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Topic: Artificial Intelligence AI

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	Artificial Intelligence, AI, Artificial Intelligence History at LiveScience.com
		AI, or artificial intelligence, is a division of computer science that explores intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines.
		The idea of automating tasks that currently require intelligent behavior is the basis for most research in the field of artificial intelligence.
		Artificial intelligence systems have many practical uses in business, from organizing operations to investing in stocks.
	www.livescience.com /artificialintelligence (238 words)

	AI artificial intelligence
		AI is different from other areas of computer science in that there isn't any clear set of technologies which you need to learn.
		AI is still a fairly small industry, and so far no clear standards have emerged in the sense that they have in programming, databases, Web design, etc. This may change in the future but at present it's a fairly accurate view of the world.
		AI should be part of your "bag of tricks", but should never be used if it isn't in the best interests of your client.
	www.ramalila.net /Adventures/AI/real_world_ai.html (1092 words)

	Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the key technology in many of today's novel applications, ranging from banking systems that detect attempted credit card fraud, to telephone systems that understand speech, to software systems that notice when you're having problems and offer appropriate advice.
		AI began as an attempt to answer some of the most fundamental questions about human existence by understanding the nature of intelligence, but it has grown into a scientific and technological field affecting many aspects of commerce and society.
		Waltz is President-Elect of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence and was elected a Fellow of AAAI in 1990.
	www.cs.washington.edu /homes/lazowska/cra/ai.html (1797 words)

	Singularity Action Group - AI Artificial Intelligence
		Mental capabilities involving intelligence and reasoning, they postulate, will be induced to emerge from the interactions of these simple functions, highly mediated by the physical systems that are related to them, by a process of evolutionary machine learning or human engineered trial and error.
		Seed AI is the concept of a computer program with artificial general intelligence examining its own design and making improvements to it, thereby making itself more intelligent and able to make further design upgrades in a recursively self improving process.
		Some experts on seed AI such as Verner Vinge and Eliezer Yudkowsky believe that the recursive self-improvement process is powerful enough to produce what is known as "a hard take-off" or very rapid acceleration from human level intelligence to super human level intelligence.
	home.mchsi.com /~deering9/3ai.html (905 words)

	ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		There are several reasons for making intelligent items, but two common goals are (1) to allow the item to cast spells to aid its user when he is otherwise occupied or incapacitated, and (2) to allow the item to cast spells which the user cannot.
		Intelligent items differ from living creatures mainly because their primal drives (food, water, oxygen, safety, reproduction, etc.) are vastly changed: they (usually) do not need normal nourishment, do not need to breathe, and cannot reproduce.
		In general, such AI's are incapable of learning or adapting to new situations except in the most rudimentary ways; nevertheless, this type of item is by far the most common intelligent item, because it is the easiest to construct and control.
	www.guildcompanion.com /scrolls/1999/may/ai.html (1393 words)

	Artificial Intelligence To appear, Van Nostrand Scientific Encyclopedia, Ninth Edition, Wiley, New York, 2002.
		Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that studies the computational requirements for tasks such as perception, reasoning, and learning, and develops systems to perform those tasks.
		AI is a diverse field whose researchers address a wide range of problems, use a variety of methods, and pursue a spectrum of scientific goals.
		AI technology is being used in autonomous agents that independently monitor their surroundings, make decisions and act to achieve their goals without human intervention.
	www.cs.indiana.edu /~leake/papers/p-01-07/p-01-07.html (4399 words)

	Artificial Intelligence - AI. Links999
		The debate on the usefulness of artificial intelligences has been going on for a number of years now and, as more artificial brains and machines are being developed, is poised to take center stage once again.
		AI research is at the forefront of future tech.
		Whether you are working in the field of robotics and artificial intelligences, a hobbyist or just interested, there is a lot of discussion and exchange of thought about this issue.
	www.links999.net /robotics/artificial_intelligence/index.html (176 words)

	Introduction to artificial intelligence AI. Links999.
		The next logical question is "Where do we want to go with artificial intelligence and for which purposes?" Putting aside the philosophical and social implications artificially intelligent machines might cause, we can look at the practical side of building machines with designed intelligence.
		One practical use of artificial intelligence is space exploration.
		Endowing these machines with a designed intelligence able to recognize, analyze and make decisions to a certain extent and geared to a specific purpose is simply a practical application of artificial intelligence and has little to do with moral or ethical issues.
	www.links999.net /robotics/artificial_intelligence/AI_introduction.html (395 words)

	What is AI Artificial Intelligence Software Computer Science
		AI systems are often thought of as science fiction, but in fact are all around us.
		AI techniques are used, for example, by credit card companies to notice whether your card has been stolen, by looking for changes in your spending patterns.
		AI is also used in chess computers; in intelligent agents that search for information on the internet; for scheduling the observations of the Hubble space telescope; and for helping doctors diagnose illnesses.
	bugclub.org /beginners/robotics/ai.html (636 words)

	Artificial intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		AI is studied in overlapping fields of computer science, psychology and engineering, dealing with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines, generally assumed to be computers.
		The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester: a draughts-playing program written by Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz.
		In many strong AI supporters’ opinion, artificial consciousness is considered as the holy grail of artificial intelligence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_intelligence (1967 words)

	Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial Intelligence systems that attempt to duplicate the physical functioning of the human brain by using a biological model of intelligence.
		One of the first stories of A.I., as a story is written of how a man falls in love with a statue he has created that has come to life.
		The acronym AI - artificial intelligence - is coined by John McCarty at a conference at Darthmout College, New Hampshire.
	www.thocp.net /reference/artificial_intelligence/ai.htm (2109 words)

	Lichtenstein Creative Media - The Infinite Mind: AI: Artificial Intelligence
		He says the original goal of AI was to achieve processing at the level of the human brain, but now many researchers are concentrating, instead, on just achieving better performance, without necessarily trying to mimic the way human beings think.
		Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach by Dr. Peter Norvig at Barnes and Noble.com.
		These tools are not "intelligent" yet, but some scientists are working on developing a "therapist in a box" that could be used by NASA for a manned mission to Mars.
	www.lcmedia.com /mind166.htm (1190 words)

	SAL- Other Scientific Fields - Artificial Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.
		The 3 most useful AI Programs today are Expert Systems (solve real world problems by following the same IF/THEN rules a human expert follows), Natural Language (focuses on getting computers to understand spoken or typed language), and Neural Networks (a digitized model of a human brain, simulated in the binary memory of computer).
		CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository: collect files, programs and publications of interest to Artificial Intelligence researchers, educators, students, and practitioners.
	gd.tuwien.ac.at:8050 /Z/3 (1578 words)

	Artificial Intelligence \| AI \| Future For All.org
		Eye On AI One definition of artificial intelligence is offered by the American Association for Artificial Intelligence: "the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines".
		For artificial intelligence to become a reality, much will need to be learned in the areas of psychology, neuroscience, cognitive and computer sciences and more.
		In 1956 John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" as the topic of the Dartmouth Conference, the first conference devoted to the subject.
	www.futureforall.org /ai/artificial_intelligence.htm (1085 words)

	ThinkQuest : Library : Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial intelligence is here now, and involves a lot of practical and ethical issues.
		Artificial intelligent is a field of study that encompasses computational techniques for performing tasks that apparently require intelligence when performed by humans.
		This site on successful intelligence is an attempt at defining intelligence and classifying the types of intelligences there are, namely human intelligence and artificial intelligence.
	www.thinkquest.org /library/cat_show.html?cat_id=32 (933 words)

	Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent.
		The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued humans since ancient times, and today with the advent of the computer and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality.
		Find out how the military is applying AI logic to its hi-tech systems, and how in the near future Artificial Intelligence may impact our lives.
	library.thinkquest.org /2705 (299 words)

	artificial intelligence from FOLDOC
		intelligence> (AI) The subfield of computer science concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference by computer and symbolic knowledge representation for use in making inferences.
		AI can be seen as an attempt to model aspects of human thought on computers.
		Examples of AI problems are computer vision (building a system that can understand images as well as a human) and natural language processing (building a system that can understand and speak a human language as well as a human).
	foldoc.org /?AI (229 words)

	About Artificial Intelligence (AI)
		Intelligent systems encompass a broad range of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that use human-like reasoning and intelligence to solve industrial problems.
		There are a number of different AI technologies and there is no "best" choice for every problem.
		Common artificial intelligence technologies, their benefits and limitations.
	www.reduct.com /aboutai.htm (225 words)

	Objections to computationalism and arguments against AI ( artificial intelligence )
		Technological AI is a set of techniques (reducible to algorithms) for simulating some aspect of human intelligence in a machine.
		Typical examples of technological AI are expert systems, chess-playing programs and neural networks (which can either be implemented in relay-hardware or modelled in software on a computer).
		Finally, deep mathematical criticisms of AI have been made by the physicist Roger Penrose [Penrose 1989] on the basis that there are certain mathematical truths such as Gödel's theorem, which are apparent to a human observer but can never be proved by any algorithm.
	home.btclick.com /scimah/AI.htm (1100 words)

	Artificial Intelligence - a CompInfo Directory
		One of the big questions of science is "What is intelligence?" Artificial intelligence is the study of intelligence--in machines and, through computers, in people.
		An AI program that models the nuances of the human thought process or solves complicated real-world problems can be complex.
		These include artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, evolutionary computation, knowledge-based systems, and artificial intelligence and draw on the advances in neuroscience, cognitive science, and computer science.
	www.compinfo-center.com /tpai-t.htm (1301 words)

	Limits and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Technological AI is a set of techniques (reducible to algorithms and datastructures) for simulating some aspect of human intelligence in a machine.
		The non-algorithmic dimension of mind, of understanding of meaning, is needed to turn the user's (semantically expressed) requirements into the purely syntactic structural and causal relationships of the algorithmic flowchart or code.
		Finally, deep mathematical criticisms of AI have been made by the physicist Roger Penrose in 'The Emperor's New Mind' [Penrose 1989] on the basis that there are certain mathematical truths such as Gödel's theorem, which are apparent to a human observer but can never be proved by any algorithm.
	www.geocities.com /scimah/AI.htm (1526 words)

	Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence (AI) Conference
		We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.
		The 1956 Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence (AI) conference gave birth to the field of AI, and gave succeeding generations of scientists their first sense of the potential for information technology to be of benefit to human beings in a profound way.
		This conference and the concepts it crystallized gave birth to the field of AI as a vibrant area of interdisciplinary research, and provided an intellectual backdrop to all subsequent computer research and development efforts -- not to mention many books and movies.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/ii_ai.htm (376 words)

	University of Michigan AI Lab Home
		University of Michigan comprises a multidisciplinary group of researchers conducting theoretical, experimental, and applied investigations of intelligent systems.
		The faculty and graduate students of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory are housed in the Advanced Technology Laboratories Building, on the University's North Campus.
		Despite their varied interests, the members shared sense of adventurous research draws them together.
	ai.eecs.umich.edu (126 words)

	Liquidtheater.Com: Artificial Intelligence: AI
		Second, AI builds a fantastic world where mecha (robots) do all the manual labor and fulfill the entertainment needs of it's users.
		Haley Joel Osment of Sixth Sense shows that he really is a solid kid actor in a world where kid actors don't live past 13 without trying to rob a 7-11 with a pellet gun.
		AI is too long, has an ending that doesn't quit and doesn't spend enough time filling out the world, but what it does have, it does very well.
	liquidtheater.com /review_377.html (769 words)

	The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (IIIA), a centre of the Spanish Scientific Research Council (CSIC), including information on the Catalan Association for Artificial Intelligence (ACIA), Barcelona, Spain.
		Artificial Intelligence books which may be ordered on-line from Reiter Books.
		Artificial Intelligence Group and Inductive Learning Group, The Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
	www.comlab.ox.ac.uk /archive/comp/ai.html (680 words)

	The 2002 Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence
		AI'2002, the Fifteenth Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence, is a forum that showcases current research in artificial intelligence from researchers around the world.
		AI'2002, the (now annual) meeting of the Canadian Artificial Intelligence community, will be held in conjunction with GI'2002 (Graphics Interface) and VI'2002 (Vision Interface).
		The only requirements are that the paper describe current work in artificial intelligence, either theoretical or applied, that has not been published elsewhere.
	www.cs.unb.ca /ai2002 (315 words)

	The NSDL Scout Report for Mathematics Engineering and Technology-- Volume 3, Number 8
		The science and engineering of Artificial Intelligence has come a long way since 1950, when scientists began to explore the link between human intelligence and machines.
		The Turing Test Page elaborates on Alan Turing's conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent, which he outlined in a 1950 article that is also available from this website (3).
		On a lighter note, this webpage by IBM is dedicated to Deep Blue and the event that captured the attention of chess and computer fans -- the rematch between the supercomputer, Deep Blue, and Kasparov (6).
	scout.wisc.edu /Reports/NSDL/MET/2004/met-040409-topicindepth.php (283 words)

	Amazon.com: Artificial Intelligence: AI: DVD: Haley Joel Osment,Frances O'Connor (II),Sam Robards,Jake Thomas,Jude ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		I just read a letter-to-the-editor saying A.I. was the worst film the letter-writer had ever seen, because it left her feeling disturbed; it ripped her heart out and left it lying there.
		But it is the last 45 minutes of *A.I.* that matter as much as the first, a chilling thought-experiment that strives to be worthy of Kubrick’s original vision.
		*A.I., after all, is the spiritual sequel to 2001*, and the sense of cosmic solitude and remoteness is handled with deep reverence and solemnity.
	www.amazon.com /Artificial-Intelligence-Haley-Joel-Osment/dp/B000060K5W (3171 words)

	AI: Artificial Intelligence Research at USC's Information Sciences Institute
		Current research focuses on intelligent agent adaptation and behavior in strenuous real-time domains, such as among teams of autonomous helicopter pilots under fire in a battlefield simulation.
		The are also developing softbot agents and intelligent proxies with variable levels of autonomy and multiagent team coordination for specific office (Electric Elves project) and field applications, as well as creating mathematical models of such multiagent systems.
		Loom, a powerful knowledge representation and reasoning architecture that has been licensed to hundreds of users, was pioneered at ISI and continues to evolve as PowerLoom, with a broad range of applications from expert systems design to data mining.
	www.isi.edu /AI/isd.htm (836 words)

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