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Topic: Artificial noise

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	Comfort noise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Comfort noise (or comfort tone) is artificial background noise used in radio and wireless communications to fill the silence in a transmission resulting from voice activity detection or from the clarity of modern digital lines.
		To counteract these effects, comfort noise is added, usually on the receiving end in wireless or VoIP systems, to fill in the silent portions of transmissions with artificial noise.
		The noise generated is at a low but audible volume level, and can vary based on the average volume level of received signals to minimize jarring transitions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comfort_noise (262 words)

	Dual-Channel Precision Signal-to-Noise Ratio Generator
		This superposition of signal and noise in the output is a valid assumption, since thermal noise has Gaussian-distributed randomness and is therefore independent of the signal.
		The DRT design, however, is based on having an artificial noise floor in each of its outputs that may, in fact, be turned off and on using front-panel switches.
		Initially this excess noise power and the signal power in the DRT outputs should be set to high levels, so that direct measurement of "noise only" and "signal only" can be made by using front-panel switches to cut off signal or noise power respectively.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Mar98/ETB03982.html (935 words)

	Artificial noise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Artificial noise in the context of sports is the use of sound-making or amplifying devices.
		Even prior to the era of electronics, the use of horns and cowbells had begun in an attempt to make noise louder than that which could be created through the mere use of the human voice.
		The most common devices used to create artificial noise today are "thunder sticks", long aluminized PET film balloons which make a sort of drumming noise when banged together.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_noise (637 words)

	Effects of Noise on Sampler Quantization Errors
		This noise data array is convolved with the square root of the Fourier transform of a lowpass filter function to produce the noise spectrum shown in Figure 1.
		Figure 6 shows the same signal with noise whose rms amplitude is six tenths of a sample interval as in Figure 4.
		An rms noise amplitude of one quantization interval corresponds to a -8 dB on the horizontal axis.
	www.cv.nrao.edu /~rfisher/SamplerErr/harmonics.html (1863 words)

	CHAPTER 3 NOISE MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES - FHWA
		Attempts to correlate noise environments with community annoyance have led to the development of several single-number noise descriptors for the assessment of community reaction.
		If a truck is selected as an artificial source, it may either be run in neutral at a constant engine speed for separate exterior and interior measurements, or it may be driven past the building.
		Measure the average room interior ambient noise level with all interior sources (appliances, radios, etc.) and the artificial highway source off, and with all windows, vents, and outside doors in their normally-open or normally-closed positions.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /environment/high/high04.htm (2093 words)

	Apparatus and method for adding and removing a base station from a cellular communications system - Patent 5584049
		The artificial noise level sets the reverse link coverage area of the base station when a base station is added, initially the transmit power is low and the artificial receive noise power is high such that the forward and reverse kink coverage areas are collocated in close proximity to the base station.
		The rate at which the transmit power is increased and the artificial noise receive power is decreased must be sufficiently slow to permit handoff of calls between the new and surrounding base stations as the new base station is added to or removed from the system.
		In consequence, because the artificial noise receive power is decreasing and the transmit power is increasing, the reverse and forward link coverage areas of the new base station 402 both expand together maintaining alignment of the handoff boundaries.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5584049.html (11727 words)

	Chapter 8: Building Noise Reduction Measurements in the Vicinity of a Highway - Measurement of Highway-Related Noise
		This section describes recommended procedures for the measurement of building noise reduction, i.e., the effectiveness of a building structure in insulating residents from outside noise sources, in this case, highways.
		(Note: If a traffic noise source is not available, a fixed, artificial noise source, such as a loudspeaker, may be used); and (2) interior measurements of the roadway noise within the building itself.
		The electronic noise floor of the acoustic instrumentation system should be established daily by substituting the measurement microphone with a dummy microphone (See Section 3.1.5).
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /environment/noise/measure/chap8.htm (1272 words)

	Reducing The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Artificial signals are good at the cost of some extra power needed to transmit these signals.
		In [8], clipping noise is modeled as an impulsive noise to better describe the noise and the resulting performance can be orders of magnitude worse than the performance obtained by the white noise model.
		Artificial signals and convex optimization generate sine waves to be transmitted on the non-data-carrying frequencies so that the composite signal will have a reduced PAPR.
	www.stanford.edu /~kevhuang/EE359/project.htm (1865 words)

	NYU Media Research Lab \| Projects \| Multiresolution Surfaces \| Denoise
		Connectivity noise, which is the pretty much all of the connectivity information for surfaces of low genus.
		Topological noise, which is created by the algorithms used to extract a mesh from the point cloud.
		We focus on the geometric noise removal, assuming that the surface is already reparameterized.
	mrl.nyu.edu:81 /projects/multires/denoise (378 words)

	Thesis.html
		Noise filters were applied to the original RGB images and independently to the channels of the transformed images.
		This type of noise may be different than noise added randomly to the image as in the research performed by Zheng, et al.
		The trade-off between noise reduction and loss of detail in the image needed to be considered in determining thresholds.
	www.cis.rit.edu /research/thesis/bs/1999/jobes/Thesis.html (2623 words)

	Reducing electrical power consumption in a radio transceiver by de-energizing selected components when speech is not ...
		The transmitter comprises a digital signal processor which is programmed to de-energize at least some of its components and to generate an artificial noise signal for transmission when speech is not being received by the microphone.
		The level of background noise may be estimated initially when speech is not present and the frame energy R may be determined and stored from this background noise.
		The digital parameter codes may thus be periodically updated to revise the artificial noise signal based on actual noise present in the transceiver 10 by re-energizing the components of the VSELP 54, until speech is again detected by the digital signal processor 32 (block 110).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5778026.html (4229 words)

	Define CNG - Comfort Noise Generator
		Systems allowing discontinuous transmission are based on a Voice Activity Detection (VAD) algorithm and a Comfort Noise Generator (CNG) algorithm that allows the insertion of an artificial noise during silent intervals of speech.
		If the background acoustic noise that was present during active periods abruptly disappears, this very unpleasant noise modulation may even reduce the intelligibility of the speech.
		The background noise level is transmitted to the opposite end of the link in place of the speech signal.
	www.birds-eye.net /definition/c/cng-comfort_noise_generator.shtml (743 words)

	Noise News for Week of April 11, 1999
		Coutant contends increased noise at the nearby airport is robbing residents of peace and quiet.
		Noise rules also became an issue when a musical group playing at the gazebo at the end of the Boardwalk drew a complaint from someone who lived four blocks away, said another town official.
		Noise from night-flying cargo planes can be twice as loud as noise from commercial planes flying during the day." The editorial goes on to point out that several major airports have a nighttime curfew, including urban airports like Piedmont Triad International.
	www.nonoise.org /news/1999/apr11.htm (17304 words)

	Amateur SETI Station: Low Noise Amplifiers
		The rule of thumb is that the gain of the LNA should equal the sum of the microwave receiver's noise figure (in dB) plus the RF cable insertion loss (also in dB), plus an additional ten dB.
		Noise temperature is a measure of how much additional noise the LNA adds to your SETI system.
		Noise is sometimes expressed not in Kelvins, but as Noise Figure (in dB) or Noise Factor (a unitless power ratio).
	www.setileague.org /hardware/blklna.htm (814 words)

	Philadelphia Eagles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The artificial noise was used so that Donovan McNabb and Co. could make sure they have everything lined up with the silent count, with their hand signals and the different forms of communication that they will have to use Sunday against the Saints.
		The noise in practice on Friday was loud enough that McNabb was not able to converse in the huddle.
		The biggest challenge will be for the receivers who have to watch for the ball to be snapped before they can run their routes or stay in to block.
	www.philadelphiaeagles.com /homeNewsDetail.jsp?id=57514 (1095 words)

	New York Daily News - Sports - Not allowed to bring the noise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Giants first noticed the noise in Seattle last year while they were doing their pregame stretching, and their headaches only got worse as the game went along.
		He claimed the noise comes from the fans, who "really believe they make a difference." Clearly they do, since the Seahawks went 10-0 at home last year and are 24-4 there since 2003.
		NFL rules state any noise "that is under club control must cease when the play clock is running and the visiting team is in possession of the ball." The league fined the Washington Redskins $20,000 for violating that rule in 2000.
	www.nydailynews.com /sports/story/454376p-382414c.html (678 words)

	WebSeis in the Classroom - Noise Gallery
		Noise is the term used to label any signals that the viewer deems undesirable.
		Description: This is definitely electronic noise in the instrument or in the network communications.
		Earthquakes and other earth noises are not cyclic and have no knowledge of our arbitrary system of time keeping.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~mwest/WS4instructors/gallery3.html (612 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Revolutionary bike 'too quiet'
		For their part, manufacturers said the fake engine noise device, which could be switched off, would help alert road users.
		But with a noise emission equivalent to an everyday home computer, motorcycle enthusiasts thought the "exhilaration" factor was missing.
		Peter Wakeham, director of the Noise Abatement Society, who said motorbikes were among the worst noise offenders, welcomed the idea of a quiet bike.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/4353853.stm (410 words)

	:: Fortemedia - Technology ::
		This training usually takes the form of a loud burst of noise or a sequence of tones, which the AEC uses to adapt to the gross acoustical characteristics of its environment.
		When the near end is in a noisy environment, the far end will hear unstable noise coupled with the near end’s distorted voice due to the long convergence time from the CDMA handset’s noise suppression.
		A noise smoother is typically used for adding some noise back to the background to shorten the convergence time of the handset noise suppression, therefore improving the communication quality.
	www.fortemedia.com /tech/strength.htm (2836 words)

	Colts accused of artificial noise? - ProSportsDaily Forums
		Ben Roethlisberger, members of the Steelers coaching staff and management, Ed Werder and several other reporters have said that the Colts were using speakers and sound systems to amplify the noise of the crowd.
		There are also crowd noise issues with the Seahawks, althought not about artficial noise.
		3) You have the noise incident and several teams around the league have publicly questioned whether or not the league is pulling strings to produce a juggernaut undefeated team.
	www.prosportsdaily.com /forums/showthread.php?t=29113 (1784 words)

	imnoise (Image Processing Toolbox)
		The default is zero mean noise with 0.01 variance.
		generates Poisson noise from the data instead of adding artificial noise to the data.
		Double-precision images are used when the number of photons per pixel can be much larger than 65535 (but less than 10^12); the intensities values vary between 0 and 1 and correspond to the number of photons divided by 10^12.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /doc/matlab/toolbox/images/imnoise.html (251 words)

	MSU NoiseGenerator VirtualDub plugin free download by Graphics&Media Lab Video Group: The filter adds artificial noise ...
		The filter adds artificial noise of one common types (equidistributed, normaldistributed, colour stains, echo signal) to video stream.
		Noise intensity can be specified for each colour component (the filter uses YCrCb colour space).
		Individual noise parameters also can be changed for some noise types.
	www.softpile.com /Multimedia/Animation/Review_51971_index.html (109 words)

	Noise, signal to noise ratio, thermal noise, Johnson noise, noise analysis
		Electronic noise man made noise: noise from sources external to the circuit.
		Noise Electrical noise may be said to be the introduction of any unwanted energy, which tend to interfere with the proper reception and reproduction of transmitted signals,
		Random electrical noise: a literature survey thermal or Johnson noise results from the Brownian motion of ionized molecules within a resistance.
	www.educypedia.be /electronics/noise.htm (490 words)

	Experimental Evaluation
		We studied the behavior of the algorithms in the KRK illegality domain with varying levels of artificial noise.
		A noise level of n% means that in about n% of the examples the class label has been replaced with a random class label.
		With further increasing noise levels, all algorithms become prohibitively expensive, but are able to achieve surprisingly good results in terms of accuracy.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/jair/pub/volume8/fuernkranz98a-html/node22.html (1302 words)

	Right to Quiet Society - About Us
		However, we want to see a world where quiet is a normal part of life and where it is possible to listen to the sounds of nature without the constant intrusion of machine noise and artificial stimuli.
		We want our homes to be havens from unwanted noise, and we ask that the soundscape of our public spaces, like the air we breathe, be respected.
		In the flood of noise, we've got to be presumptuous to make a ripple.
	www.quiet.org /about.htm (425 words)

	Popular Science Design Challenge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Whether the lesions are directly induced by the sonic energy or the noise causes the whales to become disoriented and to ascend to the surface too quickly is yet undetermined.
		Active Noise Reduction (ANR) in the area local to the whales could be implemented by an array of acoustic transducers distributed in their vicinity.
		As the primary goal is to lessen the invasiveness of artificial factors, the AUVs themselves must be themselves minimally invasive.
	www.dxarts.washington.edu /pop_sci/AUV.php (518 words)

	The Seattle Times: Sports: Opponents trying to quiet Qwest Field?
		The notice did not specify who alleged the noise of the crowd at Qwest Field had been enhanced, but both teams were informed that the league's observers will be watching for violations of the NFL's crowd-noise policy.
		The league's policy on crowd noise states the NFL does not try to restrict spontaneous cheering by fans, but it does require the team to "exert proper control" of cheerleaders and mascots and restricts the use of scoreboards and message boards to encourage crowd noise.
		The crowd-noise guidelines state the league does not try to restrict spontaneous crowd noise, but the guidelines do mention the rules passed in 1989 to deal with crowd noise that is so loud the opposing team can not hear its signals.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/sports/2003266666_hawk20.html (947 words)

	Bouchette's NFL Notebook: Natural solution to artificial noise is a $1 million fine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		By saying they will not investigate the artificial noise generated in the RCA Dome, the NFL really means it is washing its hands of the situation.
		Coaches now appeal to the home crowd to create noise and that plea is even flashed on scoreboards.
		But the noise issue is more critical to the game itself.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05338/616963.stm (1074 words)

	HeraldNet: Seahawks have to deal with noise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There have been stories about how the facility used to have artificial crowd noise piped in through speakers pointed at the visiting sideline.
		To prepare his team for this road game, Holmgren had artificial crowd noise pumped into the team's practice bubble on Friday.
		The noise at the Metrodome makes it difficult for teams to call audibles at the line of scrimmage or even hear the snap count.
	www.heraldnet.com /Stories/03/12/7/hawks.cfm (544 words)

	imnoise :: Functions (Image Processing Toolbox)
		All numerical parameters are normalized; they correspond to operations with images with intensities ranging from 0 to 1.
		noise types are always specified as if the image were of class
		, adds noise according to the specified type and parameters, and then converts the noisy image back to the same class as the input.
	www.mathworks.com /access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/images/imnoise.shtml (339 words)

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