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Topic: Artificial blood

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	How artificial blood is made - Background, History, Design, Raw materials, The manufacturing process of artificial ...
		While true blood serves many different functions, artificial blood is designed for the sole purpose of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
		Blood is a special type of connective tissue that is composed of white cells, red cells, platelets, and plasma.
		Blood transfusion research did not move forward until scientists developed a better understanding of the role of blood and the issues surrounding its function in the body.
	www.madehow.com /Volume-5/Artificial-Blood.html (2803 words)

	Encyclopedia: Artificial blood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Artificial blood is supposed to replace biological blood, especially in humans.
		Artificial blood, produced in large quantities, would remove the need for blood donors.
		Artificial blood would also most likely have a universal blood type, so it can be used on anyone.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Artificial-blood (632 words)

	Learn more about Blood in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Human blood is a liquid tissue; its major function is to transport oxygen necessary to life throughout the body.
		Blood moves in blood vessels and is circulated by the heart, a muscular pump.
		Blood also transports metabolic waste products, drugs and other foreign chemicals to the liver to be degraded and to the kidney to be excreted in urine.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /b/bl/blood.html (931 words)

	Blood substitutes -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As of 1990, most blood substitutes tended to raise (The pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels; results from the systole of the left ventricle of the heart; sometimes measured for a quick evaluation of a person's health) blood pressure.
		Artificial blood is supposed to replace (Click link for more info and facts about biological) biological (The fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped by the heart) blood, especially in (Any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae) humans.
		Artificial blood would also most likely have a universal (People whose blood (usually just the red blood cells) has the same antigens) blood type, so it could be used on anyone.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bl/blood_substitutes.htm (806 words)

	Blood substitutes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Artificial blood would also most likely have a universal blood type, so it could be used on anyone.
		Fake blood (rather than artificial blood) is used in movie-making and theatre.
		Blood substitutes - A critical review of the current medical issues surrounding blood substitutes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_blood (646 words)

	ipedia.com: Blood Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells.
		Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).
		Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanismss.
	www.ipedia.com /blood.html (1146 words)

	Class 623: PROSTHESIS (I.E., ARTIFICIAL BODY MEMBERS), PARTS THEREOF, OR AIDS AND ACCESSORIES THEREFOR / U.S. Patent ...
		Subject matter wherein the artificial intraocular lens or part includes adjusting means actuated by a mechanical or electrical source and adapted for varying the location of a focal point of the artificial intraocular lens with respect to a cornea or retina of a natural eye.
		Subject matter wherein the artificial substitute or part is adapted to permanently replace or assist the photoreceptive layer and terminal expansion of the optic nerve in the dorsal aspect of a natural eye (i.e., an artificial retina or part thereof).
		Subject matter wherein the artificial bone or a part thereof is adapted to replace or assist either of two bones forming the skeleton of the mouth of a natural vertebrae: the upper jaw, the lower jaw, i.e., an artificial jaw bone or part thereof.
	www.uspto.gov /web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/def/623.htm (7764 words)

	Wired 10.08: Strange Blood
		Blood pressure can be boosted - and plasma replaced - with clear fluids like saline and ringers, which have been dripping into him since before the surgery began.
		This is artificial blood, and it's clean and pure and fresh from the tap - never touched by human hands or human pathogens.
		Blood substitution has a colorful past, dating back at least as far as the mid-1600s, when English physicians injected sheep's blood into wounded soldiers in a vain and horrific attempt to save their lives.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/10.08/blood.html (934 words)

	ummah.com forum - Artificial blood 'a success'
		The artificial blood is made from real blood that has been donated but which normally only has a shelf life of 42 days.
		LaFolie said synthetic blood could save time after an accident, noting that the blood would not need to be tested before being given to a patient and could be administered directly at the scene.
		The blood would be used to complement a patient's own blood, not replace it, as real blood has qualities that the artificial blood lacks.
	www.ummah.net /forum/printthread.php?t=25258 (499 words)

	Artificial Respiration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Artificial respiration is a lifesaving method used to restore breathing to a person whose breathing has stopped.
		Thus, artificial respiration techniques should be started as soon as possible and continued until the patient recovers or emergency professional medical aid arrives.
		It is recommended when artificial respiration through the victim's mouth is impossible, when the mouth cannot be opened, or when the mouth has been seriously injured.
	www.first-aid-info.com /artificial-respiration.htm (869 words)

	Artificial Blood: What Is It? Will I Use It?
		Development of a hemoglobin-based blood substitute was pursued vigorously by the military as a means to have an oxygen-carrying plasma expander available for battlefield use.
		The lack of iso-agglutinating antigens, due to the absence of a red cell membrane, obviates blood typing and screening and eliminates the most common morbidity and mortality of allogeneic and autologous transfusions, mismatching of blood units and the transfusion recipient.
		Blood substitutes are currently undergoing preliminary clinical trials to determine their safety.
	www.dcmsonline.org /jax-medicine/1998journals/december98/artificialblood.htm (3253 words)

	Artificial Blood Could Be Breakthrough in Healthcare \| Germany \| Deutsche Welle \| 27.10.2003
		"The artificial blood means a dramatic change and improvement in healthcare," said Professor Bengt Fagrell at the Department of Medicine at Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm.
		The artificial blood, which is in powder form, can be kept for years.
		Bildunterschrift: Großansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift: Often blood reserves can't be used because the right blood type isn't available or the blood has been tainted by infections or impurities.
	www.dw-world.de /english/0,3367,1446_A_1014744_1_A,00.html (550 words)

	The Quest for Artificial Blood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The demand for blood continues to increase, particularly as the population ages.
		The need for a blood substitute to be used during surgeries, transfusions and to treat blood disorders is becoming urgent.
		Although the method for creating the artificial hemoglobin needs to be perfected, this medical breakthrough holds promise for the future.
	www.cmu.edu /news/news_stories/01stories/01_blood.html (268 words)

	Blood substitutes Summary
		A safe, effective blood substitute is highly desirable because it would eliminate several problems of using fresh blood, including supply shortages in the face of increasing demand; short shelf life even under refrigeration; transmission of hepatitis, the AIDS virus, and other viral diseases, and the need for careful blood typing.
		A different approach to blood substitution has centered on hemoglobin isolated from the red blood cell and, by 1998, six North American companies were conducting modified hemoglobin clinical trials in humans, some progressing to Phase III clinical trials, in the continuing search for an appropriate substitute for blood.
		Artificial blood is supposed to fulfill some functions of biological blood, especially in humans.
	www.bookrags.com /Blood_substitutes (3552 words)

	cooltech.iafrica.com \| coolscience New artificial blood holds promise
		Up to now the accepted wisdom has been that artificial blood should be thinner than real blood, so that it circulates easily, and have a low affinity for oxygen, so that it releases oxygen readily.
		Blood that was too thin could also reduce shear stress in the capillaries and contribute to their constriction.
		They believe blood substitutes often fail to work because the haemoglobin with them is free floating, instead of being locked into red blood cells.
	cooltech.iafrica.com /science/328195.htm (479 words)

	Artificial Blood Research and Ethics - Associated Content
		The artificial blood has been tested in earlier hospital studies and most have shown it to be safe.
		The artificial blood continues to be given for 12 hours once the patient reaches the hospital.
		Supporters point out that PolyHeme, the artificial blood, could save as many as 100,000 lives a year in the U.S. Dr. Richard Garnellie says we don’t ask permission to commence CPR and that the ethics of testing artificial blood falls in the same area.
	www.associatedcontent.com /article/44407/artificial_blood_research_and_ethics.html (521 words)

	Wired 10.08: Strange Blood
		Instead, donated blood is filtered and centrifuged into a variety of specialized products, including plasma ($195 per unit), clotting factors ($175 per unit), red blood cells ($225 per unit), and assorted proteins and immune factors, which wholesale for hundreds or thousands of dollars per milligram.
		Blood gas is irrelevant - if successful, HBOC drugs could well drive the adoption of a "tissue oximeter" (instead of the standard pulse oximeter) as the final measure of a patient's respiration.
		In addition, artificial blood has the potential to provide an entirely new service: transfusion in forward areas, from battlefields to ambulances, from rural clinics to cruise ships and oil rigs.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/10.08/blood_pr.html (4077 words)

	"The Search for Artificial Blood"
		Biotechnology firms and government research groups are scramblingt to find a plentiful and safe alternative for blood products as a result of the increased concerns about the risks of blood transfusions.
		An effective blood substitute would be free of disease and toxic compounds, plentiful, would have a shelf-life of a year, and would not incite immune responses, so it could be used by anyone, regardless of blood type.
		Blood substitutes currently under development have at best a circulation time of 24 hours before they are metabolized by the body, making them only temporary stand-ins until donated human blood can be transfused.
	www.aegis.com /news/ads/1992/AD921923.html (503 words)

	Home Page
		Blood substitute technology is separated into two main categories – volume expanders which only increase blood volume, and oxygen therapeutics, which substitute for the blood’s natural ability to carry oxygen.
		Blood transfusion is the second largest source of new HIV infections in Nigeria.
		In battlefield scenarios it is often impossible to administer rapid blood transfusions, and it is difficult to maintain a safe and adequate blood supply.
	biomed.brown.edu /Courses/BI108/2006-108websites/group09artificialblood/index.htm (766 words)

	McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
		An artificial blood substitute is clearly needed, particularly one that can be stored at room temperature and has a prolonged shelf life and predictable dwell time.
		Animal testing of one of new artificial blood preparations revealed the ability of this preparation to successfully resuscitate 100% of the animals after lethal hemorrhagic shock caused by a loss of over 50% of blood volume, without transfusion of natural blood products.
		The development of blood-contacting artificial organs requires that special attention be paid to blood damage that occurs during the device operation.
	www.mirm.pitt.edu /meddevices.htm (1548 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Artificial Blood Works"
		A heart, for example, is basically a pump; an artificial heart is a mechanical pump that moves blood.
		Blood delivers nutrients from your digestive system and hormones from your endocrine system to the parts of your body that need them.
		Human blood has to be kept cool, and it has a shelf life of 42 days.
	health.howstuffworks.com /artificial-blood.htm (1002 words)

	Artificial Blood Getting Closer
		ARLINGTON, Va Scientists may be close to an elusive goal of creating artificial blood, a breakthrough that could ease shortages and save countless lives.
		One of blood's important tasks is to deliver oxygen throughout the body and remove carbon dioxide.
		In the United States, where the safety of the blood supply has constantly improved over the past 20 years, artificial blood would most likely be used in emergencies, according to Squires.
	www.rense.com /general19/artificialAL.htm (452 words)

	Genetically engineered hemoglobin brings artificial blood a step closer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Several potential blood substitutes are being investigated, all of which incrementally advance development of an oxygen carrier, necessary for synthetic blood that could be safely used by people, Ho said.
		Because the population is aging and demand for blood is increasing - for surgeries, transfusions and to treat blood disorders - the need for a substitute is becoming urgent.
		Approximately 13 million units of blood are donated each year, according to 2000 statistics compiled by the association.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-11/ACS-Gehb-0511100.php (436 words)

	eMedicine - Blood Substitutes : Article by Raquel R Bartz, MD
		Blood substitutes can be used to prime cardioplegia machines during cardiac procedures to decrease the amount of packed red cells used.
		Red blood cells have adapted to release oxygen at an oxygen half-saturation pressure of hemoglobin (P-50) of approximately 26.5 mm Hg, as a result of the allosteric effects of red bloods cell 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (2,3 BPG), which shifts the oxyhemoglobin curve to the right.
		Human blood comes from outdated red blood cells, and the main disadvantage of this source may be its lack of availability.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3198.htm (2885 words)

	AEGiS-UPI: Artificial blood gets OK in South Africa
		In fact, it is being measured against blood transfusions in advanced clinical trials in the United States, he told United Press International in a telephone interview.
		One concern with blood transfusions in South Africa is the prevalence of HIV infection in the country.
		Acute anemia, usually caused by blood loss, is the primary indication for red blood cell transfusion.
	www.aegis.com /news/upi/2001/UP010422.html (909 words)

	Better Than Blood? - Popular Science
		With her mother’s verbal consent, Bess-Lyn was treated with a type of artificial blood called Oxycyte, the subject of a clinical trial led by doctors at the teaching hospital of Virginia Commonwealth University.
		The search for a synthetic substitute for human blood began at least as early as the 19th century, when doctors actually tried using milk to replenish blood loss.
		The idea was that these substitutes could replace the use of donated blood in transfusions, during surgery, and in patients who had experienced major blood loss through injury.
	www.popsci.com /popsci/science/9e367f36fca9e010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html (635 words)

	New artificial blood shows promise - 13 March 2004 - New Scientist
		The guiding principles are that artificial blood should be thinner than real blood, so that it circulates easily, and have a low affinity for oxygen, so that it releases oxygen easily.
		The reason, most researchers think, is that the haemoglobin in artificial bloods is free-floating, instead of being enclosed in red blood cells.
		Creating artificial blood with a low affinity for oxygen is also a mistake, says Robert Winslow, founder of blood substitute company Sangart of San Diego.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4760 (743 words)

	Blood Transfusion Artificial Blood, Eastern Carolina
		Blood replacements being studied include oxygen-carrying chemicals (such as perfluorocarbon emulsions) and cell-free hemoglobin—the portion of the red blood cell that carries oxygen.
		Human blood must be used within a few weeks of being donated.
		For example, blood replacement products can interfere with blood tests, are more quickly removed from the body, and are less efficient oxygen carriers.
	www.uhseast.com /153160.cfm (227 words)

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