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Topic: Artificial photosynthesis

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	Photosynthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Photosynthesis (photo=light, synthesis=putting together), generally, is the synthesis of sugar from light, carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen as a by-product.
		Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor which is oxidized into molecular oxygen by the absorption of a photon by the photosynthetic reaction centre.
		The surface of the leaf is uniformly coated with a water-resistant, waxy cuticle, that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Photosynthesis (3785 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Photosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Photosynthesis is an important biochemical process in which plants, algae, some bacteria, and some protists convert the energy of sunlight to chemical energy.
		Photosynthesis, process by which green plants and certain other organisms use the energy of light to convert carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose.
		Photosynthesis is a very complex process, and for the sake of convenience and ease of understanding, plant biologists divide it into two stages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Photosynthesis (527 words)

	Artificial photosynthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Artificial photosynthesis is a research field that attempts to replicate the natural process of photosynthesis, converting sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen.
		The hydrogen released in artificial photosynthesis (stage 1) could be used in hydrogen engines to generate "clean" energy.
		Specifically, the Light-independent reaction of photosynthesis could be used to "mop up" excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere [2].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis (220 words)

	The promise of artificial photosynthesis \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		As we learned in school, photosynthesis is the process by which plants extract energy from sunlight to produce carbohydrates and ultimately proteins and fats from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere as a by-product.
		Photosynthesis does this on a massive scale, converting about 1,000bn metric tons of carbon dioxide into organic matter each year, yielding about 700bn metric tons of oxygen.
		Still, tweaking photosynthesis to produce hydrogen rather than electrical energy is the easy bit, and researchers such as Stenbjörn Styring at Lund University in Sweden believe it will be possible to do so in artificial systems within one or two years.
	www.energybulletin.net /317.html (1053 words)

	ABC Radio National: The Buzz 4 September 2004 - Artificial Photosynthesis
		Photosynthesis is simple: plants take carbon dioxide and water, and - using energy provided by sunlight - turn it into oxygen and carbohydrate.
		Well natural photosynthesis started off in the ocean and evolution waterproofed this binding site with a great glob of grease and most of those thousands of atoms which constitute the Rubisco protein are there to actually waterproof the binding site.
		And the implications of that, even forgetting artificial photosynthesis, if we can improve the efficiency of Rubisco from 1.5% to 1.6% and introduce this into crops just the benefits to mankind in terms of higher production, better turnover rate in agriculture, would be absolutely mind-boggling.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/buzz/stories/s1191870.htm (1514 words)

	News in Science - Artificial plants could be carbon sinks - 28/08/2001
		Called the Artificial Photosynthesis Project (ArtPhoto for short), the aim is to construct chemical reactors at coal-burning power stations, which take in excess heat energy, carbon dioxide emissions and synthetic protein, and churn out food.
		Photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture photons of light and carbon dioxide via complex chemistry in their leaves.
		The molecular biochemists in the artificial photosynthesis team are looking at the structure of rubisco to see whether a synthetic version could be made to convert carbon dioxide more efficiently.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s353534.htm (556 words)

	Artificial Photosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In natural photosynthesis a light-harvesting (LH) antenna system with a large optical cross-section (for example the LH2 complex as shown in figure 1) absorbs a photon that is funneled by energy transfer (ET) to the reaction centre [Sun99].
		Photosynthesis occurs for instance in the leaves of plants, in bacteria, and in algae.
		The idea behind artificial photosynthesis is to mimic the sunlight driven water splitting and afterwards reduce the protons to H
	www.chemphys.lu.se /kfresearch/aphotosynth.html (270 words)

	printarticle.
		Photosynthesis is the process by which plants collect solar energy and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food and oxygen.
		These artificial plants may eventually replace silicon as the basis of solar power cells, and might also be used to produce hydrogen fuel.
		Photosynthesis converts light into electricity with 80 per cent efficiency compared with 15 per cent for commercial solar cells and 40 per cent for the best laboratory prototypes, Professor Larkum says.
	www.theage.com.au /cgi-bin/common/printArticle.pl?path=/articles/2002/07/17/1026802709776.html (1039 words)

	Energy at the Speed of Light
		In practical terms, it means using sunlight to break apart the chemical bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water —; H2O — in order to use the elemental hydrogen for generating energy.
		Artificial photosynthesis could provide a clean, renewable alternative to fossil fuels: renewable because it would require only water, clean because its only by-product would be oxygen.
		If we demonstrate that we've designed a reproducible method of sunlight-powered artificial photosynthesis that works, at that moment we publish a paper — proof of concept." That paper will ignite the field much like the first successful artificial photosynthesis experiment did 25 years ago.
	www.rps.psu.edu /0009/energy.html (2555 words)

	Photosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Photosynthesis, the process by which chlorophyll-containing organisms—green plants, algae, and some bacteria—capture energy in the form of light and convert it to chemical energy.
		Artificial photosynthesis is where chemists are able to duplicate photosynthesis by artificial means, resulting systems would have enormous potential for tapping solar energy on a large scale.
		An artificial molecule that remains polarized sufficiently long to react usefully with other molecules has not yet been perfected, but the prospects are promising.
	www.angelfire.com /nj/cultconspiracy/page4.html (153 words)

	Artificial Photosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Photosynthesis is an example of such a photochemical reaction.
		Hence, artificial photosynthesis is the production of a storable fuel and not the production of electricity as is the principle behind solar cell energy.
		The study of artificial photosynthesis can roughly be separated into the study of artificial antenna complexes and the study of artificial reaction centers.
	spider.chemphys.lu.se /kfresearch/aphotosynth.html (270 words)

	Introduction to 2000 Volume VI
		Photosynthesis by D.O. Hall & K.K. Rao was used as a supplementary text.
		The role of photosynthesis in the evolution of the earth's atmosphere was discussed along with current concerns over the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion.
		The seminar ended with a discussion of energy use in the future that included progress in development of systems for artificial photosynthesis and fuel cells.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/6/00.06.intro.x.html (602 words)

	Designing a better catalyst for 'artificial photosynthesis'
		NEW YORK, NY -- Scientists studying the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) -- a crucial step in transforming CO2 to useful organic compounds such as methanol -- are trying to mimic what plants do when they convert CO2 and water to carbohydrates and oxygen in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.
		Such "artificial photosynthesis" could produce inexpensive fuels and raw materials for the chemical industry from renewable solar energy.
		So Fujita and others trying to mimic photosynthesis have turned to artificial catalysts made from robust transition metal complexes such as rhenium complexes.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-09/dnl-dab090303.php (348 words)

	Chemical Approaches to Artificial Photosynthesis. 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In artificial photosynthesis, the goal is to harness the energy of the sun to drive high-energy small-molecule reactions such as water splitting, eq 2, or CO reduction, eq 3.
		Possible application of this approach to artificial photosynthesis and the fuel-forming reaction in eq 3 is illustrated in Figure 3, which highlights the electrode as the initial electron acceptor rather than a molecular unit in a molecular assembly.
		The greatest chemical challenge in the modular approach to artificial photosynthesis is identifying catalysts that have the ability to carry out the necessary multiple electron transformations at energies and rates consistent with the solar irradiance.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/sample.cgi/inocaj/2005/44/i20/html/ic050904r.html (9642 words)

	Special Australian business digest
		Australian researchers are attempting to perfect photosynthesis, in an ambitious scheme to generate new foods, fabrics and even electricity, sustainably.
		Artificial photosynthesis in a controlled environment will be able to offer an astonishing versatility.
		Photosynthesis also uses carbon dioxide in the production of carbohydrates, and large scale artificial photosynthesis can play an important role in sequestrating carbon dioxide to counter global warming.
	www.galtglobalreview.com /australia/australia_roundup23.html (913 words)

	Photosynthesis \|Biology Section Beta-Theta.com\|
		Photosynthesis consists of two stages - a series of light-dependent reactions that do not depend on temperature and a series of temperature-dependent reactions that are light-independent.
		Photosynthesis takes place within cells, in organelles called chloroplasts (in the leaves of plants) that contain the chlorophyll and other chemicals, mainly enzymes, necessary for the various reactions.
		Were chemists able to duplicate photosynthesis by artificial means, resulting systems would have enormous potential for tapping solar energy on a large scale.
	www.beta-theta.com /Biology/Photo.html (623 words)

	Photosynthesis and the Web: 2005
		The Avron-Wilstätter Center for Photosynthesis Research is located at the Weizmann Institute of Science (http://www.weizmann.ac.il/weiz/research/wilstatter_ctr.html) and is working with several groups to study many areas of photosynthesis.
		"Photosynthesis and Time" by Govindjee and Matej Lexa (http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/ptime/): The time sequence of the light reactions of photosynthesis are taught through a "click-on" window (with the four protein complexes in it), and through a movie.
		Photosynthesis by D.O. Hall and K.K. Rao has gone through several editions and is still one of the best textbooks for the study of photosynthesis (http://www.cup.org/ObjectBuilder/ObjectBuilder.iwx?processName=productPage&product_id=0521430364&origin=redirect).
	photoscience.la.asu.edu /photosyn/photoweb/default.html (9551 words)

	US Government Sales::Artificial Photosynthesis: From Basic Biology to Industrial Application
		Since the events crucial to plant photosynthesis are now known in molecular detail, this process is no longer nature's secret, but can for the first time be mimicked by technology.
		Broad in its scope, this book spans the basics of biological photosynthesis right up to the current approaches for its technical exploitation, making it the most complete resource on artificial photosynthesis ever published.
		The contents draw on the expertise of the Australian Artificial Photosynthesis Network, currently the world's largest coordinated research effort to develop effective photosynthesis technology.
	gov.wiley.com /WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-3527310908.html (212 words)

	The Promise of Artificial Photosynthesis -- Nanotechnology The Magic Of Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Researchers are creating artificial systems that exploit the chemistry of photosynthesis to produce hydrogen or other fuels, for both engines and electricity, in a search for alternative sources of energy.
		> >As we learned in school, photosynthesis is the process >by which plants extract energy from sunlight to >produce carbohydrates and ultimately proteins and fats >from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen into >the atmosphere as a by-product.
		> >Still, tweaking photosynthesis to produce hydrogen >rather than electrical energy is the easy bit, and >researchers such as Stenbjörn Styring at Lund >University in Sweden believe it will be possible to do >so in artificial systems within one or two years.
	www.voy.com /28371/428.html (1857 words)

	ASU Research E-Magazine: Mimicking Nature's Engine
		Scientists at ASU’s Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis are one step closer to mimicking the way plants harvest and exploit the sun’s energy.
		In agriculture, scientists could use their knowledge of photosynthesis to adapt plants for specific purposes, Gust explains.
		Artificial photosynthesis research also influences the emerging field of molecular electronics, Gust continues.
	researchmag.asu.edu /stories/mimick.html (391 words)

	Artificial Light Photosynthesis Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Artificial lights are useful when natural window light is insufficient.
		Plants absorb red and blue light, both are used to control photosynthesis and various aspects of plant...
		of artificial light: artificial light is as beneficial to a plant as natural light...
	www.plants-n-seeds.com /4/artificial-light-photosynthesis-plant.html (469 words)

	Prof. Norris - Chemistry Department - University of Chicago
		The goal of the research is a more complete understanding of the beginning of the process of natural photosynthesis such that artificial photosynthesis can be a reality.
		The mechanism and structural requirements of photosynthesis are explored via a series of photosynthetic proteins altered by sitedirected mutagenesis and by model compounds.
		Single crystals of the reaction-center protein from Blastochloris viridis were analyzed by monochromatic and Laue diffraction, in the dark and 3 ms after illuminating the crystal with a pulsed laser.
	chemistry.uchicago.edu /fac/norris.shtml (619 words)

	Fuel Cell Works Supplemental News Page
		Plant photosynthesis has long been studied with an eye to understanding its underlying mechanisms and then applying this knowledge to the production of energy for the needs of society.
		Lindblad’s team is studying living cyanobacteria (a kind of alga) and is altering their metabolism at the genetic level so they produce hydrogen without absorbing it at the same time.
		Styring heads a team that is studying the mechanisms of natural photosynthesis at the biochemical level, while a third team led by a group of young scientists are busy synthesizing the molecule complexes necessary to imitate the natural process.
	www.fuelcellsworks.com /Supppage2105.html (448 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Biochemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It was thought that only living beings could produce the molecules of life (from other, previously existing biomolecules).
		Then, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published a paper about the synthesis of urea, proving that organic compounds can be created artificially.
		The dawn of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833 by Anselme Payen.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Biochemistry (2589 words)

	Amazon.com: Photosynthesis: Books: David O. Hall,Krishna Rao (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Of extreme importance for all life on this planet, photosynthesis is one of the most widely studied topics in the physiology of plants.
		With serious discussion and research now being done in bringing about "artificial" photosynthesis, anyone interested in these kinds of developments will need to first have a solid grounding in the mechanisms behind photosynthesis in plants.
		The 'Research in Photosynthesis' chapter is very good, except that I have the fifth edition (1994),and my guess is the material may be quite dated.
	www.amazon.com /Photosynthesis-David-O-Hall/dp/0521644976 (1393 words)

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