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	Artificial reef - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An artificial reef is a man-made, underwater structure, typically built for the purpose of promoting marine life in areas of generally featureless bottom.
		Artificial reefs enhance the diversity of marine life in the midst of barren sea beds, providing a venue for ecotourist SCUBA divers, reducing overuse of historically valuable wrecks.
		The world's largest artificial reef is located 24 miles off the coast of Pensacola, Florida, and is composed of the warship USS Oriskany, which was sunk with controlled charges on May 17, 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_reef (1067 words)

	NJDEP Division of Fish & Wildlife - Artificial Reef Program
		The purpose is to create a network of artificial reefs in the ocean waters along the New Jersey coast to provide a hard substrate for fish, shellfish and crustaceans, fishing grounds for anglers, and underwater structures for scuba divers.
		Artificial reefs are constructed by intentionally placing dense materials, such as old ships and barges, concrete and steel demolition debris and dredge rock on the sea floor within designated reef sites.
		Reefs are now being used extensively by anglers and divers who catch sea bass, flfish, porgy and lobster.
	www.state.nj.us /dep/fgw/artreef.htm (314 words)

	Artificial Reefs
		A natural Reef can be characterized as an elevated hard surface on which sedentary or encrusting animals live, such as sponges, hydroids, anemones, and bryozoans; These animals increase the opportunities to catch plankton while minimizing the smothering effect of settling sediments.
		Artificial reefs are man-made or natural objects placed in selected areas of the marine environment to provide or improve solid and rough bottom habitat and thereby increase the productivity and harvestability of certain fish valuable to man.
		A new artificial reef continues to be attractive to juvenile fishes probably because of reduced competition for unclaimed territories.
	www.sbg.ac.at /ipk/avstudio/pierofun/ar/reef.htm (2926 words)

	Palm Beach County Department of Environmental Resources Management - Artificial Reef
		Artificial reefs are man-made habitats built from various materials including rock, old ships, heavy-gauge steel structures, concrete, and prefabricated modules.
		A Socioeconomic Study of Reef Resources was conducted to assess the economic value of our reefs, including artificial reefs, in 2001.
		The artificial reefs are monitored to document the physical state of the reef and the utilization of the reef by fish and benthic organisms.
	www.co.palm-beach.fl.us /erm/enhancement/reef.asp (863 words)

	Artificial Reefs
		South Carolina's marine artificial reefs are constructed from a wide variety of materials ranging from various forms of suitable scrap to specifically designed and constructed reef habitat structures.
		The South Carolina Marine Artificial Reef Program is a leader in the design, testing and utilization of these artificial reef structures in the United States with over a dozen different designs of habitat units having been deployed and tested on its reefs since 1983.
		Marine artificial reefs are constructed in South Carolina primarily to enhance saltwater fishing opportunities for recreational anglers, and to provide additional locations of interest for the growing number of sport divers in the state.
	www.dnr.sc.gov /marine/pub/seascience/artreef.html (2620 words)

	Taylor County Extension Artificial Reef Permitting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Taylor County Artificial Reef Program is actively working to re-permit the existing "Buckeye" artificial reef area (also visit the Taylor County Artificial Reef coordinates from FWC), while the development of a new site will depend on the amount of public support and assistance for the program.
		In evaluating an artificial reef permit application, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) must ensure the project is consistent with the Corps regulations published in 33 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Parts 320-330.
		The Corps is also tasked with ensuring an artificial reef, if permitted is in accordance with the appropriate provisions of the National Fishing Enhancement Act (NFEA) of 1984.
	taylor.ifas.ufl.edu /marine/reef/reef_permit.htm (799 words)

	Artificial fishing reef economies and construction on the Florida Gulf Coast
		We have discussed the issue facing artificial reefs as to whether they hasten verfishing by merely redistributing an existing population of fish rather than increasing the size of the biomass.
		Few anglers felt that artificial reefs were more productive than natural reef systems.
		In general, it would appear that fishers and divers are well satisfied with the present artificial reef program, but feel it should be expanded to accommodate the perceived increase in demand for this recreational aid.
	www.brownmarine.com /artificial_reef.htm (582 words)

	ARTIFICIAL REEF PROGRAM SUMMARY OVERVIEW
		Artificial reef development in Florida only began with any regularity in the late 1970's when more state funded and sponsored projects were conducted and more dependable funding sources began to be established.
		Reef projects have included studies on reef spacing and design, material stability, storm impacts, long-term studies of reef community succession, residency of benthic species on artificial reefs, juvenile fish recruitment and the impacts of directed fishing mortality on artificial reef biomass and species diversity.
		Allowable materials for artificial reef use are determined by ACOE and DEP permit criteria and tend to emphasize heavy, stable, durable and non-polluting materials.
	myfwc.com /marine/ar/arOverview.html (1775 words)

	Opunake Artificial Reef taranki surf high 45 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Artificial surf reefs are a relatively new technology used to increase the number of available surfing days and the quality of waves for surfing.
		Also of those attracted by the reef but who choose to stay outside the district but within Taranaki, it is assumed that they will visit the district on 1 out of their average 2.68 days stay and that their expenditure in the district will average about $25 per day.
		Artificial reefs elsewhere in the world have shown positive effects by providing a home for crustaceans, seaweed and other algae, fish and other marine life.
	www.reef.opunake.co.nz /opunake_artificial_reef.htm (10022 words)

	Reef - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Many reefs result from abiotic processes—deposition of sand, wave erosion planning down rock outcrops, and other natural processes— but the best-known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters developed through biotic processes dominated by corals and calcareous algae.
		Reefs can be created artificially either by special construction or through deliberately sinking ships, but one can argue that these "reefs" are not real ones, as it is seldom the case that an artificial obstruction would be created that is a hazard to shipping.
		Thus, "artificial reef" is a misnomer, though firmly established as the term used for man-made underwater habitat structures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reef (317 words)

	Reef Ball Foundation
		Our projects include artificial reefs, estuary restoration, red mangrove plantings, oyster reef creation, coral propagation, advise for biological recovery from disasters, erosion control (often beach erosion), education on preserving natural reefs and include the world's most practical and advanced reef rehabilitation systems now in use.
		Artificial Reef Construction and Deployment, Coral Reef Restoration Activities, Coral Propagation and Planting, Coral Rescue and Transplanting, Red Mangrove Planting and Monitoring and Data Collection.
		Above is a single reef ball placed on dead reef in Indonesia that was destroyed by dynamite fishing and is unable to recover naturally because of loose substrate.
	www.reefball.org (818 words)

	NYS DEC Artificial Reef Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Reef building began with the completion of the Howland Hook Marine Terminal extension and strengthening project in Staten Island which began in December 2003.
		Reef materials for the next deployments were generated from the reconstruction of the Shinnecock Inlet west jetty.
		If you are interested in assisting with some aspect of the Artificial Reef Program, please contact the DEC at (631) 444-0438.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dfwmr/marine/access/reefs02.html (499 words)

	The Artificial Reefs of Volusia County,Florida and The "Reef Team
		This web site is maintained by the Volusia County Reef Research Dive Team Inc. The site provides current and detailed information about the county's thirteen artificial reefs located offshore of Daytona Beach, Florida.
		The objective was to provide alternative nearby artificial reefs to reduce the impact of an increasing number of boaters visiting the local natural reefs.
		After more than 20 years of monitoring, it is apparent that the current thirteen permitted artificial reef sites are providing the anticipated relief for the natural reefs located farther offshore.
	www.volusiareefs.org (421 words)

	Welcome to the Martin County Artificial Reef
		Martin County’s Artificial Reef Program had its infancy in the 1970s, when a group of retirees and sportfishing enthusiasts led by Bill Donaldson – calling themselves the “Reeftirees” – began a movement to create self-sustaining marine habitats.
		Each of these three permitted reef areas contain several artificial reefs which have been deployed over the past several years, and additional reef materials continue to be added to these areas.
		The material used for the nearshore reefs was the concrete debris from the removal of the Evans Crary Bridge, which was replaced with a high-rise bridge crossing the St. Lucie River between Stuart and Sewalls Point.
	www.martinreefs.com (355 words)

	New York has been working to have artificial reefs in NY waters protected as Artificial Reef Management Areas
		Artificial reefs are an environmental and economic boon for New Jersey.
		All Department-managed artificial reefs within state marine and coastal waters, including the area within 500 feet of the bounds of these artificial reefs, are designated as artificial reef management areas, or ARMAs.
		The artificial reefs were specifically built to be fully utilized by all fishermen, not to be overly protected to the point that the normal users would become law violators.
	www.scubanj.org /Art_reef_issues.html (4257 words)

	Artificial Reef Story - 3
		The reef is being built in southern Orange County by Southern California Edison as mitigation for damaging kelp beds near its nuclear power plant in San Onofre.
		As a mitigation tool for port projects, artificial reefs are controversial since the reefs are meant to enhance nearshore, rocky habitat while most port projects impact wetlands and lagoons, totally different ecosystems.
		Vertical surfaces on artificial reefs are dominated by bryozoans, hydroids, and sponges.
	www-csgc.ucsd.edu /STORIES/ArtificialReefs3.html (972 words)

	Artificial Reefs
		Artificial reefs created by Lee County must not only attract and hold fish that recreational fisherman enjoy catching, but must also create viable, long-lasting marine habitat that complement the natural ledges and outcroppings that are occasionally seen off Lee County's coast.
		Artificial reefs in Lee County waters will continue to provide diverse fishing pleasure for many years to come.
		Click on the reef and you will be taken to a separate page that has an Adobe.pdf map showing the different depositions of material that fall within the site.
	www.lee-county.com /naturalresources/artreef.htm (260 words)

	NJDEP Division of Fish & Wildlife - Locations of New Jersey Artificial Reefs
		The Division of Fish and Wildlife is currently maintaining 15 reef sites in the ocean along the New Jersey coast as part of the Artificial Reef Program.
		Reefs are constructed by intentionally placing very heavy structures, such as old ships, concrete debris, rock, obsolete army tanks and prefabricated concrete artificial reef units on the sea floor.
		Reef sites should be avoided by operations using equipment on the sea floor, such as commercial trawl, net and dredge fisheries, cable or pipeline projects and sand or mineral mining projects.
	www.state.nj.us /dep/fgw/refloc00.htm (331 words)

	Alabama's Artificial Reef Program
		Alabama's Artificial Reef Program is the product of a cooperative agreement between the U. Army Corps of Engineers and the Marine Resources Division of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
		The advantages to utilizing the General Permit Areas for artificial reef construction are numerous, however, the three main advantages are: (A) a permit can be acquired in most instances within one (1) working day after the request is made.
		If permitted reef material is transported through Alabama waters for deployment in another state's waters, permits from that state must be in the possession of the permittee, in addition to the Alabama permit.
	www.outdooralabama.com /fishing/saltwater/where/artificial-reefs (646 words)

	MiamiHerald.com \| 09/20/2006 \| Artificial reef made of tires becomes ecological disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A plan in the early 1970s to create a massive artificial reef off Fort Lauderdale has turned into an environmental mess with the U.S. Navy, Broward County and others trying to figure out how to remove about two million tires covering 36 acres of ocean floor.
		The idea was that an artificial reef -- called Osborne Reef -- would form from the stacked tires.
		Unlike sunken barges also used to build artificial reefs, the tires moved with the tide, and marine life never formed.
	www.miami.com /mld/miamiherald/15560115.htm (828 words)

	Locations of Artificial Reefs and Wrecks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		See additional reefs for new reefs that don't appear on the map or have descriptions yet.
		Consists of 100 tire/concrete reef units placed 50 to 150 feet south of the pier.
		Reef is unmarked, ship bears 173°/29.5 nm from buoy "2LR" at Little River Inlet and 113°/31.5 nm from buoy "MI" at Murrells Inlet.
	www.dnr.state.sc.us /marine/pub/seascience/reefloc.html (609 words)

	Bournemouth Surf Reef at Boscombe Pier, europes first Artificial surfing reef wil be built soon
		Original estimates of the reef costing around £500,000 have been halved by Professor Black, who now believes that the reef could be built for the same cost or less than the traditional Wooden groynes, so long a feature of Bournemouths seafront.
		The reef would be designed to protect a slightly shortened pier which is in a poor state and which would otherwise have to be demolished, or else rebuilt at great cost in the near future.
		The reef is made up of huge sausage-like bags of sand which will be placed in around 6m of water around 250m from the coast with the waves peeling off from either side of the triangular shape.
	www.bournemouth-surfing.co.uk /community-reef.php (2332 words)

	Physalia Ocean Sciences, Inc. - Artificial Reef Links
		Artificial Reefs of the Florida Keys - research and documentation of artificial reefs from Indiana University.
		Third Generation Artificial Reefs - The author of this paper describes several different types of artificial reefs, and then explains how a newly-developed mineral accretion technology may build artificial reefs which are intrinsically superior to other methods in terms of biological restoration and structural stability.
		Louisiana Artificial Reef Program - established in 1986 to offset the loss of recreational and commercial fishing opportunities associated with the removal of offshore oil and gas platforms.
	www.physaliaos.com /sect2-9.htm (512 words)

	Eternal Reefs, A Cremation Memorial Option
		For families and individuals that choose cremation, Eternal Reefs offers a new memorial choice that replaces cremation urns and ash scattering with a permanent environmental living legacy.
		Families and friends are invited and encouraged to participate in the creation of their loved ones memorial reef.
		Her grandchildren helped create her memorial reef, we all took photos with her reef and wrote personal messages, some of her childhood friends even attended the dedication ceremony.
	www.eternalreefs.com (251 words)

	Acosta Bridge Artificial Reef (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Jacksonville Reef Research Team (RRT) donated their time to complete numerous bottom surveys, assisted in the deployment of the reef, verifying reef placements, and created a full report of the deployment for the The City or Jacksonville and DNR.
		Monitoring the progress of this new artificial reef was considered critical by the RRT for several reasons.
		Second, if the reef became too spread out in an arch, the buoy would have needed to be repositioned.
	www.jaxrrt.org /acosta.htm (880 words)

	New artificial reef proposed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The artificial reef site already holds a 150-foot barge with a 50-foot sailboat lashed to its deck and 6,500 tons of concrete.
		A similar Miami River ship, the 200-foot Sylvinia Express, was sunk as a fishing reef in the summer of 2003 in 277 feet of water off the Tiara condominium north of the Lake Worth Inlet.
		Coordinates for the Sylvinia Express are: 26/47.67 N and 79/59.17 W. During the Sept. 14 meeting of Palm Beach County's Artificial Reef and Estuarine Enhancement Committee, members also discussed the possibility of creating oyster reefs where filter-feeding oysters would grow and cleanse water in the Lake Worth Lagoon.
	www.palmbeachpost.com /sports/content/sports/epaper/2006/10/01/a16b_howard_1001.html (654 words)

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