 9, anticipating the emergence of current arguments of whether to amend the Constitution.
	www.usc.edu /isd/archives/dsjp/summaries/2000/May/Sm000510.htm (3980 words)

	CCC - Japan's Constitution & U.S. Presence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Constitutional research committees in both the upper and lower houses of the Japanese Diet have begun discussing Article 9 of Japan's constitution.
		Japan traditionally has interpreted this article as prohibiting collective defense, including joint military operations with U.S. forces and collective security activities like UN peacekeeping operations.
		This thesis suggests that it is not a matter of if but when Japan will revise or reinterpret its constitution to authorize Japanese forces to participate in collective defense.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /research/theses/duke01.asp (320 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		February 9 entry on military spending around the world), and questions whether the rule of law applies in Japan.
		I think it does, and the reason is that the supposed Constitution of Japan is not really its constitution.
		My favorite example, besides the impractical Article 9 (which somebody commented was probably inspired by the Kellogg-Briand Pact of the 1930's, which you will recall outlawed war for all time), is Article 25, which says
	www.rasmusen.org /w/04.05.03c.htm (327 words)

	Social Design Notes: Peace People Japan
		In the past Article 9 prevented the SDF from participating in military conflict and limited Japanese involvement to mostly financial support.
		Japan gave $13 billion during the first Gulf War in 1991, but did not send troops.
		That July article notes that the Japanese troops will help “resettling refugees, rebuilding and providing fresh water supplies that.” The Times, also states that the Japanese will “engage in unwarlike activities,” though ominously matches the article with photos of Japanese soldiers in camouflage make-up, members of an “antitank unit” during exercises in Japan.
	www.backspace.com /notes/2003/11/20/x.html (719 words)

	Christian News, Updated Daily - Christian Today > Japan Primate's Message of Peace, Prime Minister Apologises for War ...
		The Primate of Nippon Sei Ko Kai in Japan has issued a message of peace in which he also acknowledged the failings of the NSKK to prevent the killing of innocent people in both Japan and abroad.
		Mr Koizumi expressed his “deep reflections and heartfelt remorse” for the damages caused by Japan and pledged that the country would never forget the “terrible lessons” of the war.
		The statement reiterated the determination of the NSKK to continue its opposition work against a revision of Article 9 of the Constitution, in which Japan renounces war and the use of military force, as concluded at the 55th General Synod in 2004.
	www.christiantoday.com /news/asia-pacific/japan.primate.message.of.peace.prime.minister.apologises.for.war.atrocities/285.htm (891 words)

	Japan
		That is that "Christianity was the biggest organized religion in Japan 1000 years ago." Bigger than Shintoism and Buddhism organized.
		But greater than that is that up to 1,300,000 Japanese Christian martyrs were killed for their faith--mostly women and children--before America was founded as a country in 1776.
		Kenny came to Japan in the April of 1951 to be a missionary to the Japanese.
	www.goodnewsmedia.com /tmp/japan.htm (715 words)

	Riding Sun - Military
		Of course, Article 9 notwithstanding, Japan has long maintained a massively powerful military force in all but name: its jieitai, or Self-Defense Forces.
		The proposed constitutional revision, therefore, is largely symbolic.
		However, it might make it easier for Japan to participate in collective defense with allied nations — for example, to shoot down missiles North Korea fires at America, something Japan had previously said it would not do.
	www.ridingsun.com /military/archives/archive_2005_07.shtml (183 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Japan looks to constitution to allow war role - 20/1/04 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Japan's pacifist constitution faces the biggest threat in its 60-year history, with MPs discussing legislation paving the way for the country to play its biggest role in overseas military operations since World War II.
		In a move that has blown apart postwar consensus that the US-authored document should be left untouched, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party has agreed to submit a bill on constitutional reform by 2005.
		Top of the list of reforms is the revision of article 9 of the constitution, which forbids Japan from using force to resolve international disputes.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /news/articles/japan_constitution.htm (247 words)

	Warm 'n Fuzzy Conserva-Puppies: Will Japan go nuclear?
		With all of Japan's access to technology and its use of nuclear power to civilian purposes, it seems that Japan could build a nuclear bomb in nothing flat.
		Japan, on the other hand, has grown increasingly hawkish toward North Korea.
		In 2003 Japan even embraced Bush style military pre-emption, signaling that it would meet North Korean missiles on the pad if it believed those missiles were aimed at Japan or any of its interests.
	conservapuppies.blogspot.com /2005/02/will-japan-go-nuclear.html (183 words)

	Speech at the Nippon Conference on the Constitution of Japan
		Japan is now considering steps that would tighten its national security laws, establishing real penalties for revealing classified information or spying for another power.
		Such satellites could alert Japan’s air defense and ballistic missile defense forces of a hostile launch, and, with data sharing, the information could also be utilized by the United States.
		Japan does not have forces deployed all around the world like the United States; therefore a global satellite network is probably not necessary for the defense of Japan.
	www.heritage.org /Research/AsiaandthePacific/WM31.cfm (1393 words)

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