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Topic: Artificial kidney

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	The Kidney
		The kidney is one of the major homeostatic devices of the body.
		The artificial kidney uses the principle of dialysis to purify the blood of patients whose own kidneys have failed.
		Artificial kidneys have proved of great benefit in helping patients of acute kidney malfunction survive the crisis until their own kidneys resume operation.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/K/Kidney.html (1562 words)

	Artificial Organs: Kidney
		Artificial kidney has helped treat fatal kidney failures on many patients and it is continuing to upgrade with new bioengineering innovations.
		However, artificial kidney, or dialyzers face certain obstacles as the technology is expensive and complex.
		The kidney removes waste material from the body, and when this is not achieved properly, the patient develops a kidney failure.
	cape.uwaterloo.ca /che100projects/organs/Kidney/kidney.htm (810 words)

	Kolff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The artificial kidney was described by Abel, Rowntree and Turner, 3 Americans, in the City of Groningen, The Netherlands, during a Physiological Congress in 19131.
		This artificial heart was driven with compressed air and used the principle we have honored ever since; that is to provide sufficient pressure to expel the blood from the ventricles and use as little suction as possible so that the venous filling determines the cardiac output (Starling's Law of artificial heart).
		Diaphragm artificial hearts were used in combination with the NASA machine since we had one stationary coil on one side and a moving coil as a position transducer on the diaphragm.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/HPS/transplant/html/kolff.html (5834 words)

	Kidney Dialysis
		It is the job of the kidneys to remove the harmful particles from the blood and to regulate the blood's ionic concentrations, while keeping the essential particles in the blood (Figure 1).
		In the kidney, the blood undergoes filtration and dialysis to separate the particles that will be removed from the body (through the ureter to the bladder) from those that will be returned to the circulating blood (through the renal vein).
		Thus, artificial kidney dialysis uses the same chemical principles that are used naturally in the kidneys to maintain the chemical composition of the blood.
	www.chemistry.wustl.edu /~edudev/LabTutorials/Dialysis/Kidneys.html (4733 words)

	A proposed Peritoneal-Based Wearable Artificial Kidney
		A continuous, wearable, peritoneal-based artificial kidney is proposed in which the spent peritoneal dialysate is regenerated using a REDY sorbent cartridge one-tenth the size of the present cartridge, with the urease chemically bound to an inert support to eliminate the possibility of its displacement by protein in the spent dialysate.
		The proposed wearable artificial kidney based upon PD may eliminate the clotting problem; in addition, regeneration and reinfusion of the protein lost in the spent dialysate can result in the removal of protein-bound toxins.
		Based on their report of the clinical results, the urea clearance of the proposed wearable artificial kidney should be 27 mL/min and the creatinine clearance 25 mL/min, resulting in a weekly Kt/V of 6.5 and creatinine clearance of 250 L for a 70 kg patient.
	www.multi-med.com /homehemo/roberts/main.html (1392 words)

	kidney, artificial on Encyclopedia.com
		KIDNEY, ARTIFICIAL [kidney, artificial] mechanical device capable of assuming the functions ordinarily performed by the kidneys.
		In treating cases of kidney failure a tube is inserted into an artery in the patient's arm and blood is channeled through semipermeable tubes immersed in a bath containing all the normal blood chemicals except urea and other metabolic waste products.
		Dialysis: understanding this kidney disease treatment can help if you or someone you know is faced with kidney disease.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/k/kidney-a.asp (386 words)

	EntrePreneurial Solutions - Dr. Kochinke, Artificial Kidney (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Kidney transplantation is most desirable and ranks first among the available treatment forms, however, it is limited by selection criteria for recipients as well as by donor shortages.
		This artificial kidney or better artificial glomerulum, consists of a bundle of very thin glass hollow fiber membranes contained in a glass housing.
		The heart was able to generate a spontaneous perfusion of the non-optimized filter module and the filtration rate produced by the module at these operating conditions was high enough to allow reducing the overall membrane surface size.
	home.earthlink.net /~frakoeps/kidney.htm (1199 words)

	Kidney Failure Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Creatinine is removed from blood by the kidneys; as kidney disease progresses, the level of creatinine in the blood increases.
		The kidney releases three hormones: erythropoietin, renin, and an active form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium for bones.
		Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood.
	kidney.niddk.nih.gov /kudiseases/pubs/glossary (2667 words)

	Kidney disease (nephropathy), and diabetes facts and information - Complications - American Diabetes Association
		When kidney disease is diagnosed early, (during microalbuminuria), several treatments may keep kidney disease from getting worse.
		The kidneys work hard to make up for the failing capillaries so kidney disease produces no symptoms until almost all function is gone.
		When kidneys fail, the person needs a way to replace their function, which is to clean the blood.
	www.diabetes.org /type-1-diabetes/kidney-disease.jsp (1381 words)

	Kidney Options - Medical Terminology
		In dialysis, the rate at which the patient’s blood is pumped through the artificial kidney.
		A pump that moves blood from the patient’s access through the blood tubing an artificial kidney and back to the patient without damage to the blood cells.
		Damage to the kidneys that cannot be reversed, usually progressive in nature.
	www.kidneyoptions.com /medicalterm.html (1507 words)

	Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Although patients with kidney failure are now living longer than ever, over the years kidney disease can cause problems such as heart disease, bone disease, arthritis, nerve damage, infertility, and malnutrition.
		A surgeon places the new kidney inside your lower abdomen and connects the artery and vein of the new kidney to your artery and vein.
		You may receive a kidney from a member of your family (living, related donor), from a person who has recently died (deceased donor), or sometimes from a spouse or a very close friend (living, unrelated donor).
	kidney.niddk.nih.gov /kudiseases/pubs/choosingtreatment (4224 words)

	Dr. Willem J. Kolff
		The twin coil artificial kidney consists of window screening, the screening that you use to keep the flies out of your house, wound around a fruit juice can and then between the bindings there is the artificial sausage skin - the cellophane tubing.
		If you use the same artificial kidney several times in the same patients, the reactions during the second and third dialyses are less than during the first dialysis.
		So you can assume that the artificial kidney will be reserved for patients that are either very old or that have rejected transplants so often that they are no longer candidates or have some other reason why they are not suitable.
	cnserver0.nkf.med.ualberta.ca /ISN/VLP/Trans/Kolff.htm (7254 words)

	The human kidney was the first organ to be approximated by a machine. The “artificial kidney” was invented during ...
		The "artificial kidney" was invented during World War II, and became during the Eisenhower years standard treatment for chronic kidney failure.
		The artificial kidney now used in dialysis is comprised of thousands of fine hollow fibers with porous walls.
		Just as the kidney was the first organ to be approximated by a machine, we expect it to be the first to be recreated through tissue engineering, making the kidney the first solid organ to be available as a fully functioning, implantable prosthetic.
	www.med.umich.edu /intmed/humes/BENCHBED.htm (1188 words)

	Artificial Kidney (Haemodialysis) - Information about Artificial Kidneys (Haemodialysis)
		Haemodialysis is a way of clearing the blood of waste substances with an artificial kidney or dilysis machine.
		Although haemodialysis cleans the blood, it is not as efficient as a pair of normal kidneys.
		You are therefore likely to experience many of the problems of patients with kidney failure anaemia, pain in the bones, fluid overload and high blood pressure.
	www.surgerydoor.co.uk /medical_conditions/Indices/A/artificial_kidney.htm (741 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| 'Biological' kidney implant hope
		Ten kidney patients at the University of Michigan tested the device, which works in the same way as dialysis but is partly made of human cells.
		It is made up of hollow fibres lined with the type of kidney cells that reabsorb vital electrolytes, water, and glucose filtered out of blood, in addition to producing other important molecules that the body needs to fight infection.
		A spokesman for the National Kidney Research Fund said: "We are very encouraged that scientists are constantly looking for ways to overcome the organ shortage problem as there are currently some 6,400 people needing a kidney transplant in the UK.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/3985523.stm (460 words)

	Medicine at Michigan
		Researchers at the University of Michigan are developing a bio-artificial kidney that uses living kidney cells to duplicate nearly all the functions of a healthy organ.
		According to Humes, kidney cells lining hollow fibers in the device reabsorb vital electrolytes, water and glucose filtered out of blood during hemofiltration, in addition to producing other important molecules.
		Research on the bio-artificial kidney is being conducted at the Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System.
	www.medicineatmichigan.org /magazine/2000/summer/huron/10huron.asp (512 words)

	More dialysis, highly permeable artificial kidney may not aid some, UT Southwestern researcher finds
		Subgroup analyses suggest a higher dose of hemodialysis (blood passed through an artificial kidney to remove waste products and toxins) may improve survival in women, however, and a more permeable membrane may reduce the risk for cardiovascular complications in patients on hemodialysis.
		The objectives of the Hemodialysis Study, designed in 1994, were to determine if a high dose of dialysis is better than a standard dose and whether dialysis with a highly permeable artificial kidney benefits patients on hemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), both in improving survival and reducing hospitalization.
		Through the Hemodialysis Study, patients were provided a higher dose of dialysis by adjusting the overall treatment time, the type of artificial kidney, or the blood flow rate through the artificial kidney.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-12/uots-mdh121802.php (832 words)

	Living Day-to-Day with Kidney Dialysis
		Robinson's father was willing and able to give her one of his kidneys, and for several months before the operation was arranged, she drained dialysate in and out of her abdomen five times a day.
		The right kidney is a little lower than the left because it must squeeze under the liver, a large organ that occupies a large section of the upper right abdominal cavity.
		In the concave section of the kidney is a depression containing blood vessels, nerves and the ureter, a small tube that carries urine away from the organ and down to the bladder.
	www.fda.gov /fdac/features/1998/198_dial.html (2648 words)

	Medical Dictionary - ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Also the dialysate may contain molecules to be passed to the blood and the concentration or pressure may be such as to withdraw water from the body.
		There are three main types of artificial kidney: the coil dialyser in which the membranes are wound round in a spiral (this type is no longer used), the plate or parallel flow dialyser in which the blood and the dialysate flow on either side of large flat membranes (e.g.
		The term 'artificial kidney' is often applied to the whole system including the pumps and control circuitry for the dialysate mixing and delivery, and for the blood preparation and monitoring, pumping, de-aerating and return to the body.
	home.btconnect.com /MalcolmBrown/entries/ARTIFICIAL_KIDNEY.html (285 words)

	BIO-ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Patients with kidney failure need to spend hours a day attached to a device which filters the toxins from their blood.
		It's the typical method for treating kidney failure, but as Dr. David Humes, Chairman of the University of Michigan Medical Center explains, dialysis is a far from perfect process.
		To research an alternate treatment for dialysis, Dr. Humes is growing kidney cells in his lab.
	www.pulseplanet.com /archive/Dec96/1345.html (319 words)

	Dialysing for Life : The Development of the Artificial Kidney by J. van Noordwijk [ISBN: 0792367626] - Find Cheap ...
		By that time two essential factors for an artificial kidney had become available: a drug to keep the blood from clotting outside of the body and an efficient dialysing membrane through which waste substances can pass from the blood into the dialysing fluid.
		Kolff succeeded in creating the rotating artificial kidney which he started using in the town hospital of Kampen in 1943.
		The rotation of this artificial kidney started a revolution that made it possible for thousands of kidney patients all over the world to keep on living - and sometimes to forget their disease for the time being.
	www.gettextbooks.com /isbn_0792367626.html (337 words)

	U researchers unveil component of bio-artificial kidney (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Researchers at the University are developing a bio-artificial kidney that uses living kidney cells to duplicate nearly all the functions of a healthy organ.
		Within five years, Humes hopes to develop additional components of the bio-artificial kidney for patients with chronic renal failure—a gradual deterioration of kidney function that currently affects over 300,000 people in the United States, a number that is growing by about six percent each year.
		Research on the bio-artificial kidney is being conducted at the Ann Arbor Veteran‘s Administration (VA) Medical Center.
	www.umich.edu /~urecord/9899/May24_99/2.htm (630 words)

	artificial life - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about artificial life
		Research in this area is being conducted all around the world; the most significant centres are the Santa Fe Institute and the MIT Media Lab.
		We talk of deviations from natural life, as if artificial life were not also natural.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /artificial+life (138 words)

	Northwest Kidney Centers (NKC), based in the Seattle, Washington area, offers dialysis and related kidney services, and ...
		Northwest Kidney Centers (NKC), based in the Seattle, Washington area, offers dialysis and related kidney services, and has been a leader in kidney disease research (renal disease research).
		The organization was formerly named Northwest Kidney Center and Seattle Artificial Kidney, and integrated with the Northwest Kidney Foundation in 1987.
		We offer dialysis and related kidney services for people with end stage renal disease (kidney failure) at 12 facilities in the Seattle area, in local hospitals and through our home dialysis program.
	www.nwkidney.org (322 words)

	Guide to Collections Relating to the History of Artificial Internal Organs
		He used his skills as an entrepreneur, researcher, inventor, and writer to become known as the "Father of Artificial Organs." In 1950, Kolff and his family immigrated to the United States from the Netherlands where he had already invented the artificial kidney and dialysis technique.
		Collection depicts much of the work of this pioneer in artificial organs on the artificial kidney and heart, including animal experimentation, and includes documentation from Dr. Kolff's work at the Cleveland Institute, at Holy Cross Hospital, and at the University of Utah.
		The items concerned with the artificial kidney date from 1949, the year he introduced the artificial kidney in Kampen, Netherlands, to 1975, as he was developing a wearable artificial kidney.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/manuscripts/asaio/marriott.html (1256 words)

	ACT claims to grow artificial kidney from stem cells - Nanodot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		According to a report from the UK-based New Scientist (" ‘Functional’ kidneys grown from stem cells", by Claire Ainsworth, 29 January 2002), researchers at Advanced Cell Technology in the U.S. claim to have grown functional bovine kidneys using stem cells taken from cloned cow embryos.
		The kidney is a very complex organ, with an intricate supply of blood vessels that are key to its ability to filter blood.
		In the end the bio-reactor these things are grown in may wind up being as complex as the body itself in order to provide all the influencing factors needed to ensure all that specilization of tissues.
	nanodot.org /article.pl?sid=02/01/31/165236&mode=thread&threshold= (458 words)

	BIO-ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY: Healthier than Dialysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the future, kidney failure might not mean spending fifteen to twenty hours a week on a dialysis machine.
		Humes is developing an artificial organ that would replace all the functions of a failed kidney.
		These cells allow this bio-artificial kidney to not only filter toxins, but also perform the life-sustaining functions that dialysis can not reproduce.
	www.pulseplanet.com /archive/Dec96/1346.html (303 words)

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