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	Constructed language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An artificial or constructed language (known colloquially as a conlang among aficionados), is a language whose phonology, grammar and vocabulary are specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture as with natural languages.
		In this regard, even "natural languages" may be submitted to a certain amount of artificiality, and in the case of regularized grammars, the line is difficult to draw.
		Constructed languages are often divided into a priori languages, in which much of the grammar and vocabulary is created from scratch (using the author's imagination or automatic computational means), and a posteriori languages, where the grammar and vocabulary are derived from one or more natural languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_language (1676 words)

	AllRefer.com - international language : Artificial Languages (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		An artificial language is an idiom that has not developed in a speech community like a natural tongue but has been constructed by human agents from various materials, such as devised signs, elements or modified elements taken from existing natural languages, and invented forms.
		Esperanto, another artificial language, was invented by Dr. Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish oculist and linguist, and was first presented to the public in 1887.
		Still another artificial language, known as Interlingua, was created in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/intllang-artificial-languages.html (578 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		An artificial or constructed language, colloquially conlang, is a language whose vocabulary and grammar were specifically devised by humans, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture like a natural language.
		Constructed languages are often divided into a priori languages, in which much of the grammar and vocabulary is created from scratch to serve a particular purpose, and a posteriori languages, where the grammar and vocabulary are derived from one or more natural languages and are intended to resemble them.
		A member of the Klingon Language Institute, d'Armond Speers, attempted to raise his son as a native Klingon speaker, but found that at that time the vocabulary of Klingon was not quite large enough to express the large number of objects normally found in the home, such as "table" or "bottle".
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/c/co/constructed_language.html (611 words)

	artificial languages FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		An artificial language is a language that has been deliberately designed by one person or a small group of people over a relatively short period of time.
		Artificial languages designed for specific purposes are also known by an array of other terms.
		The model language is then taught to a group of people, and their ability or inability to learn it, or its effect on their brain activity or their perceptions of the world can be analyzed and conclusions drawn.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/language/artificial-languages-FAQ (921 words)

	Richard Kennaway's Constructed Languages List
		DiLingo is the gutteral utteral, the paradigm of rhyme, the pox of vox.
		Lifehomese is one of the alien languages of the Commonwealth.
		Lrahran is one of the alien languages of the Commonwealth.
	www2.cmp.uea.ac.uk /~jrk/conlang.html (10527 words)

	Artificial Language Used To Study Language Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Artificial language words have no meaning and include such examples as "pel," "wadim," and "jic." But Gomez organizes them to mimic grammatical patterns in natural language.
		Gomez exposed 18-month-old infants to three-word strings of an artificial language.
		Scientists have recently discovered an increasing number of statistical regularities in language that infants can use to help learn language, and a more even-handed view of the balance between associative learning and preprogrammed learning mechanisms built into the brain is starting to emerge.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/20010120235913data_trunc_sys.shtml (1433 words)

	Artificial Languages
		To assume that an artificial language is illegitimate because a single individual or select group developed it is not only simplifying the issue but also writing off any linguistic relevance it may have.
		The purpose of the language is the clearest marker.
		Model languages, he explains, are "everything from a few words of made-up slang to a rigorously developed system of interrelated imaginary tongues." While the latter could be conceived as an artificial language, the former is probably too limited to fit the definition.
	www.uib.no /People/hnohf/artlang.htm (3429 words)

	Fallen Tower
		Aluric: an incomplete alien language containing 70 sounds, 7 noun/adjective cases, a complex but logical tense system, and a vocabulary drawn from roots present in many languages and expandable by means of numerous affixes.
		CycL: a formal language whose syntax derives from first-order predicate calculus (the language of formal logic).
		Laadan: language developed with idea that existing human languages are inadequate to express the perceptions of women It has a number of very interesting features: i.e., Speech Act Morphemes and Evidence Act Morphemes (reminds me of Korean and Japanese) and an interesting pronoun system.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Pagoda/5961/lingvoj.HTM (3918 words)

	Lojban and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
		Lojban is an artificial language, the major accomplishment of a 35-year research project into the nature of human language.
		Another was the difficulty of differentiating between language constraints on cultural thought, and cultural effects that dictate the evolution of a language.
		Brown's language incorporated the well-understood concepts and structures of symbolic logic into its structure, and attempted to avoid ambiguities that could confuse those well-formed structures.
	www.alamut.com /subj/artiface/language/sapirWhorf.html (812 words)

	The Creation of alt.language.artificial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The purpose of the newsgroup will be to provide a forum for messages in and about artificial languages other than those which have their own newsgroups/mailing lists (i.e.
		The purpose of the newsgroup will be to)provide a forum for messages in and about artificial languages other)than those which have their own newsgroups/mailing lists (i.e.
		I proposed "artificial" because the phrase "artificial language" is the most widely used term for these tongues, and is the phrase people are likely to use when they go to search engines looking for this kind of data.
	www.langmaker.com /outpost/alangart.htm (1664 words)

	Abstract: October 31 - Artificial Language Learning and Language Acquisition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		he rapidity with which children acquire language is one of the mysteries of human cognition.
		A widely held view is that children master language by means of a language-specific learning device.
		A recent approach to studying this problem exposes infants to artificial languages and assesses the resulting learning.
	www.clsp.jhu.edu /seminars/abstracts/F2000/rebecca_gomez/index.shtml (181 words)

	ARTIFICIAL NATURAL LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I think that artificial intelligence is not very close to being able to understand such stories in a genuine way.
		More weakly, it should be as easy for a human to translate from the formalism into a natural language as to translate from one known natural language to another.
		Like the PLANNER languages, as Robert Moore has characterized them in his 1976 MIT Master's thesis, the descriptions would contain no disjunctions, and might be a collection of relations with constants as arguments where every relation not asserted (in a certain class) is automatically denied.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/mrhug/node2.html (645 words)

	Syntax for Artificial Languages
		This essay is aimed at budding language designers who would like to learn something about syntax in general, and about some of the syntactic variability that exists among the world's many natural languages.
		In fact, when languages are found that appear to contradict such orderings, it is usually the case that they are undergoing a transition from one pattern to another and haven't yet "settled down".
		4.0 THE SYNTAX OF A HYPOTHETICAL ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGE
	www.eskimo.com /~ram/syntax.html (9557 words)

	Essays on Artificial Language Design (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although my approach to language design is formal, the languages that I discuss are intended to be used by people to communicate with each other.
		In some of the essays, I also discuss how to design these languages so that they are 'computer-tractable'; that is, languages that can be used by people, but which can also be used to communicate easily and accurately with computers.
		This essay discusses how to select the phonemes of a language based on what the language is intended to accomplish, and on how much pronunciation difficulty is acceptable.
	www.eskimo.com /~ram/essays.html (499 words)

	Natural Language Processing
		Regarding language as communication requires consideration of what is said (literally), what is intended, and the relationship between the two.
		One goal of AI work in natural language is to enable communication between people and computers without resorting to memorization of complex commands and procedures.
		Not only does the ability to use and understand natural language seem to be a fundamental aspect of human intelligence, but also its successful automation would have an incredible impact on the usability and effectiveness of computers themselves.
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/natlang.html (3597 words)

	international language -> Artificial Languages on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Some philosophers of the 17th cent., among them Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, proposed the construction of a so-called philosophical language that would consist of a system of communication based on classification according to logic rather than on human speech.
		The first artificial language of this kind to have some prominence was Volapük.
		Its architecture and machine language were simple and straightforward.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/intllang_artificiallanguages.asp (822 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Invented/Artificial
		You have reached the page which has invented and artificial languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Numerous attempts have been made to create a single "world language," understood by everyone, or at least by large numbers of people whose native languages are diverse.
		Hankes intended that this language be a second language for everyone; in other words, everyone in the world could learn it, not to replace their native language, but for universal commu- nication.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/artifph.htm (1333 words)

	Scientist Uses Artificial Language To Study Language Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		New Language Learning Linked To Early Language Experience (May 2, 2002) -- The ability to learn a new language is determined by the onset of language experience during early brain development -- regardless of the specific form of the language experience.
		Babies Use Their Own Names To Help Learn Language (May 14, 2005) -- A baby's understanding of language may begin with its own name, which a baby uses to break sentences into smaller parts so it can learn other words, according to new research by Texas A&M...
		Adults Can Be Retrained To Learn Second Languages More Easily, Says UCL Scientist (June 15, 2005) -- Our ability to hear and understand a second language becomes more and more difficult with age, but the adult brain can be retrained to pick up foreign sounds more easily again.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2001/02/010222075152.htm (939 words)

	The Language Construction Kit
		a webchapter?) is intended for anyone who wants to create artificial languages-- for a fantasy or an alien world, as a hobby, as an interlanguage.
		All you could want to know about Verdurian is on the web; the language information is just part of that encyclopedia of Almean life, Virtual Verduria.
		Cuêzi is a pretty, Greco-Latinish language; Wede:i is wonderfully agglutinating; Kebreni is designed to be not very much like English while still being typical of human languages; Elkarîl is a non-human language which violates several human universals.
	www.zompist.com /kit.html (790 words)

	Language Log: Natural language and artificial intelligence
		If that isn't effective computer simulation of common sense I don't know what would be: the name Simmons is common enough (one might imagine it thinking), but there is a Simmons firm that has trademarked the name Beautyrest, and it's the name of a line of mattress products, so...
		What is notable about these advances in advertising and retailing software, though, is that the symbolic computational linguistics of the 1980s has contributed nothing to them.
		I think in due course we have to get back to real natural language front ends: it is possible to pull together (1) literal sentence understanding based on grammatical analysis, and (2) modern computational techniques of spotting likely relevance.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000981.html (707 words)

	international language: Artificial Languages
		, another artificial language, was invented by Dr. Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish oculist and linguist, and was first presented to the public in 1887.
		Relationship between natural language processing and AI; role of constrained formal-computational systems.
		On the edge: an idealistic language school sensitively intervenes between park and town, academia and community.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0858867.html (554 words)

	Subjacency Constraints without Universal Grammar: Evidence from Artificial Language Learning and Connectionist Modeling ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Abstract: The acquisition and processing of language is governed by a number of universal constraints, many of which undoubtedly derive from innate properties of the human brain.
		However, language researchers disagree about whether these constraints are linguistic or cognitive in nature.
		In this paper, we suggest that the constraints on complex question formation, traditionally explained in terms of the linguistic principle of subjacency, may instead derive from limitations on sequential...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /ellefson00subjacency.html (444 words)

	The Lisp Programming Language
		Linguists were concerned with natural language processing, while psychologists were interested in modeling human information and retrieval.
		Lisp totally dominated Artificial Intelligence applications for a quarter of a century, and is still the most widely used language for AI.
		Many programming language researchers believe that functional programming is a much better approach to software development, than the use of Imperative Languages (Pascal, C++, etc).
	www.engin.umd.umich.edu /CIS/course.des/cis400/lisp/lisp.html (633 words)

	Cover Pages: Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML)
		AIML is an XML language, implying that it obeys certain grammatical meta-rules.
		AIML is an example of using the XML standard to define a specialized language for artificial intelligence.
		The DTD is a formal specification of the grammar for an XML language.
	xml.coverpages.org /aiml-ALICE.html (770 words)

	Simon Kirby, - 2002 - Natural Language from Artificial Life
		This paper aims to show that linguistics, in particular the study of the lexico-syntactic aspects of language, provides fertile ground for artificial life modelling.
		It is argued that this is because much of the structure of language is determined by the interaction of three complex adaptive systems: learning, culture and biological evolution.
		Computational simulation, informed by theoretical linguistics, is an appropriate response to the challenge of explaining real linguistic data in terms of the processes that underpin human language.
	www.isrl.uiuc.edu /~amag/langev/paper/kirby02naturalLanguage.html (160 words)

	Phonetic Picture-Writing, Generating an Artificial Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		) When reading the ideograms, the result of course is not English Language, but an artificial language (artlang, or conlang = constructed language), which might serve as international auxiliary language (auxlang), as a kind of Esperanto with associated picture-writing.
		The original purpose of a phonetic picture-writing is: it's an artificial language, by which one can express everything - optically and acustically.
		Such an artificial language has many advantages: Much Fun, quick optical surveying, quick writing of the simply-shaped letters, very clear phonetics (good for speech recognition by computer).
	members.aol.com /leonheinz/english-lautbildschrift/lautbildschrift.htm (1224 words)

	AllRefer.com - artificial languages (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		artificial languages, languages that are invented by one or more human beings as opposed to languages that develop naturally among peoples.
		Examples of artificial languages are VolapUk, Esperanto, and Ido.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on artificial languages
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/artifLan.html (153 words)

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