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	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for artificial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		An artificial limb, called a prosthesis, must be light and flexible to permit easy movement, but must also be sufficiently sturdy to support the weight of the body or to manipulate objects.
		artificial selection Breeding of plants, animals, or other organisms in which the parents are individually selected in order to perpetuate certain desired traits and eliminate others from the captive population.
		Artificial insemination is often used in animals to multiply the possible offspring of a prized animal and for the breeding of endangered species.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=artificial (727 words)

	Artificial Life Cinematography
		This research has yielded simulated physical worlds inhabited by sophisticated autonomous agents in the form of graphical characters that are autonomous, intelligent and, at least in some very rudimentary sense, “alive”.
		The artificial fish is an autonomous agent with a realistic deformable body actuated by internal muscles, with eyes, and with a brain that includes motor, perception, behavior, and learning centers.
		Artificial fishes perceive objects within a limited field view if objects are close enough and not occluded by other opaque objects.
	www.cs.ucla.edu /~dt/papers/ylem02/ylem01.htm (2181 words)

	Natural trees struggle in artificial world
		They’ll either drag their artificial trees down from the attic or head to a store for a manmade evergreen — maybe one that’s already preassembled and decorated with strings of lights.
		The first artificial Christmas trees were made in Germany from goose feathers during the 1880s amid worries about the demise of fir forests.
		Artificial trees appear to be particularly popular with apartment dwellers and empty nesters who don’t want to deal with the extra maintenance of a real tree, Jacobson said.
	www.gwinnettdailyonline.com /GDP/article26EA5E1DE1124A969D61505AF547B66F.asp (882 words)

	Hayles, "Narratives of Artificial Life"
		Moreover, the observer is presumed to be cut from the same cloth as the world he inspects, inasmuch as he is also constituted through binary processes similar to those he sees inside the computer.
		The essence of Tierra as an artificial world is no different from the essence of the observer or the world he occupies: all are constituted through forms understood as informational patterns.
		Luc Steels, an Artificial Life researcher, reinscribes this value when he distinguishes between first-order and second-order emergence (surely it is no accident that the terminology here echoes the distinction between first- and second-order cybernetics, the grandparent and parent of Artificial Life).
	www.stanford.edu /class/history34q/readings/Hayles/ALife.html (12126 words)

	NASA - Artificial Satellites
		An artificial satellite is a manufactured object that continuously orbits Earth or some other body in space.
		Artificial satellites also have orbited the moon, the sun, asteroids, and the planets Venus, Mars, and Jupiter.
		Artificial satellites differ from natural satellites, natural objects that orbit a planet.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/artificial_satellites_worldbook.html (2394 words)

	Technical Specification Of Blobs Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The artificial world was designed to be as modular as possible to allow new classes to plug easily into the structure.
		To create a proper artificial world we needed to be able to trace the path of energy through the universe with no energy being created except at the source.
		The aim of the GUI was to present the artificial world in an easy to interact with form and show all the information the user wanted to see about the world.
	www.student.dcu.ie /~lloydd2/Blobs/techspec.html (2355 words)

	Kennet E Rinaldo: Technology Recapitulates Phylogeny - Artificial Life Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Artificial Life artworks could be considered as a subgroup of Artificial Life research in that most artists are more concerned with creation of an aesthetic as opposed to testing theoretical biology.
		Artificial Life programming will certainly have more profound impacts for the arts as hardware becomes more complex and we develop better Artificial Life software and algorithms which can be implemented to utilize this hardware power.
		Perhaps the greatest potential for the arts and Artificial Life techniques is that they have presented opportunities for both artists and viewer/participants to develop true relationships with the computer that go beyond the hackneyed replicable paths of "interactivity" which have thus far been presented by the arts community.
	www.artnode.dk /contri/rinaldo/index.html (4070 words)

	Phoebe Sengers: The "Embedded World" of Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial Intelligence (AI) has long been seen, by both its supporters and its critics, as an attempt to develop formal representations which are equivalent to human abilities.
		The messy properties of the real world can be left behind, as we enter the rarefied realm of the "closed world" of logic, based on the Closed World Assumption: All knowledge can be logically derived from what is already formalized; i.e.
		By this way of thinking, the power of formal representations is not based on their existence in a separate, clean closed world, but on their embeddedness in a complex, incompletely formalizable outside world.
	www.brown.edu /Research/dichtung-digital/2003/issue/3/Sengers.htm (747 words)

	Corporations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The artificial world is commonly seen to be that which is made by man (rather than God) -- but could as easily be considered to have been made by Satan).
		If this artificial world is possible, if it is as I suspect, then it's simply too extraordinary to be the work of mere men.
		Except in this artificial reality, we are simply amused and entertained until life is gone and instead of changing into donkeys, we've been changed into atheists and sinners who may have lost their chance for salvation.
	www.detaxcanada.org /corporations.htm (1710 words)

	UAT: Artificial Life
		In order to begin an exploration into the world of Artificial Life Programming, it helps to start with a vision of what it is.
		Artificial Life does overlap with Artificial Intelligence but the two areas are very different in their approach and history.
		Artificial Life is concerned with specific life-oriented algorithms such as genetic algorithms which can mimic nature and its laws and therefore relates more to biology, whereas Artificial Intelligence tends to look at how human intelligence can be replicated, therefore relating more to psychology.
	www.artificiallifedegree.com (421 words)

	ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
		McCarthy, who helped organize the Dartmouth workshop, is generally credited with coining the term “artificial intelligence.” In 1956, Newell and Simon, who set up an early AI research group at
		Carnegie-Mellon University, developed Logic Theorist, a computer program for solving logic problems with the help of heuristics, or efficient rules of thumb, that is often said to be the first working AI program.
		On this day in 1996, after three hours, world chess champion Gary Kasparov loses the first game of a six-game match against Deep Blue, an IBM computer.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=201579 (1312 words)

	What's new in artificial lift World Oil - Find Articles
		Still the most popular type of artificial lift, beam pumping comprises a motor-driven surface system lilting sucker rods within the tubing string to operate a downhole reciprocating pump.
		PCP systems are based on a surface drive rotating a rod string which, in turn, drives a downhole rotor operating in an elastomeric stator.
		Ten ways to improve beam/sucker-rod pumping--the most widely accepted artificial lift--feature a mechanical unit speed reducer, improved rod couplings/scrapers, a stuffing box improvement, two unique downhole pumps, a reciprocating coiled-tubing system, and four controller/power drive systems.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3159/is_3_221/ai_61187192 (754 words)

	The World Islands [Dubai] - Property Development - TEN Real Estate [UAE]
		The World Islands, which is sometimes mistakenly referred to as the Palm World or Globe Islands, are a collection of man-made islands shaped into the continents of the world, located off the coast of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.
		The World Islands will be located 4 kilometers off the shore of Jumeirah, close to the Palm Jumeirah, between Burj Al Arab and Port Rashid at approximately 25°13 North and 55°10 East.
		Each island of The World will range from 250 to 900 thousand square feet (23.2 to 83.6 thousand square meters) in size, with 50 to 100 metres (164 to 328 feet) of water between each island.
	realestate.theemiratesnetwork.com /developments/dubai/world_islands.php (1101 words)

	Evolving AI-Life by Natural Selection (Alastair Channon's Artificial Life)
		Within the extended paradigm (including natural as well as artificial selection), the main focus is now on the generation of a system that exhibits unbounded evolution.
		An (artificial) environment containing simple virtual autonomous organisms with neural controllers has been created to satisfy these requirements and to aid in the development of an accompanying theory of evolutionary emergence.
		Purely artificial selection models, such as traditional genetic algorithms, are argued to be fundamentally inadequate for this calling and existing natural selection systems are evaluated.
	www.channon.net /alastair (2074 words)

	Disabled dolphin gets first artificial fin. 18/11/2004. ABC News Online
		Fuji wears an artificial fin for about 20 minutes a day, allowing her to jump and swim fast like other dolphins.
		Fuji, a mother dolphin that lost 75 per cent of its tail due to a mysterious disease, is jumping once again with the help of what is believed to be the world's first artificial fin.
		Fuji initially rejected the artificial fin, which in its current version weighs two kilograms and is 48 centimetres wide.
	www.abc.net.au /news/newsitems/200411/s1246770.htm (476 words)

	Ethnography of Artificial Culture
		Capitalizing on a continual state of revolution in computer science, particularly in evolutionary algorithms, multi-agent simulation, and the emergent phenomena of artificial life, artificial culture (Gessler 1994a, note 1) is poised at the convergence of at least three major intellectual traditions.
		The methodology is to construct an artificial culture (AC), which like a natural culture (NC) may be subjected to all the traditional operations of archaeology and ethnography, with all of their methodological difficulties, advantages and shortcomings.
		It is a world in which evolution proceeded from the bottom-up, enabling top-down processes to be nested within previously evolved bottom-up structures.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /geog/gessler/cv-pubs/95ethnoac.htm (4293 words)

	British scientists grow human liver in a laboratory \| the Daily Mail
		Within five years, pieces of artificial tissue could be used to repair livers damaged by injury, disease, alcohol abuse and paracetamol overdose.
		The researchers envisage sections of artificial liver being used to keep patients needing liver transplants alive - in much the same way as a dialysis machine is used to treat kidney failure.
		The patient would be hooked up to an artificial liver which would take over all the functions usually carried out by their own liver.
	www.dailymail.co.uk /pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=413551&in_page_id=1770&ico=Homepage&icl=TabModule&icc=NEWS&ct=5 (1478 words)

	World's First Artificial Human Liver Grown In Lab: Science Fiction in the News
		The mini-liver is useful as it is; within two years it can be used to test new drugs, reducing the number of animal experiments as well as providing results based on a human (rather than animal) liver.
		These artificial livers could also be used outside the body in a manner analogous to the dialysis process used to keep alive patients whose kidneys have failed.
		The advent of the artificially grown liver for transplantation was one of the core issues discussed by science fiction writer Larry Niven in his 1968 novel A Gift from Earth.
	www.technovelgy.com /ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=792 (806 words)

	CALResCo Complexity Writings
		Introduction to the concepts of complexity theory and artificial life in the context of its relation to traditional science and mathematics and the connection with self-organising systems.
		We contrast, from the viewpoint of the complexity sciences, the three world systems currently believed to exist (based on thought, emotion and senses) and develop a new paradigm based on a world integrating and going beyond the limitations of each.
		The ability to inhabit a detached abstract world is rightly valued as a sign of advanced intellectual mental development but in many humans this function is under-utilised, especially in the sense that we can re-evaluate both our cultural world and our own mental behaviour.
	www.calresco.org /themes.htm (5402 words)

	Artificial Culture
		Inspired by artificial life (AL), this is the paradigm of a computational anthropology assembled for the development of what I call artificial culture (AC).
		It is not difficult to conceive of an emergent world, from the sub-atomic to the cosmological levels of abstraction, wherein quickly acting smaller elemental objects (or variables at lower levels), by carrying out only rules based upon local knowledge, give rise to more slowly emerging larger global patterns (or structures of behavior at higher levels).
		A related concern is the effect that socially unacceptable behaviors directed towards artificial worlds may have on the individual’s interaction with the natural world.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /geog/gessler/cv-pubs/94articult.htm (3940 words)

	Papers and preprints about light pollution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The artificial sky brightness present in the chosen direction at a given position on the Earth's surface is obtained by the integration of the contributions produced by every surface area in the surrounding.
		The artificial sky brightness in each site at a given position on the sky is obtained by the integration of the contributions produced by every surface area in the surroundings of the site.
		The artificial sky brightness in each site is computed by integration of the contributions by each unitary area of surface obtained by applying a propagation function to the upward emission of the area as obtained from DMSP satellite night-time images.
	debora.pd.astro.it /cinzano/papers.html (2023 words)

	China to Complete World's 1st Artificial Sun
		It was learned from the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) that it will have completed the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) which aims to explore infinite and clean energy resources of nuclear fusion by this March or April.
		By then, Hefei will become the first institute in the world to have built an all-superconducting non-circular section nuclear fusion experiment facility, which is generally known as an artificial sun.
		The energy resource crisis has begun to threaten the world, as oil, coal and other types of non-renewable energy resources will be used up in a century.
	www.china.org.cn /english/scitech/155689.htm (293 words)

	Sink the Vandenberg
		This means that the deployment of new artificial reefs can be justified if the annual cost of deploying and maintaining them is less than or equal to $2.142 million per year.
		The study investigated the socioeconomic value of artificial reefs in four counties in southeastern Florida (Monroe, Dade, Broward and Palm Beach).
		The results indicate that artificial reef related expenditures generated income for each community in the range of $32 million to $501 million6, and provided a total of 26,8867 jobs in all four counties.
	www.bigshipwrecks.com (1245 words)

	People's Daily Online -- China to build world's first "artificial sun" experimental device
		The project, dubbed EAST (experimental advanced superconducting Tokamak), is being undertaken by the Hefei-based Institute of Plasma Physics under the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
		The new device will be an upgrade of China's first superconducting Tokamak device, dubbed HT-7, which was also built by the plasma physics institute, in partnership with Russia, in the early 1990s.
		HT-7 made China the fourth country in the world, after Russia, France and Japan, to have such a device.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /200601/21/eng20060121_237208.html (415 words)

	First artificial stomach has a real gut instinct - World - theage.com.au
		BRITISH scientists have built what they say is the world's first artificial stomach: a shiny, high-tech box that physically simulates human digestion.
		Constructed from sophisticated plastics and metals able to withstand the corrosive acids and enzymes found in the human gut, the device may ultimately help in the development of super-nutrients, such as obesity-fighting foods that could fool the stomach into thinking it is full.
		Dr Wickham's artificial gut is slightly larger than the size of a desktop computer.
	www.theage.com.au /news/world/first-artificial-stomach-has-a-real-gut-instinct/2006/11/11/1162661949475.html (418 words)

	VWN Resource Database: Artificial Intelligence
		Artificial Intelligence is a truly massive field of study.
		Artificial life, otherwise known as A-Life is a related field to AI but not necessarilly the same.
		Artificial intelegence, particularly that of agents and NPCs, is on a steep climb, as it races towards the goal of a self-motivated, computer generated individual.
	www.virtualworldlets.net /Resources/Menu.php?Category=34 (2390 words)

	skipressworld » World’s biggest artificial ski slope development gets bigger
		France (Ski Press) Since the initial announcement made back in January, Briton Engineering’s project to redevelop the Nux-les-Mines artificial ski slope project in northern France is to be expanded to increase the options for skiers and boarders at the top of the hill by providing enhanced “green run” opportunities.
		This expansion was originally drawn up as the third phase of the project, and was due to be constructed in approximately two years time.
		The Nux-les-Mines complex is believed to have one of the largest and longest artificial surface ski slopes in the world.
	www.skipressworld.com /eu/en/daily_news/2006/08/worlds_biggest_artificial_ski_slope_development_gets_bigger.html?cat=Finance (231 words)

	Elephant born via artificial insemination - World Environment - MSNBC.com
		The baby Asian elephant was born late Wednesday at the Elephant Hospital at the Thai Elephant Conservation Center in the northern Thai town of Lampang, said Sitthidej Mahasawangkul, head of the hospital.
		Sittidej has said that Thai veterinarians were attempting to develop a technique that would enable them to artificially inseminate elephants using frozen sperm that lasts for 20 years.
		They contend that Thailand has plenty of male elephants to ensure a healthy population and that efforts would be better directed toward protecting their dwindling habitat in the country and elsewhere in Asia.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/17515875 (529 words)

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