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	Artificial intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity.
		John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" in the first conference devoted to the subject, in 1956.
		In many strong AI supporters’ opinion, artificial consciousness is considered as the holy grail of artificial intelligence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_intelligence (1013 words)

	Artificial life - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Artificial life, also known as alife or a-life, is the study of life through the use of human-made analogs of living systems.
		Although the study of artificial life does have some significant overlap with the study of artificial intelligence (AI), the two fields are very distinct in their history and approach.
		Artificial life is a meeting point for people from many other more traditional fields such as linguistics, physics, mathematics, philosophy, computer science, biology, anthropology and sociology in which unusual computational and theoretical approaches that would be controversial within their home discipline can be discussed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_life (1878 words)

	National Cancer Institute - Artificial Sweeteners and Cancer: Q and A
		There is no clear evidence that the artificial sweeteners on the market in the United States are related to cancer risk in humans (see Question 2).
		Artificial sweeteners, also called sugar substitutes, are substances that are used instead of sucrose (table sugar) to sweeten foods and beverages.
		Questions about artificial sweeteners and cancer arose when early studies showed that cyclamate in combination with saccharin caused bladder cancer in laboratory animals.
	www.cancer.gov /cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/artificial-sweeteners (945 words)

	Authors Guidelines
		Official Peer-Reviewed Journal of the International Federation for Artificial Organs (members of the Federation are: the American Society for Artificial Organs, the European Society for Artificial Organs and the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs), the International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps.
		Artificial Organs is a peer-reviewed journal and articles are published without charge to the author (except in certain circumstances as explained).
		Artificial Organs particularly welcomes Letters to the Editor because they provide a means of open communication between members of the artificial organs community.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /submit.asp?ref=0160-564X (1682 words)

	Emerging Technologies Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial Intelligence (Indiana University)- Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that studies the computational requirements for tasks such as perception, reasoning, and learning, and develops systems to perform those tasks.
		Artificial Intelligence Tutorial Review (Department of Psychology, University of Toronto)- This document was developed for those interested in the field of Artificial Intelligence, especially as it relates to the ongoing investigations in psychology aimed at understanding the human mind.
		American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) - This organization, founded in 1979, is a nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines.
	emergingtech.ittoolbox.com /topics/t.asp?t=310&p=310&h1=310 (1389 words)

	Artificial Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The purpose of this conference is to bring together researchers in neurosciences, ethology, cybernetics, artificial intelligence, robotics, and related fields to improve our understanding of the behaviors and underlying mechanisms that allow animals and, potentially, robots to adapt and survive in uncertain environments, and to simulate those mechanisms in robots and autonomous synthetic systems.
		The idea is based on ecology-inspired artificial life models in which a distributed population of intelligent information agents (infospiders) survives by searching and retrieving documents online, on behalf of the user, in networked information environments such as the Web.
		The main aim of the CAM-Brain Project is to build/grow/evolve an artificial brain by 2003 with a billion artificial neurons.
	www.insead.fr /CALT/Encyclopedia/ComputerSciences/AI/aLife.htm (4118 words)

	artificial languages FAQ
		An artificial language is a language that has been deliberately designed by one person or a small group of people over a relatively short period of time.
		Artificial languages designed for specific purposes are also known by an array of other terms.
		Some of the knowledge representation schemes used in artificial intelligence research resemble the "philosophical languages" and the systems of "semantic primitives" that were once trendy in the auxiliary language milieu.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/language/artificial-languages-FAQ (921 words)

	Artificial Insemination Home Page
		Having been involved in artificial insemination in elk for a few years and having performed much research and many inseminations in the cattle industry, I have seen various operations and results.
		During the upcoming breeding season, a higher percentage of the total number of elk cows will be bred by artificial insemination than the percentage of beef cows that are bred by artificial insemination.
		Artificial insemination is an extremely powerful tool, but it may not be for every producer.
	www.wapiti.net /ai.cfm (760 words)

	Artificial
		Unlike the simulations of artificial intelligence, it would be a genuine consciousness, not an analogy.
		Any artificial consciousness must be considered as a subsystem embedded in a larger natural social system.
		An artificial heart, for example, is not a living system in its own right, but it makes use of interaction with its living environment.
	members.bainbridge.net /~bill.adams/artificial.htm (5234 words)

	Artificial Heart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		An artificial heart or an assistance device intended for long-term use in patients who will leave the hospital and resume normal living requires a self-contained source of energy.
		The early models of the assist pumps, as well as the artificial hearts implanted in animals, were powered from outside the body, with wires or tubings running from the source through the chest wall to the device.
		The bold, imaginative surgeons who have made heart transplants and artificial hearts a reality are far ahead of their medical colleagues who are still struggling to unravel the chemical and mechanical influences of heart disease in order to treat it and prevent it.
	agham.asti.dost.gov.ph /1998/4th/extras/astra1.htm (1176 words)

	SPACE.com -- Artificial Gravity: A New Spin on an Old Idea
		The use of artificial gravity for long duration space missions is regaining serious investigation in laboratories around the world.
		A major undertaking in artificial gravity research is being prepared at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) at Galveston, overseen by NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
		The Artificial Gravity Project Pilot Study involves test subjects being placed in a six degree head-down bed-rest position which simulates the effects of microgravity on a human body.
	space.com /businesstechnology/technology/artificial_gravity_041125.html (1343 words)

	Artificial Reefs \| Mid-Atlantic Coastal Environment \| US EPA
		Once an artificial reef is placed on the ocean floor, various encrusting organisms such as corals and sponges start covering the material.
		Artificial reefs are especially important in the marine waters of the mid-Atlantic.
		Artificial reefs provide a way to bring fish and other ocean creatures back into an area.
	www.epa.gov /reg3esd1/coast/reefs.htm (348 words)

	TPWD: Artificial Reefs Program
		Artificial reefs rise like oases in the desert -- dotting the vast expanses of mud and sand covering the floor of the Gulf of Mexico.
		The heart of the Texas Artificial Reef Program is the recycling of obsolete petroleum platforms into permanent artificial reefs rather than allowing them to be taken ashore as scrap.
		Rigs make ideal artificial reefs because they are environmentally safe, are constructed of highly durable and stable material that withstands displacement or breakup and already support a thriving reef ecosystem.
	www.tpwd.state.tx.us /landwater/water/habitats/artificial_reef/artreef.phtml (817 words)

	Artificial Life
		Artificial life (Alife) is a field of study devoted to understanding life by attempting to derive general theories underlying biological phenomena, and recreating these dynamics in other physical media - such as computers - making them accessible to new kinds of experimental manipulation and testing.
		Artificial life is an alternative life-forms - literally "life made by Man rather than by Nature." Artificial cells are used rather than living cells.
		Maes 1991], the mechanisms by which an organism (real or artificial) selects which among a variety of (often mutually incompatible) behaviours to execute at a given moment, has practical implications for robots, as well as providing an experimental platform for the evaluation of psychological theories.
	www-dse.doc.ic.ac.uk /~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol2/tcw2/article2.html (2238 words)

	AI Overview
		Artificial intelligence (AI) is often a crucial ingredient in their stellar performance.
		Preface: "Although artificial intelligence, like most engineering disciplines, must justify itself to the world of commerce by providing solutions to practical problems, we entered the field of AI for the same reasons as many of our colleagues and students: we want to understand and explore the mechanisms of mind that enable intelligent thought and action.
		Artificial intelligence (AI) is the established name for the field we have defined as computational intelligence (CI), but the term 'artificial intelligence' is a source of much confusion.
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/overview.html (4995 words)

	Artificial Life
		Artificial Life is devoted to a new discipline that investigates the scientific, engineering, philosophical, and social issues involved in our rapidly increasing technological ability to synthesize life-like behaviors from scratch in computers, machines, molecules, and other alternative media.
		One of the basic tenets of this still-infant field is the belief that life is not unique to its biological (and, as yet, only known) form, but is a more general property of the organization of matter.
		Artificial life explores life as it could be as opposed to life as we know it to be.
	geocities.com /goldenziby/alife.html (503 words)

	Artificial Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Medical artificial intelligence is primarily concerned with the construction of Artificial Intelligence programs that perform diagnosis and make therapy recommendations.
		Artificial Intelligence in Medicine systems are created to support healthcare workers in the normal daily duties; they are best at assisting with tasks that rely on the manipulation of data and knowledge.
		The designers of artificial intelligence systems are ethically obligated to develop accurate and reliable systems that can be used to aid in patient care making sure they are cognizant that they are designing systems and creating decision-support tools that people's lives may depend on.
	www.journeyofhearts.org /jofh/jofh_old/minf_528/ai.htm (2361 words)

	The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
		Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium.
		Artificial Intelligence Group and Inductive Learning Group, The Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
	archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk /comp/ai.html (680 words)

	Artificial Gravity
		Hall, Theodore W. "Artificial Gravity and the Architecture of Orbital Habitats." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol.
		This is a catalog of an exhibition sponsored by the Art Institute of Chicago, 24 March - 21 October, 2001, and the Museum of Flight in Seattle, 15 December, 2001 - 15 May, 2002.
		Fraundorf, P. "An artificial gravity lab." An exploration of the limits of rotation, bounded by light speed at the maximum radius and Planck's constant at the minimum radius.
	www.artificial-gravity.com (785 words)

	Artificial Life Game
		Artificial intelligence research has tried to make machines that think; the newer and in many ways more exciting field of artificial life ("ALife") seeks computers and computer-riv en machines that work like-or arguably in some sense are-living things.
		Artificial life forms inhabiting virtual worlds are nothing new to fans of computer games like The Sims, but rewiring artificial life for scientific research is a new frontier.
		Artificial life, a field that seeks to increase the role of synthesis in the study of biological phenomena, has great potential, both for unlocking the secrets of life and for raising a host of disturbing issues -- scientific and technical as well as philosophical and ethical.
	alifegame.blogspot.com (1899 words)

	Artificial Intelligence - a CompInfo Directory
		Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent.
		The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued humans since ancient times, and today with the advent of the computer and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality.
		These include artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, evolutionary computation, knowledge-based systems, and artificial intelligence and draw on the advances in neuroscience, cognitive science, and computer science.
	www.compinfo-center.com /tpai-t.htm (1301 words)

	Artificial Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The term "Artificial Intelligence" has been defined dozens of different ways, but we all know instinctively what is meant by real AI; it means an AI that is smart, that can understand things, that can talk with us intelligently, understand us at least as well as we understand it.
		A real AI may not be able to pass for human, and it may not think the same way humans do, but it will be, fundamentally, the equal of a human being.
		Again, the intuitive definition of "transhuman Artificial Intelligence" is exactly what we mean; if the mind is vastly better than a human at virtually everything, that's a transhuman AI.
	www.singinst.org /intro/AI.html (478 words)

	Artificial Life - Links
		AntWorld Version 2.0 AntWorld is an Artificial Life (a-life) simulation tool where colonies of small circular ant-like entities, controlled by simple reactive neural networks, are evolved to display desired behaviours in a virtual (computer generated) environment.
		Evolving Artificial Brains: EvBrain is the simulation software to evolve artificial brains with which animals are able to survive in given environments.
		The inhabitants of these ecosystems are artificial animals, each controlled by a neural net, which compete for limited resources and evolve over time.
	www.alife.org /links.html (666 words)

	Wholesale Silk Flowers and Artificial Trees Source - Kinkade Studios
		Kinkade Studios is a wholesale artificial plant source that imports and distributes quality silk flowers and silk plants.
		We have a wide variety of artificial plants, cactus, artificial trees and silk flower arrangements to choose from that are made from the highest quality materials.
		Our artificial plants are great for use in home decor or commercial business decor and are available through our retailers such as designers, gift shops and promotional companies.
	www.kinkadestudios.com (274 words)

	Artificial Reef Project
		The feasibility of deploying PFA-Concrete artificial reef for coral reef restoration: a Hong Kong case study.
		Leung, A.W.Y., Leung, K.F., Lam, K.K.Y. and Morton, B. The evaluation of an experimental artificial reef for marine habitat rehabilitation and the feasibility of using solid residues for reef construction.
		Presented at the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Reefs and Related Aquatic Habitats (7th CARAH), October, 1999, Sanremo, Liguria, Italy, to be publ in ICES JMS.
	www.artificial-reef.net /English/8_2.htm (689 words)

	Artificial Languages
		To assume that an artificial language is illegitimate because a single individual or select group developed it is not only simplifying the issue but also writing off any linguistic relevance it may have.
		Henning doesn't work with artificial languages, however: he is more interested in model languages, which are similar in the sense that Esperanto could be excused as an artificial language.
		At this stage an artificial language is no longer an experiment or even a novelty; in the case of Klingon and Elvish, they have expanded beyond the comprehension of any one individual.
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf/artlang.htm (3429 words)

	ThinkQuest : Library : Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial intelligence is here now, and involves a lot of practical and ethical issues.
		Artificial intelligent is a field of study that encompasses computational techniques for performing tasks that apparently require intelligence when performed by humans.
		The Artificial Intelligence Project provides a web environment where school children of a wide range of ages can access information relevant to understanding Artificial Intelligence.
	www.thinkquest.org /library/cat_show.html?cat_id=32&cid=1 (762 words)

	artificial.dk - your resource on net art, software art, and other computer based art forms - netkunst, softwarekunst og ...
		Artificial went to the Ars Electronica festival in Linz, Austria and brought back lots of impressions and photos.
		Artificial sets out to dig an alternative route through the activities on the Nordic scene for computer based art.
		Artificial has previously explored how stars are extensively used as elements in digital artworks.
	www.artificial.dk (1678 words)

	Artificial Intelligence Resources at Erratic Impact's Philosophy Research Base
		Philosophy and Artificial intelligence: topics overlap with philosophy of probability, causality, science and mathematics.
		An interdisciplinary graduate and faculty discussion group at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, addressing issues in neuroscience, cognitive science, and distributed artificial intelligence, which concern the functional design of the nervous system and the construction of large-scale, biologically inspired artificial neural network systems.
		The Intelligent Systems Laboratory is an interdisciplinary team studying artificial intelligence at the University of Alabama at Huntsville's Center for Automation and Robotics.
	www.erraticimpact.com /~topics/html/artificial_intelligence.htm (1014 words)

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