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	Artificial selection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Artificial selection that produces an undesirable outcome from a human perspective is sometimes called negative selection (but note that this term has a better-established meaning as a type of natural selection).
		Essentially, in artificial selection, the fitness of an organism is defined in part by its display of the traits being selected for by humans.
		Most examples of artificial selection fall into the category of selective breeding, in which particular individuals are selected for breeding because they possess desired characteristics or excluded from breeding because their traits are undesirable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_selection (795 words)

	Natural selection - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Selection at a different level than the individual, for example the gene, can result in an increase in fitness for that gene, while at the same time reducing the fitness of the individuals carrying that gene (see intragenomic conflict for more details).
		A strong selective sweep results in a region of the genome where the positively selected haplotype (the allele and its neighbours) are essentially the only ones that exist in the population.
		Selective mating can be the result of, for example, a change in the physical environment (physical isolation by an extrinsic barrier), or by sexual selection resulting in assortative mating.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natural_selection (5919 words)

	Artificial Selection
		Artificial selection in this sense refers to the conscious ways human beings alter the environments of organisms (including their own environment) so as to alter the evolution of these organism's species.
		Traits that would lead to thriving under natural selection, such as a gorilla's size, or to utter extinction, such as aggressive behavior in small yappy dogs, are very often the exact traits which lead to the opposite outcome under artificial selection pressure.
		Controversially, profound examples of artificial selection are often said to be seen in humans themselves, who employ substantial cultural bias in mate selection, most obviously in the preference of human females for socially powerful mates - a factor which is not directly related to natural ecology or to simple secondary sexual characteristics.
	www.doggy411.com /show_article.do?id=193 (1375 words)

	Evolving AI-Life by Natural Selection (Alastair Channon's Artificial Life)
		Computational natural selection, in which the phenotype to fitness mapping is an emergent property of the evolving environment and competition is biotic rather than abiotic, is a paradigm that aims towards the creation of open-ended evolutionary systems.
		Indeed, Darwin introduced natural selection by reference and contrast to artificial selection, as carried out in mankind's selective breeding of animals and plants, which is an active selection mechanism.
		Purely artificial selection models, such as traditional genetic algorithms, are argued to be fundamentally inadequate for this calling and existing natural selection systems are evaluated.
	www.channon.net /alastair (2074 words)

	Introduction to Natural and Sexual Selection
		While artificial selection is useful for documenting the genetic causes of behaviors and correlations between behavior and other traits, adaptational hypotheses are bested tested in nature on animals that experience the force of natural and sexual selection.
		Directional selection also has a unique effect on the population -- it leads to an evolutionary response to selection that changes the mean of the trait from one generation to the next if the trait has a heritable component.
		Selection on maternal investment should have a genetic basis if the trait is to respond to natural selection and indeed egg size of the mother is positively correlated with egg size of daughter's.
	bio.research.ucsc.edu /~barrylab/classes/animal_behavior/SELECT.HTM (11775 words)

	Predictions of Patterns of Response to Artificial Selection in Lines Derived From Natural Populations -- Zhang and Hill ...
		and the response of the trait to artificial selection.
		Base populations for artificial selection are either drawn immediately from the wild ("NS") or maintained captive for 32 generations at a constant size of 160 individuals ("NS-c") under two recombination rates: free recombination between loci (thin solid lines) and three chromosomes each of length 1 M (dashed lines).
		from 0.31 to 0.52 for artificial selection in a population of
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/169/1/411 (7190 words)

	Without Miracles: The Artificial Selection of Organisms and Molecules
		14 The Artificial Selection of Organisms and Molecules
		Screening (the breeder's term for selecting certain individuals from a large population of specimens) is now possible in the test tube where it is referred to as in vitro selection.
		In addition, screening (selection) may involve considerable time and effort, as when applying chemicals such as pesticides or salt, and having to wait and select the plants that are the least affected for the next round of breeding.
	faculty.ed.uiuc.edu /g-cziko/wm/14.html (6135 words)

	Artificial selection - EvoWiki
		Crops and livestock are selected for their yield, still by differential reproduction, but this time because farmers choose which individual animals are allowed to reproduce, and which seeds are sown for the next crop.
		By choosing carefully the phenotypes we desire we have made tall cerial crops which produce lots of grain, fat cows which produce lots of milk and meat, sheep which produce lots of wool, strong horses and chickens which produce lots of eggs.
		Artificial selection has been taking place for 10,000 years, since the first farmers of the fertile crescent.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Artificial_selection (306 words)

	SparkNotes: Natural Selection: Artificial Selection
		Like natural selection, artificial selection acts by allowing differential reproductive success to individuals with different genetically determined traits in order to increase the frequency of desirable traits in the population.
		Instead, artificially selected traits are based on what the person breeding the plants and animals desires.
		In the process of selecting for this appearance, a genetic defect has increased in frequency in the population.
	www.sparknotes.com /biology/evolution/naturalselection/section3.rhtml (342 words)

	Selection - EvoWiki
		Any process that causes differential reproduction is a selection process.
		Selection may either increase diversity (for example, frequency-dependent selection where the minority type is advantaged) or decrease diversity (for example, selection bringing an advantageous mutation to fixation).
		Such processes include mutation, meiotic drive, selective mating, and environmental effects.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Selection (93 words)

	News Release: Artificial Selection of Mating Behavior Results in Larger-Than-Expected Changes to Fruit Fly Genes
		“Artificial selection has been used to improve crop science and to improve animal species; the more general question now is, ‘What are the genomic responses to artificial selection?’” Mackay said.
		The phenotypic response to selection was highly asymmetrical in the direction of reduced mating speed, with estimates of realized heritability averaging 7%.
		The selection response was largely attributable to a reduction in female receptivity.
	www.ncsu.edu /news/press_releases/05_05/108.htm (745 words)

	Dogs > Evolution and Diversity > Natural and Artificial Selection > Artificial Selection
		Selected for hunting, herding, protection, companionship, and looks, dogs were welcomed into households of all kinds.
		involves carefully selecting certain dogs for inherited traits like body type, coat characteristics, speed, herding, hunting, endurance, and size.
		produces new forms by crossing two breeds that differ in appearance or behavior, followed by selective breeding of the offspring.
	www.nhm.org /exhibitions/dogs/evolution/selection/artificial.html (628 words)

	Dogs > Evolution and Diversity > Natural and Artificial Selection
		The ones that do survive and are able to breed pass certain traits down to their offspring: such as a curly tail or a spotted coat.
		With artificial selection, humans decide which dogs survive and breed.
		With natural selection, only those that can meet nature's challenges are the ones that survive and breed.
	www.nhm.org /exhibitions/dogs/evolution/selection (219 words)

	Charles Darwin II
		Darwin chose the term because the process works much like “artificial selection,” the methods people have long used to produce and maintain the breeds of animals and plants that we live with.
		Unlike artificial selection, natural selection is ever present, ongoing, long term, and utterly beyond human control or prediction.
		At the same time, there is no telling how well a species can resist the disease, how many nearly starved individuals are able to travel a long distance to the next food-rich plateau, or how clever some individuals might be in protecting their kids from the new carnivore that is tracking them.
	www.visionlearning.com /library/module_viewer.php?mid=111 (1577 words)

	The Effects of Artificial Selection on the Maize Genome -- Wright et al. 308 (5726): 1310 -- Science
		The Effects of Artificial Selection on the Maize Genome -- Wright et al.
		Selection Under Domestication: Evidence for a Sweep in the Rice Waxy Genomic Region.
		Selective sweep mapping of genes with large phenotypic effects.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/308/5726/1310 (593 words)

	Pattern of polymorphism after strong artificial selection in a domestication event -- Innan and Kim 101 (29): 10667 -- ...
		, strong artificial selection becomes active on an allele at frequency p, which was neutral in the ancestral population.
		Artificial selection during domestication is modeled as follows.
		The effect of selection intensity (2Ns) is presented in Fig.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/29/10667 (3764 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Natural selection is sometimes contested as a mechanism for the evolution of living things.
		What is even more remarkable, much of this artificial selection was accomplished in ancient times by people who did not have modern biological concepts.
		To gain some idea of the degree to which artificial selection has resulted in wide variations, consider the Eurasian cabbage and its varieties.
	courses.agri.huji.ac.il /71314/artificial-selection-ed.html (451 words)

	Dog Breeds: An Example of Artificial Selection
		Selecting for different traits over hundreds of years of breeding has caused different dog breeds to have distinctive characteristics.
		A breed is a group of domestic animals within a species whose appearance has been determined by artificial selection over many generations.
		In nature, the most well-adapted animals are more likely to survive and reproduce, but in dog breeding, the dogs with the desirable characteristics are allowed to reproduce by the breeders.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /cool_stuff/tour_evolution_7.html (832 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		In the selection for a low number of hairs, the irradiation is ineffective.
		The selection response in irradiated lines is associated with an increase of genetic variability.
		After a relaxation of the selection and a suspension of the treatment, there is a regression of the average value of the selection characteristic which is stabilized at a higher level, however, than that at the beginning of the experiment.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4231403 (262 words)

	Lines of Evidence: Artificial Selection
		People have been artificially selecting domesticated plants and animals for thousands of years.
		These observations demonstrate that selection has profound effects on populations and has the ability to modify forms and behaviors of living things to the point that they look and act very unlike their ancestors.
		It is a small step to envision natural conditions acting selectively on populations and causing natural changes.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evosite/lines/IVAartselection.shtml (205 words)

	Activity 1.1 Artificial Selection
		Brussels sprouts, for example, are a domesticated variety of wild Brassica that were artificially selected for large bud size.
		Broccoli and cabbage were bred from Brassica by selecting for large flower stalks and short petioles, respectively.
		In this activity, you’ll use artificial selection to develop a strain of broccoli that can be grown in a cool, moist environment.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_freeman_biosci_1/0,6452,498249-,00.html (124 words)

	PBS - harvest of fear: engineer a crop (hot science)
		We've had success with the methods mentioned above (especially cross-pollinating), but because they rely on the random mixing of all of a plant's tens of thousands of genes, the odds of producing a crop with a desired trait is akin to winning a lottery.
		Today scientists can produce a change quickly by selecting a single gene that may result in a desired trait and inserting that gene directly into the chromosome of an organism.
		These activities let you compare the traditional method of selective breeding with one of the latest transgenic methods.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/harvest/engineer (293 words)

	Artificial Selection in a System of Self-Replicating Strings (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Artificial Selection in a System of Self-Replicating Strings (ResearchIndex)
		Artificial Selection in a System of Self-Replicating Strings
		64 Artificial Life II (context) - Langton, Taylor et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /111322.html (315 words)

	From the Cover: Artificial ecosystem selection -- Swenson et al. 97 (16): 9110 -- Proceedings of the National Academy ...
		Artificial selection has been practiced for centuries to shape the properties of individual organisms, providing Darwin with
		selection can be used for practical purposes, illustrates an important
		belief that selection is most effective at lower levels of the
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/97/16/9110 (203 words)

	Evolution 101: Evolutionary Change
		Long before Darwin and Wallace, farmers and breeders were using the idea of selection to cause major changes in the features of their plants and animals over the course of decades.
		Farmers and breeders allowed only the plants and animals with desirable characteristics to reproduce, causing the evolution of farm stock.
		This process is called artificial selection because people (instead of nature) select which organisms get to reproduce.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evosite/evo101/IIIE4Evochange.shtml (150 words)

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