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Topic: Artificial evolution

	Karl Sims: Artifical Evolution for Computer Graphics
		Evolution is now considered not only powerful enough to bring about biological entities as complex as humans and consciousness, but also useful in simulation to create algorithms and structures of higher levels of complexity than could easily be built by design.
		Artificial evolution of these expressions is performed by first generating and displaying a population of simple random expressions in a grid for interactive selection.
		Artificial evolution has been demonstrated to be a potentially powerful tool for the creation of procedurally generated structures, textures, and motions.
	www.genarts.com /karl/papers/siggraph91.html (6312 words)

	Artificial Intelligence - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Artificial intelligence theory also draws from animal studies, in particular with insects, which are easier to emulate as robots (see artificial life), as well as animals with more complex cognition, including apes, who resemble humans in many ways but have less developed capacities for planning and cognition.
		Artificial intelligence began as an experimental field in the 1950s with such pioneers as Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, who founded the first artificial intelligence laboratory at Carnegie-Mellon University, and McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, who founded the MIT AI Lab in 1959.
		The vision of artificial intelligence replacing human professional judgment has arisen many times in the history of the field, in science fiction and today in some specialized areas where "expert systems" are used to augment or to replace professional judgment in some areas of engineering and of medicine.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /artificial_intelligence.htm (3313 words)

	Artificial Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Evolution is directed by selection exploiting differences in fitness causes by variations in the genetic makeup of the population.
		Evolution is free to explore very unusual designs: circuits with strange structures and intricate dynamical behaviors beyond the scope of conventional design and analysis.
		Artificial evolution can be let free to explore everything a reconfigurable device can do, to find the forms and processes that are natural to the physics of this medium.
	www.cise.ufl.edu /~nantonio/artificial_evolution.htm (1956 words)

	Artificial Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The purpose of this conference is to bring together researchers in neurosciences, ethology, cybernetics, artificial intelligence, robotics, and related fields to improve our understanding of the behaviors and underlying mechanisms that allow animals and, potentially, robots to adapt and survive in uncertain environments, and to simulate those mechanisms in robots and autonomous synthetic systems.
		The idea is based on ecology-inspired artificial life models in which a distributed population of intelligent information agents (infospiders) survives by searching and retrieving documents online, on behalf of the user, in networked information environments such as the Web.
		The main aim of the CAM-Brain Project is to build/grow/evolve an artificial brain by 2003 with a billion artificial neurons.
	www.insead.fr /CALT/Encyclopedia/ComputerSciences/AI/aLife.htm (4118 words)

	Artificial Evolution
		Evolution may have been triggered by new viruses arriving on earth from space and some think that these mechanisms may have been used by advanced alien geneticists to produce modifications to existing forms of life or producing new forms of life.
		In light of my previous article on “Life Begins in Space” which refers to Fred Hoyle’s hypothesis on space bacteria incorporated into protoplanetary dust, the further potential for seeded life to evolve into the diverse forms of multicellular organisms through such mechanisms as recombination and gene transfer becomes an item of interest.
		The SET states that the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes involved the symbiotic union of several previously independent ancestors.
	www.geocities.com /xplorer2x/Aevolution.htm (913 words)

	From Artificial Evolution to Artificial Life
		An artificial evolutionary system called Cosmos, which provides a virtual operating system capable of simulating the parallel processing and evolution of a population of several thousand self-reproducing computer programs, is introduced.
		The results of this work, and consideration of the existing literature on artificial evolutionary systems, leads to the conclusion that artificial life models such as this are lacking on a number of theoretical and methodological grounds.
		It is suggested that the study of open-ended evolution can lead us to a better understanding of the essential properties of life, but only if the questions being asked in these studies are phrased appropriately.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /timt/papers/thesis (448 words)

	Evolution - A-Z - Artificial selection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Artificial selection is the selective breeding carried out by humans to alter a population.
		It is a procedure often used in agriculture: artificial selection has been used to alter the number of eggs laid by hens, the meat properties of bullocks, and the milk yield of cows.
		A kind of artificial selection has generated almost all our agricultural crops and domestic pets, such as this labrador pictured opposite.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/a-z/Artificial_selection.asp (139 words)

	Inman Harvey D.Phil. thesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A methodology is presented for the design through artificial evolution of adaptive complex systems, such as the control systems of autonomous robots.
		Applications of these theoretical frameworks of artificial evolution and of control systems are demonstrated in a series of experiments with mobile robots engaged in navigational tasks using low-bandwidth sensors.
		Evolution of capabilities is demonstrated in a sequence of navigational tasks of increasing complexity.
	www.cogs.susx.ac.uk /users/inmanh/inman_thesis.html (452 words)

	Artificial Life
		Artificial Life ("AL" or "Alife") is the name given to a new discipline that studies "natural" life by attempting to recreate biological phenomena from scratch within computers and other "artificial" media.
		Some artificial life simulations are also mainly of interest because they are artificial societies." -from their Overview.
		Artificial Life (published by MIT Press) is the official journal of ISAL, and the biannual International Conference on Artificial Life is the official scientific gathering of the Society." - excerpt from the Mission statement.
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/alife.html (3356 words)

	Evolving AI-Life by Natural Selection (Alastair Channon's Artificial Life)
		An (artificial) environment containing simple virtual autonomous organisms with neural controllers has been created to satisfy these requirements and to aid in the development of an accompanying theory of evolutionary emergence.
		Purely artificial selection models, such as traditional genetic algorithms, are argued to be fundamentally inadequate for this calling and existing natural selection systems are evaluated.
		Abstract: The traditional fitness function based methodology of artificial evolution is argued to be inadequate for the construction of entities with behaviors novel to their designers.
	www.channon.net /alastair (2074 words)

	Moshe Sipper, The Artificial Self-Replication Page
		Description: Langton observed that although the capacity for universal construction, as studied by von Neumann and Codd, is a sufficient condition for self-replication, it is not a necessary one.
		The embryonics team developed an artificial cell, dubbed biodule (biological module), that is used as an elementary unit from which multicellular organisms can ontogenetically develop to perform useful tasks.
		A major contribution of the thesis was to analyse the reasons for failure, to identify weaknesses (both methodological and theoretical) of this kind of study of self-replicating programs in general, and to suggest ways for improving evolvability in future systems (see refs 1 and 2).
	www.cs.bgu.ac.il /~sipper/selfrep (7455 words)

	Artificial Evolution - undreamt-of possible uses?
		The evolution process should perhaps occur in some cases during a cooling process, in order to achieve that the result is stable at the end without teacher.
		The artificial evolution is only a simple method or an instrument,which a specialist on a special field could apply in precisely his special field.
		However, the artificial evolution does not occurs in the tissue now, but in a evolution capable material which is fixed to the tissue and that can interact with the tissue.
	www.exometa.de /ae.htm (12672 words)

	Kevin Kelly -- Chapter 15: Artificial Evolution
		After a few hours of operation, Tom Ray's electric-powered evolution machine had evolved a soup of nearly a hundred types of computer viruses, all battling it out for survival in his isolated world.
		With a fl box that contained evolution he could demonstrate the historical principles of ecology, how a rain forest descends from earlier woods, and how in fact ecologies emerge from the same primordial forces that spawn species.
		Ray's solution to the problem of making an electronic evolution machine was to start with simple replicators and give them a cozy habitat and plenty of energy and places to fill.
	www.kk.org /outofcontrol/ch15-a.html (2326 words)

	Measuring the Dynamics of Artificial Evolution
		At present, measuring adaptation and fitness is one of the main issues in evolutionary theory and artificial life.
		The notion of splitting the evolution of the system into epochs presented here is consistent with the notion of "epochal evolution" proposed in [20].
		Epochal evolution assumes existence of subbasins of attraction in the genome phase space; these are connected by portals.
	www.keldysh.ru /pages/mrbur-web/publ/ecal2003 (2940 words)

	Artificial Life Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The technologies which many researchers are using to study artificial life are often hypnotic in their actions, stirring deep emotional responses within observers who can recognise certains life-like qualities in their behaviour.
		Karl Sims is one of the pioneers of evolutionary art and artificial evolution.
		His work on the artificial evolution using genetic programming to evolve visually stunning still and moving images won several awards and has been imitated many times.
	www.arch.usyd.edu.au /~rob/links/artificial-life.html (1055 words)

	Feature Article - The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial intelligence has long been considered an interesting plot device for science fiction stories—but not much more.
		The origins of the concept of artificial intelligence can be traced back decades in popular science fiction, but as a true scientific pursuit it is a very young area of study.
		If the human could not determine which of its conversations were with a person and which were with the machine, the test had been passed and the machine would be considered intelligent-now known as "artificial intelligence," a phrase later coined by John McCarthy, co-founder of the MIT AI lab in 1956.
	www.graduatingengineer.com /articles/feature/04-09-01a.html (1957 words)

	Adaptive Dynamics Network - Evolutionary Algorithms and Artificial Evolution
		As a case study in evolutionary computation, the ADN program is exploring evolutionary algorithms for the artificial synthesis of controllers that are represented by neural networks.
		A major feature of such a scheme is that the evolutionary 'learning' in populations of these networks does not only modify weights and thresholds within a given network architecture, but at the same time alters and improves architectures themselves.
		In view of the intricate relation between the structure of a neural network and its function, the evolution of neural controllers also serves as an interesting example of complex genotype-phenotype mappings.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/ADN/Algorithms.html (372 words)

	Artificial Life: Software (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Artificial lifeforms navigate through a sea of food and "life cells" used for reproduction (Anthony Liekens).
		The evolution of pictures is based on the user's aesthetic evaluation of a number of pictures shown on the screen.
		Artificial Life is a field of scientific study that attempts to model living biological systems through complex algorithms.
	www.it.uom.gr /pdp/DigitalLib/ALife/Al_soft.htm (2077 words)

	Artificial Evolution
		"Artificial Evolution" refers to a technique useful for (among other things) modeling and animation first used in recent years by artists like Karl Sims and William Latham.
		Assuming offspring are not exact clones of their parents, but slightly "mutated", evolution occurs.
		Using parametric mutation for artificial evolution allows a convenient aesthetic driven interface for exploring the vast space of possibilities.
	accad.osu.edu /~mlewis/Class/mutation.html (660 words)

	Artificial Evolution and Real Robots (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Abstract: Artificial evolution as a design methodology allows the relaxation of many of the constraints that have held back conventional methods.
		However this freedom comes at some cost; there are a whole new set of issues relating to evolution that must be considered.
		Standard Genetic Algorithms may not be appropriate for incremental evolution of robot controllers.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /132168.html (359 words)

	Artificial Life: Links & Literature
		Evolution of Sensors in Nature, Hardware and Simulation, Bird-of-a-feather Workshop at GECCO 2000, co-organisers: Daniel Polani, Thomas Uthmann, Kerstin Dautenhahn, submission deadline 1st March 2000.
		Evolution of Sensors in Nature, Hardware and Simulation, a Workshop at ALIFE VII, co-organisers: Daniel Polani, Thomas Uthmann, Kerstin Dautenhahn, August 2000, Oregon, USA, submission deadline 19th May 2000.
		Evolution of Sensors in Nature, Hardware and Simulation, Special Issue of the International Journal ARTIFICIAL LIFE, edited by Kerstin Dautenhahn, Daniel Polani, Thomas Uthmann, Submissions due: 15 September 2000
	homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk /~comqkd/Alife.htm (754 words)

	Artificial Life - Links
		AntWorld Version 2.0 AntWorld is an Artificial Life (a-life) simulation tool where colonies of small circular ant-like entities, controlled by simple reactive neural networks, are evolved to display desired behaviours in a virtual (computer generated) environment.
		Evolving Artificial Brains: EvBrain is the simulation software to evolve artificial brains with which animals are able to survive in given environments.
		The inhabitants of these ecosystems are artificial animals, each controlled by a neural net, which compete for limited resources and evolve over time.
	www.alife.org /links.html (614 words)

	Citations: Artificial evolution for computer graphics - Karl (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The genetic representation and definition of the genetic operators are substantially different from previous interactive evolution systems, and it produces correspondingly....
		In a variant of this approach, controllers produced by the usual batch procedure could be refined by interactive evolution with the goal of introducing desirable nuances or subtlety of movement into a figure s trajectory.
		In this paper we describe Evol, an artificial life system developed at CS JCU for modeling and simulating insect population behaviour and evolution.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /cs?q=dbnum=1,GID=657,DID=0,start=50,cluster=none,qtype=context: (2858 words)

	SCS: Artificial Evolution
		Very similar in flavor to Apocalypse's Unnatural Selection, the first use I saw for Artificial Evolution was in a deck that uses both along with cards that key off creature type.
		Artificial Evolution can be a nice defensive tool.
		Artificial Evolution gives you that opportunity with some notoriously bad cards.
	www.wizards.com /default.asp?x=mtgcom/feature/93 (1319 words)

	A Short, Selective, and Provisional GA, Evolution, and Artificial Life Bibliography for di
		A Short, Selective, and Provisional GA, Evolution, and Artificial Life Bibliography for distribution at ICGA-4 1991 prepared by Geoffrey F. Miller (geoffrey@psych.stanford.edu) and Peter M. Todd (todd@psych.stanford.edu) References organized by topic; * = highly recommended and topical.
		Gould, J.J. Ethology: The mechanisms and evolution of behavior.
		Shepard, R.N. Evolution of a mesh between principles of the mind and regularities of the world.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/biblioge.htm (999 words)

	Research (Willem Zuidema) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Willem Zuidema, The importance of social learning in the evolution of cooperation and communication, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol.
		Willem Zuidema, Language is different: the relevance of group, culture and computers in the evolution of syntax, presented at the OHLL Coevolution of Syntax and Semantics meeting, September 2001, Paris, France.
		Joachim De Beule and Joris Van Looveren were colleagues at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Vrije Universiteit Brussels; so-far, we co-authored a technical report on grounding formal syntax (i.e.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~jelle/research (1132 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial Brains - Articles on artificially intelligent hardware, organized to give topical overviews.
		CMU Artificial Intelligence Repository - Free software and materials of general interest to AI researchers, educators, students, and practitioners.
		Heuristics and artificial intelligence in finance and investment - Resources on general heuristics, neural networks, genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and tabu search: databases, articles, references, journals, software, links, conferences and education.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Artificial_Intelligence (513 words)

	Designing Development Rules for Artificial Evolution - Rust, Adams, George, Bolouri (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Abstract: Using artificial evolution to successfully create neural networks requires appropriate developmental algorithms.
		The aim is to determine the least complex set of rules that allow a range of networks to evolve.
		Substantially different 3D artificial neural structures can be grown by changing parameter values associated with the rules.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /rust97designing.html (447 words)

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