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	Artificial womb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the field of ectogenesis, an artificial womb is used to grow an embryo outside the body of a female.
		The use of artificial wombs would be to assist women with damaged or diseased wombs to be able to conceive to term.
		Artificial wombs have made an appearance in two of the famous Gundam series; in Gundam Wing, one of the main characters has 29 sisters that were born from artificial wombs; in Gundam SEED, Kira Yamato is the Ultimate Coordinator because he was grown from an artificial womb.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_womb (626 words)

	The End of Pregnancy
		While the plastic womb is still only a prototype, Kuwabara predicts that a fully functioning artificial womb capable of gestating a human foetus may be a reality in less than six years.Others are more sceptical, but say we will probably see the mass use of artificial wombs by the time today's babies become parents.
		Artificial wombs will most likely first be used as intensive care units for foe- tuses in cases where either the mother is ill and can no longer carry the child or where the foetus is ill and needs to be removed from the mother's womb and cared for where it can be easily monitored.
		The artificial womb represents the completion of an even longer historic process that began nearly 400 years ago at the dawn of the scientific age.
	www.commondreams.org /views02/0117-05.htm (1354 words)

	Artificial womb -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the field of (additional info and facts about ectogenesis) ectogenesis, an artificial womb is used to grow an (An animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life) embryo outside the body of a female.
		Research into the engineering of an artificial womb was conducted at the (A university in Ithaca, New York) Cornell University Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, under Dr. Hung-Ching Liu.
		In fiction, the use of artificial wombs is most famously described by (English writer; grandson of Thomas Huxley who is remembered mainly for his depiction of a scientifically controlled utopia (1894-1963)) Aldous Huxley in his 1932 novel, (additional info and facts about Brave New World) Brave New World.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ar/artificial_womb.htm (534 words)

	The New Atlantis - A Journal of Technology and Society
		Proponents of artificial wombs also point to what they see as the potential medical benefits of this technology: helping women who have suffered multiple miscarriages due to problems with embryo implantation, or women who have had hysterectomies due to uterine cancer.
		For women with multiple pregnancies, artificial wombs could provide temporary quarters for one or two fetuses toward the end of gestation, when a woman’s womb becomes more crowded and the risk of complications to herself and her children are greater.
		In this context, artificial wombs could be viewed as simply a continuation and expansion of the new idea of the family.
	www.thenewatlantis.com /archive/3/rosen.htm (3693 words)

	In loco parentis
		Artificial wombs might end abortion, but the price would be the end of the family.
		At Cornell, womb cells have been replicated and fashioned into an out-of-body receptacle that has kept human embryos alive for several days, before the experiment — and the babies — were terminated to comply with in-vitro fertilization laws.
		But while the artificial womb may be beneficial in battling the holocaust of abortion, it comes with a monumental cost: the technological obsolescence of motherhood.
	www.catholiceducation.org /articles/abortion/ab0079.html (838 words)

	Artificial Wombs & Abortion
		Artificial womb technology, if successful, will catapult viability all the way back to the date of conception and will allow states to restrict or prohibit abortions throughout pregnancy.
		Here, physicians are not able to extract a fetus from the womb and transplant it, but are able to successfully grow an embryo into a baby when it is initially implanted in an artificial womb.
		And feminists, who might see artificial wombs as a boon to women too busy with their careers to worry about nine months of inconvenient pregnancy, may find that the same liberating technology results in a significant curtailment of their Constitutional right to abortion.
	www.mattlesnake.com /essay4.html (1097 words)

	Commentaries by Michelle Hibbert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This tank of fluid, an "artificial womb," is an attempt to technologically recreate the maternal womb and sustain developing fetal life.
		Artificial wombs may also represent the only means of begetting children in cases where the intended parents of the resulting children are single men, single women, or even gay or heterosexual couples who are unwilling to hire a human surrogate to act as the host for their genetically related or adopted embryo.
		Neither is the use of an artificial womb to gestate children deeply rooted in this country's tradition or in the conscience of the people.
	www.law.asu.edu /?id=8296 (1148 words)

	Reason (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Artificially supplying and managing nutrients, eliminating wastes and orchestrating delicate hormonal balances over the course of a pregnancy are vast problems that will not be easily solved.
		Once started, the artificial womb and attached embryo might be inserted into an infertile woman's uterus to overcome her infertility.
		But rather than expending all scientific talent and resources developing artificial wombs, I suspect that it will be much easier and cheaper to establish pregnancies with human embryos in other mammals, like cows and horses, than it will be to achieve the same thing using artificial uteruses.
	www.reason.com /rb/rb082003.shtml (884 words)

	The Observer \| International \| Men redundant? Now we don't need women either
		Artificial wombs could end many women's childbirth problems - but they also raise major ethical headaches which will be debated at a major international conference titled 'The End of Natural Motherhood?' in Oklahoma next week.
		An artificial womb would be made from their own endometrium cells, an embryo placed inside it, and allowed to settle and grow before the whole package is placed back in her body.
		But if artificial wombs are developed, the foetus could be placed in one, and the woman told she has to look after it once it has developed into a child.'
	observer.guardian.co.uk /international/story/0,6903,648024,00.html (971 words)

	Artificial Wombs: From Embryo Farms to Fetus Farms
		fully functioning artificial womb capable of gestating a human foetus may be a reality in less than six years.
		Artificial wombs erase the line between in vitro embryos and implanted embryos.
		Each womb is shaped like a section of the mammalian version it mimics: The artificial human mold is bowl-shaped; the faux mouse womb is a doughnut-shaped section of a mouse’s tubular uterus.
	www.nrlc.org /killing_embryos/ArtificialWombs.html (1425 words)

	Artificial wombs here by 2010, researchers claim \| Betterhumans > Blog Post (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Artificial wombs fill the middle gap; the time when the fetus develops most of its organs.
		Artificial wombs will enable people to raise children at any age, married, single, gay, or heterosexual, simply by selecting genes from any combination of their own DNA and a third party.
		Artificial wombs define the next natural step in our future which holds promise to raise the physical and emotional quality of human life.
	www.betterhumans.com /Members/futuretalk/BlogPost/821/Default.aspx (891 words)

	LivingBold Article: Artificial Wombs
		While the plastic womb is still only a prototype, Kuwabara predicts that a fully functioning artificial womb capable of gestating a human fetus may be a reality in less than six years.
		Artificial wombs mean controlled pregnancies, a huge supply of babies for adoption, virtually no infertility issues, and maybe healthier children.
		The artificial womb isn't available for general use yet, but it might be around the corner.
	www.livingbold.net /articles/lb020513a.html (622 words)

	Technology will change the abortion debate [Free Republic]
		Artificial wombs were a common feature in science fiction writings many decades before 'Dark Angel' hit the small screen.
		Women would stigmatize the artificial womb and its proponents as a substiture for abortion with the same crap they seek to smear pro-lifers with.
		Something that would be legally new is if a woman walks into a hospital, and orders an abortionist to abort her child, but also orders the abortionist to put the fetus into an artificial womb, with the intention of having the fetus develop for a normal nine months, then "deliver" a healthy baby.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b57a848465a.htm (1492 words)

	Popular Science Magazine
		Thanks to her research and others’, man-made mouse wombs could be a reality within a decade—and a stepping stone to artificial human wombs.
		Artificial wombs have figured for generations in fiction, feminist theory, abortion debates and even the wistful imaginings of women far advanced in pregnancy.
		Clearly, the most logical and worthy use of artificial wombs would be to help couples who cannot conceive but wish for a genetically related baby.
	www.popsci.com /popsci/printerfriendly/futurebody/dc8d9371b1d75010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html (2267 words)

	Birth in an artificial womb may be possible in 25 years
		Their sperm and egg will be fertilised in a test-tube and the resulting embryo implanted in an artificial womb for the nine months until birth.
		It is likely that the use of an artificial womb would be in three stages.
		Dr Forman admits that the process could be open to abuse and does not comment on the possibility of couples "renting" the artificial womb to bypass natural childbirth.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/08/23/nbnw23.html (758 words)

	A hypothetical question - artificial wombs - 4Forums.com
		If a woman wants to terminate her pregnancy, transferring the fetus to such an "artificial womb" would be an alternative to abortion.
		If artificial wombs are possible, I expect that either the gov't will raise taxes to provide them or the pro-life crowd will put their money where their mouths are and fund them.
		In the future case of artificial wombs, there could hypothetically be an alternative that could keep both pro-choice and pro-life people happy but the financial reality of the situation would really only leave the current two options (abortions or forced continuation of pregnancies) as choices for the great majority of women.
	www.4forums.com /political/showthread.php?t=5612 (1174 words)

	Full Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The artificial womb is a rectangular clear plastic box filled with amniotic fluid at body temperature and connected to an array of devices for vital functions.
		Professor Koyo Yoshida, a member of Kuwabara's research team, said he was wary of exaggerations by the press of a miracle artificial womb which could free women of the pain of childbirth.
		Many of the experimental goat fetuses incubated in the artificial womb only survived for a few days after being taken out of the tank although some remained alive for much longer, he added.
	www.nada.kth.se /~asa/Kloning/womb.html (375 words)

	JIMMY AKIN.ORG: What To Do About Frozen Embryos
		A woman's womb has the purpose of bringing forth life that was conceived with her husband in a morally licit, marital act.
		May 24, 2005 04:11 AM Given that the embryos are _already_ outside their mother's womb and have already suffered this, I think really really early adoption (with the new mother housing the child in her womb instead of a room) is definitely the better option.
		As I said, the womb and the breast are not analogous, (and--a wolf and a human female are certainly not analogous) and there are other potential evils in the surrogacy scenario that demand due attention.
	www.jimmyakin.org /2005/05/what_to_do_abou.html (7356 words)

	Spare womb \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		They say their pursuit of an artificial womb is not meant to perpetuate or promote racial or social division, but to save unborn children and offer a new avenue to motherhood.
		Liu announced that she and colleagues had removed cells from the lining of a woman's womb then induced them, using hormones, to grow atop a biodegradable matrix that resembled a human uterus.
		While a few feminist philosophers view a futuristic artificial womb as a sort of liberating device writer Shulamith Firestone says it would allow women to avoid the health risks of pregnancy there is no shortage of opponents to the idea.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20040225/news_lz1c25womb.html (2186 words)

	NCPA - Daily Policy Digest - Artificial Wombs
		Ectogenesis, better known as the artificial womb, is the process by which a fetus gestates in an environment external to the mother.
		Cornell University's Dr. Hung-Ching Liu has taken steps toward developing an artificial womb by removing cells from the lining of a woman's womb and then, using hormones, growing layers of these cells on a model of a uterus; the model eventually dissolves, leaving a new, artificial womb that continues to thrive.
		In Japan, Dr. Yoshinori Kuwabara, a professor of obstetrics at Juntendo University, has actually created an artificial womb, using an acrylic tank filled with a fluid similar to Schaffer's amniotic fluid and attached to a machine that acts as a placenta to bring oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
	www.ncpa.org /iss/hea/2003/pd121603c.html (345 words)

	Why not Artificial Wombs?
		Christine Rosen assesses the latest research, and considers what the artificial womb might mean for parents, children, and the relationship between the generations - and why it is better to be born, not incubated.
		Artificial wombs are just the kind of technological prospect that radical ethicists love to celebrate.
		Perhaps it is premature to consider the ethical implications of artificial wombs, with the technology for achieving them likely far off in the future.
	www.godspy.com /issues/Why-not-Artificial-Wombs.cfm (5564 words)

	Salon.com Technology \| The future of reproductive sex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 2002, Liu stunned the world of reproductive medicine by claiming to have re-created a woman's womb, using uterine cells grown on a biodegradable scaffold bathed in a broth of hormones and nutrients.
		The artificial eggs that prompted the errant newspaper's headline were prepared by a team led by Antonin Bukovsky at the University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine in Knoxville.
		If hospitals could use such wombs to keep babies alive that would otherwise be too premature to survive, it could well have implications for abortion law, he adds.
	www.salon.com /tech/feature/2005/05/19/artificial_wombs/print.html (1935 words)

	Godspy Forums - Why not Artificial Wombs? [Feature]
		If there is a sacrament of hell, I would think that it is an artificial womb or test tube bearing tiny person with a human soul, longing for the security of a womb.
		The natural womb is in fact a very dangerous place, and not merely because of smoking or alcohol.
		We will meet the pioneer researchers working on the creation of an artificial womb in NYC, but also interview couples, women and men, about their personal experiences of pregnancy, what it means to them.
	www.godspy.com /forums/messageview.cfm?fttarget=index.cfm&catid=5&threadid=144 (1655 words)

	Home > News & Updates > Brave New Womb
		Artificial wombs are just the kind of technological prospect that postmodern ethicists love to celebrate.
		Artificial wombs would create serious disruptions in our relationships with our children.
		In the end, artificial wombs are different from current technologies like IVF and modern arrangements like surrogacy, because they represent the final severing of reproduction from the human body.
	www.eppc.org /news/newsID.2067/news_detail.asp (672 words)

	open book: The artificial womb draws closer
		In further womb research by Dr Liu’s team, mouse embryos were grown nearly to term in artificial wombs but, as in the Japanese experiments, the newborn animals did not survive.
		Artificial wombs are not yet safe for human pregnancies.
		Posted by: c matt at Aug 31, 2005 9:15:29 AM As things stand now, there is nothing in federal jurisprudence that would necessarily treat embryos developed fully in an artificial womb as legal persons.
	amywelborn.typepad.com /openbook/2005/08/the_artificial_.html (1016 words)

	CBHD: The Advent of the Artificial Womb - Scott B. Rae
		Far from the idea that the womb is a neutral place where the unborn child is simply housed until birth, studies in prenatal psychology suggest that what occurs in the womb has a formative influence on who the child becomes.
		Though it may be that such children would not be physically harmed, nurturing them in an artificial womb is far from ideal and is not something we should encourage.
		Children in the womb are owed the best chance at a good start in life, consistent with their dignity as persons made in God's image.
	www.cbhd.org /resources/reproductive/rae_2003-01-29.htm (514 words)

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