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Topic: Artificial organ

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Organ transplant

Organ donation

Artificial heart

Medical grafting

	McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
		The good news is that the field of medical device and artificial organ development is redefining what is believed to be possible for augmenting or replacing organ function.
		Once constructed only of synthetic components, these devices may now be either fully artificial or bioartificial- so-called "biohybrid organs" - a combination of biologic and synthetic components, often incorporating multiple technologies involving sensors, new biomaterials, and innovative delivery systems.
		Where organ recovery is not possible, artificial organs - when fully refined - will provide a substitute for natural organs.
	www.mirm.pitt.edu /programs/medical_devices/index.htm (295 words)

	Partially Artificial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The artificial heart can last in the human body for up to 5 years which is the about the same as the average human heart transplant.
		In addition to the human organs that are available for transplants, there are other artificial organs that are available to help patients who suffer from various pains.
		Artificial organs are still under careful research and the possibilities are endless.
	www.louisville.edu /~emorea01/Research2.html (1679 words)

	Artificial Organs
		Thus, an artificial organ may be larger than man himself; it need not be attached to his body; it does not have to be carried about and can, instead, develop into a static contrivance which man employs by approaching it rather than by applying it to his person.
		Further instances of communal organs are the postal service, in its capacity as an organized body for the transmission of information; the police and the military, in their capacity as even larger organized bodies set up for man's protection.
		Thus, the first artificial organs were discoveries rather than products of manufacture, and the special intellectual feat associated with them consisted of recognizing that the hand's efficiency could be improved when it was used in conjunction with a foreign object.
	www.hans-hass.de /Englisch/Human_Animal/2_09_Artificial_Organs.html (3419 words)

	Cytotoxicity assays in cell culturing devices - Patent 4559299
		The agent is then introduced into the organ and changes in the fluorescence released by the cells serve as an indicator of the sensitivity of the cells to the agent.
		The organ includes at least one perfusion capillary or membrane surface and is preferably structured so that it may be innoculated with undissociated fragments of biopsied tissues, thus retaining the basic cellular composition of the tumor (many tumors have been shown to exhibit cellular heterogeneity).
		The organ culture formed by the Amicon 3.times.50 device permitted perfusion of molecules up to 50,000 daltons and the fluid in the cell compartment was driven by the pressure generated inside the fibers.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4559299.html (3897 words)

	Organ Transplantation
		Artificial organs are devices which are designed to replace the body's normal functions that have been lost due to disease or injury.
		Artificial organs may be implanted or used outside of the body.
		Organ transplant within the same person: Examples are plastic surgery performed to restore function or shape, such as skin, cartilage, bones, veins, etc. Plastic surgery performed to change the person to elude the law is not permitted.
	www.irfi.org /articles/articles_51_100/organ_transplantation.htm (1825 words)

	Partially Artificial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		He has come to be recognized as the pioneer of artificial organs because of his attributes.
		As we move forward into the twenty-first century, the developments and advancements of artificial organs continue.
		Although, there may be individuals who feel that artificial organs are not dependable, the improvements of artificial organs have shown that they are almost as dependable as the real thing.
	www.louisville.edu /~emorea01/partially_artificial.html (755 words)

	Prospects for Organ and Tissue Replacement
		Advances in mechanical artificial organs and organ transplantation have improved the treatment of organ failure, and advances in molecular immunology, tissue engineering, and stem cell biology offer the promise of even better therapeutic modalities for treating organ failure in the future.
		Artificial heart devices were developed in the 1970s, and the first successful implantation in humans occurred in 1982 in a patient who survived for 112 days with an artificial heart.
		The use of xenograft organs that are derived from porcine sources may increase the organ pool eventually, but substantial scientific and immunologic hurdles currently limit their use.
	www.laskerfoundation.org /reports/jama_lasker/v285n5/ffull/jsc00336.html (2096 words)

	Organ Transplants Essays and Articles at eNotes
		The first organ transplants, performed in the late 1950s and 1960s, were characterized by high mortality rates; a major problem was that patients’ immune systems often rejected the foreign organ.
		Since the organs must be removed so quickly after death, cadaveric donors usually are individuals who have died in circumstances that make a swift determination of death possible: Among cadaveric donors in 1999, head trauma and cerebrovascular stroke accounted for 85 percent of all deaths.
		The artificial heart has rarely been used because it is still highly experimental and because recipients must be willing to have their own heart removed to make room for the artificial replacement.
	soc.enotes.com /organ-transplants-article (1477 words)

	Artificial Summary
		From this perspective, artificiality extends not just to some physical objects but also to intellectual phenomena such as science, art, and technology—to the extent that they are characteristic of human life.
		Artificiality has often been criticized as opposed to the natural and the naturally human, and also for its unintended social, legal, and ethical consequences.
		For instance, an artificial organ embodies both the current knowledge of the natural organ and the views regarding its correct functioning in human physiology and even within human society.
	www.bookrags.com /Artificial (1550 words)

	Artificial Hearts ÇáÞáæÈ ÇáÕäÇÚíÉ
		The purpose of the artificial heart is to advance the art and science of mechanical circulation in patients with end-stage heart failure, with the ultimate goal being to identify appropriate indications for use of left and right ventricular assist devices and the total artificial heart in patient populations most likely to benefit from them.
		Unlike the artificial hearts of the past, patients are not tethered to a large, air-pumping console nor do they have wires or tubes piercing their skin.
		The implied goal for a total artificial heart is to be able to live a normal life after transplantation without being subject to blood clots, constant internal pains, continuous monitoring, or the inconvenience of constantly carrying around external luggage.
	www.alshamsi.net /friends/b7ooth/health/heart_prop.html (3961 words)

	Blackwell Publishing Press Room
		Artificial Organs is the official peer reviewed journal of the International Federation for Artificial Organs, the International Faculty for Artificial Organs, and the International Society for Rotary Blood Pumps.
		Since 1977, Artificial Organs has been publishing original articles featuring the studies of design, performance, and evaluation of the biomaterials and devices for the international medical, scientific, and engineering communities involved in the research and clinical application of artificial organ development.
		Artificial Organs, published monthly, brings its readership the depth and breadth of the science and technology that continues to advance the replacement, recovery and regeneration of organ systems.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /press/pressitem.asp?ref=436 (424 words)

	Artificial Organs
		These artificial kidneys are used in hospitals and health care facilities all over the world to help inpatients and outpatients with failing kidneys They are also being used in novel contexts.
		Artificial kidneys have certainly served individuals who need help filtering their blood due to kidney failure in order to live our their lives.
		An artificial organ should not be used unless there is a reasonable hope that is will restore the recipient to a happy existence.
	www.scholars.nus.edu.sg /cpace/prosthesis/stein/kidney.html (684 words)

	About Facts Net
		Even if we never develop an artificial human we may be able to replace most of the parts of humans in the future.
		Artificial blood is an idea that seems to have been around forever.
		William Kolff invented the first artificial heart in the 1950s along with the dialysis machine, The interesting thing here is that he decided not to patent the machines and shipped them all over the world.
	aboutfacts.net /Science21.htm (948 words)

	Ethical Considerations in Organ Transplants
		Unfortunately, the current supply of transplant organs is much lower than the need or demand for them, which means that thousands of people die every year in the U.S. alone for lack of a replacement organ.
		A kidney dialysis machine is a kind of artificial organ that has been around for over 40 years, but it's too big to implant inside someone's body.
		Artificial hearts that are small enough to implant have been developed and tested, but none have worked well or long enough to be worth mass-producing.
	home.earthlink.net /~davidlperry/organs.htm (2023 words)

	For the Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		There are believed to be at least 16 million American alone who have some form of diabetes - a disease that affects the pancreas' ability to manufacture insulin, the hormone that regulates the amount of glucose used by the body.
		Artificial organ research is not new for chemical engineers, who study such things as membrane porosity and the movement of liquids.
		In fact, it was chemical engineers who were in large part responsible for development of the artificial kidney - leading to the commonly known therapy of hemodialysis.
	www.eweek.org /site/News/Features/diabetic.shtml (555 words)

	Artificial organ research findings presented by University of Pittsburgh researchers
		Federspiel, who is director of the McGowan Institute's Artificial Lung laboratory, is one of five panelists taking part in a symposium session on "Artificial Lung and Gas Exchange," beginning at 1 p.m., Friday, June 20.
		Federspiel is chief bioengineer on a project to develop the Hattler Respiratory Catheter, an artificial lung designed to support damaged or diseased lungs on a temporary basis during healing.
		The mission of the International Society of Artificial Organs is to increase and encourage knowledge and research on artificial organs, to facilitate the international exchange of knowledge, and to educate its members in the improvement and optimal use of artificial organs.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-06/uopm-aor061603.php (956 words)

	Public Health Risk of Xenotransplants
		Thus, for most organ transplants, medications are used to permanently suppress the patient’s immune system in order to prevent the transplant from being rejected.
		Organs do not last long out of the body and lab tests are too long to perform during an operation to be useful.
		The purpose of the cloned human-nonhuman organs is to diminish organ rejection, not viral infection.
	members.tripod.com /zinjanthropus/xenotransplants.htm (1408 words)

	Guide to Collections Relating to the History of Artificial Internal Organs
		The McGowan Center for Artificial Organ Development was begun in 1992 with the support of William and Sue Gin McGowan.
		The engineering and developmental research is housed at The McGowan Center for Artificial Organ Development located in the Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering at the University of Pittsburgh while the surgical program is located at UPMC Presbyterian.
		The Artificial Lung Laboratory is part of the McGowan Center for Artificial Organ Development at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/manuscripts/asaio/mcgowan.html (551 words)

	Article: Organized Cybercrime? How Cyberspace May Affect The Structure of Criminal Relationships
		It is essential to note that organ supply and donor shortages are driving the development of most of the emerging techniques discussed below.
		The future of organ transplantation is promising given current avenues of inquiry.
		Artificial organs have replaced human organs on a limited basis.
	www.jolt.unc.edu /Vol4I2/web/V4I2-Boyd.htm (3679 words)

	Artificial Organs: Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Artificial organs have prolonged the lifespan of humans.
		Organs such as the kidneys, heart and skin are needed in order to survive.
		As technology improves, the design of artificial organs also improves; improvment of aritificial organs lengthens the life of a organ disease sufferer.
	cape.uwaterloo.ca /che100projects/organs (120 words)

	Organ toner \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Bhatia's immediate goal is to design an artificial organ filled with liver cells that could filter toxins from the blood of patients with damaged livers.
		Using a device similar to the one used by the organ printers,Bhatia's group mixed several cell types in a liquid gel, then used electrical fields to gently nudge clusters of different types of cells into specific arrangements before the sheet solidified.
		While much remains to be resolved in all the approaches, bioengineers hope these artificial organs will eventually eliminate the wait for donated organs.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20060720/news_1c20bioi-jmp.html (1953 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / THE INNER LIMITS
		At the least the invention of artificial organs requires audacity, ingenuity, and desperation, all of which happened to be available in highly pure form in Nazi-occupied Holland.
		Of all the procedures in medicine, the switchover to an artificial organ is the one with the highest of highs and the lowest of lows.
		A breakthrough called the Wearable Artificial Kidney, developed at the institute in the mid-1970s, allows patients to be nearly as mobile as they would be with an implantable version of the organ.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/it/1998/3/1998_3_10.shtml (4438 words)

	Therapeutic cloning - How it is done; possible benefits
		I am thinking in particular of attempts at human cloning with a view to obtaining organs for transplants: these techniques, insofar as they involve the manipulation and destruction of human embryos, are not morally acceptable, even when their proposed goal is good in itself.
		For transplants involving kidney (or theoretically any other organ that is duplicated in the body), another individual would not have to experience pain, inconvenience, and potentially shortened life span in order to donate the organ.
		The patient would not have to make-do with a replacement organ that is old and may have reduced functionality; a brand-new organ would be grown specifically for them.
	www.religioustolerance.org /clo_ther.htm (1949 words)

	Artificial organs \| Business solutions from AllBusiness.com
		The recipient of the first self-contained artificial heart has surprised doctors with a rapid recovery that has surpassed their expectations to the point where they...
		The University of Pittsburgh's McGowan Center for Artificial Organ Development could expect a $7 million windfall if the Pittsburgh foundation community is able to meet...
		Shortage of human donor organs to spur market potential for animal and artificial organ transplants, study finds.
	www.allbusiness.com /artificial-organs/3074010-1.html (955 words)

	Bionic EAP Artificial Muscles
		Muscle is a critically needed organ and its availability in an artificial form for medical use can greatly contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of many humans.
		Also, they could potentially be used as artificial organ to assist or operate the heart and/or its valve, the eye lid and/move the eyeball as well as control the focal length of its length, and allow mobility of the legs and/or hand as well as provide smart prosthetics (also known as cyborgs).
		If one considers the use of EAP as artificial organs there are challenges that need to be addressed that are common to the use of any foreign objects as implants in the human body.
	www.ars-journal.com /ars/Free_Articles/Bar-Cohen.htm (3941 words)

	Guide to Collections Relating to the History of Artificial Internal Organs
		This Guide to Collections relating to the History of Artificial Organs is a review of materials located in known repositories as well as private and corporate holdings worldwide.
		This guide is an introduction, not an inventory, to the papers, records, films, tapes, interviews and artifacts relevant to the history of artificial organ developments.
		An introduction to PROJECT BIONICS: Artificial Organs from Discovery to Clinical Use, its aims and history, may be found in the Foreword to this Guide.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/manuscripts/asaio/intro.html (1153 words)

	Artificial Organ History: A Selective Timeline
		1952 --- Kolff-Brigham artificial kidney is used by the U.S. Army in 11th field hospital in Korea under unit chief P. Teschan.
		The artificial kidney - past, present and future.
		Total replacement artificial heart and driving system with inherent regulation of cardiac output.
	echo.gmu.edu /bionics/exhibits.htm (2599 words)

	University of Pittsburgh: PediaFlow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Harvey S. Borovetz is the Deputy Director - Artificial Organs and Medical Devices at the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine as well as the Chair of the Bioengineering department at the University of Pittsburgh.
		After emigration to the United States, Dr. Kameneva joined the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh in 1991 as a visiting scientist of the Artificial Heart and Lung Program and was appointed as a Research Assistant Professor of Surgery in 1996 and as a Research Associate Professor of Surgery in 2000.
		Kameneva's areas of expertise are biorheology, hemorheology, hemodynamics and mechanical blood trauma in artificial organs.
	www.launchpnt.com /University_of_Pittsbur.377.0.html (1825 words)

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