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	Artiodactyl - MSN Encarta
		Artiodactyls feed almost exclusively on vegetation, except for pigs, which also feed on eggs, small reptiles, worms, and carrion.
		Artiodactyls rely mainly on speed and keen senses to protect themselves from predators even though most males have horns or antlers.
		Artiodactyls were first classified in a separate order by the British comparative anatomist Richard Owen in 1847.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555486/Artiodactyl.html (384 words)

	[No title]
		The Artiodactyl animal has the axis of its foot lying between the third and fourth digits so its weight is borne equally by the two middle toes.
		It is from these Artiodactyl animals that man has been able to exist, since primitive man doubtless hunted them, and later when man settled down several thousand years ago, he selected his domestic livestock from among their lot.
		Artiodactyls' ancestors were among the earliest mammals, appearing during the Eocene about 50,000,000 years ago.
	www.americazoo.com /goto/index/mammals/artiodactyla.htm (707 words)

	Pictures of the order of even-toed ungulates \| Order Artiodactyla facts
		Still the favourite weapon of artiodactyl is their speed to outrun their predators, sight, smell and hearing.
		"Artiodactyls are paraxonic, that is, the plane of symmetry of each foot passes between the third and fourth digits.
		This pattern has earned them their name, Artiodactyla, which means "even-toed." Artiodactyls stand in contrast to the "odd-toed ungulates," the Perissodactyla, in which the plane of symmetry runs down the third toe.
	www.thewebsiteofeverything.com /animals/mammals/Artiodactyla (1013 words)

	Faunal Remains, Archaeology of Yellow Jacket Pueblo (5MT5) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Artiodactyl remains are consistently less common among those architectural blocks that are believed to represent primarily mid- to late Pueblo III occupations.
		Conversely, lagomorph and artiodactyl remains are on average more abundant among structures: artiodactyl remains represent 12.0 percent of the major taxa recovered from structures and 6.8 percent among nonstructural contexts; lagomorphs represent 55.3 percent among structure contexts and 51.0 percent among nonstructural contexts.
		Muir (19992) has argued that the distribution of artiodactyl* remains at Sand Canyon Pueblo suggests that remains found among towers and other associated structures are related to communal hunting activities; further, certain architectural blocks acted as hunting or war society houses (or offices), where the spoils of communal hunts were processed and stored.
	www.crowcanyon.org /ResearchReports/YellowJacket/Text/yjpw_faunalremains.htm (6478 words)

	ADW: Artiodactyla: Information
		Artiodactyls are paraxonic, that is, the plane of symmetry of each foot passes between the third and fourth digits.
		This pattern has earned them their name, Artiodactyla, which means "even-toed." Artiodactyls stand in contrast to the "odd-toed ungulates," the Perissodactyla, in which the plane of symmetry runs down the third toe.
		Artiodactyls tend to share a number of cranial and dental characteristics, but the group is so diverse that there are exceptions to each trait.
	animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu /chordata/mammalia/artiodactyla.html (857 words)

	Fossil Record of the Artiodactyla
		The earliest artiodactyls appeared in the early Eocene, probably evolving from ancestors in a group of Cretaceous and Paleocene mammals collectively known as condylarths.
		Artiodactyl evolution continued in the Oligocene, when the oldest pigs and peccaries appear in the fossil record.
		Ruminant artiodactyls, with their specialized digestive systems able to digest tough plant material, were well adapted to move into these new habitats.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mammal/artio/artiofr.html (242 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 520.300 Cetartiodactyla: Artiodactyla
		But the artiodactyls were able to adapt and thrive in the harsh climatic conditions which have prevailed since the Late Miocene.
		The earliest known artiodactyls are referred to as the Dichobunidae.
		Their artiodactyl specializations were almost all in the limbs -- in particular, the characteristic artiodactyl "double-pulley" astragalus, which has a functional trochlea at both ends.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/520Cetartiodactyla/520.300.html (1632 words)

	Artiodactyls (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Artiodactyls are even-toed ungulates (hoofed animals), in which the weight is carried between two center toes.
		Ruminants are artiodactyls having complicated stomachs and cud-chewing habits.
		Their feet are different from other artiodactyls', having two spreading toes nearly flat on the ground, small nails instead of hoofs, and a heavy pad beneath the toes.
	www.ipl.org.ar /exhibit/dino/artiodactyls.html (775 words)

	Scientific American: Whence Whales? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Furthermore, several molecular studies have concluded that whales share a common artiodactyl ancestor with hippos and are thus more closely related to these animals than to any other living artiodactyl or to a mesonychian.
		Artiodactyls are characterized by certain features of their ankles that enable the flexibility required for running.
		Although all the new fossils point to artiodactyls as the ancestors of whales, where on the family tree cetaceans belong in relation to hippos remains controversial.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000DF443-A772-1C75-9B81809EC588EF21 (1108 words)

	Definition of artiodactyl - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "artiodactyl" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "artiodactyl" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "artiodactyl" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=artiodactyl (70 words)

	New fossils suggest whales and hippos are close kin
		As long ago as 1950, scientists using immunological methods on material from living animals came to the surprising conclusion that whales are most closely related to artiodactyls, a group of hoofed animals that includes cows, sheep, goats, deer, and hippos.
		Artiodactyls have ankle bones unlike those of any other living or extinct animals, so comparing fossil whale feet with those of artiodactyls should provide the crucial clues to their relationship.
		The bone was so clearly like that of an artiodactyl that Gingerich---who previously had embraced the view that whales evolved from mesonychid condylarths---struggled for months to make sense of it, finally concluding without question that whales had artiodactyl ankles.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-09/uom-nfs091401.php (863 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Pseudostertagia Bullosa (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in Artiodactyl Hosts from North ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Additionally it is apparent that the restricted geographic range of P. bullosa may be determined by the distribution of its apparently specific host, the Pronghorn.
		Pseudostertagia bullosa appears to be a species that has survived in the pronghorn, Antilocapra americana, a relictual pecoran artiodactyl that occurs in dry regions of western North America.
		Pseudostertagia bullosa appears to be a species that has survived in the pronghorn, Antilocapra americana, a relictual pecoran artiodactyl that occurs in xeric regions of western North America; pronghorn are the sole remnant of the late Tertiary radiation for Antilocapridae across North America.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=164125 (617 words)

	Even-toed ungulate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nevertheless, artiodactyls were far from dominant at that time: the odd-toed ungulates (ancestors of today's horses and rhinos) were much more successful and far more numerous.
		Not only are their digestive systems highly developed, they have also evolved the habit of chewing cud: regurgitating partly-digested food to chew it again and extract the maximum possible benefit from the end.
		Lastly a group of artiodactyls, which molecular biology suggests were most closely related to Hippopotamidae, returned to the sea to become whales.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artiodactyla (504 words)

	Evolution of cetaceans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Instead, they are a form of artiodactyl (another type of ungulate) that began to take to the water after the artiodactyl family split from the mesonychids.
		In other words, the proto-whales were early artiodactyls that retained aspects of their mesonychid ancestry (such as the triangular teeth) which modern artiodactyls have since lost.
		An interesting implication is that the earliest ancestors of all hoofed mammals were probably at least partly carnivorous or scavengers, today's artiodactyls and perissodactyls having switched to a plant diet later in their evolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans (1292 words)

	Faunal Remains, Archaeology of Woods Canyon Pueblo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Perhaps the most striking feature of the assemblages is the great range of relative values for "lagomorphs" and "turkey/large bird." For example, turkey dominates the Pueblo III faunal assemblage from Nancy Patterson Village, located in Montezuma Canyon to the west, whereas lagomorphs outnumber turkey at Wallace Ruin to the southeast.
		Muir argued that the structures were associated with ritual organization and that hunting of artiodactyls was undertaken by particular groups of people within the pueblo.
		Neither of those sites, however, has artiodactyl values approaching those of Sand Canyon and Yellow Jacket pueblos, and the few artiodactyl remains at Woods Canyon and Castle Rock pueblos are not associated with particular types of structures.
	www.crowcanyon.org /researchreports/woodscanyon/text/wcpw_faunal.htm (2020 words)

	Systematics of the Artiodactyla
		The systematic relationships of artiodactyls are still being worked out; many early fossil artiodactyls are not easy to place in standard classifications.
		Artiodactyls have traditionally been classified according to the scheme outlined below.
		Includes most living artiodactyls, such as Giraffidae (giraffes and okapi), Cervidae (deer, elk, caribou, etc.), Bovidae (cows, buffalo, sheep, goats, antelope), Moschidae (musk deer), and Antilocapridae (American pronghorn "antelope" —; which is not a true antelope) Typical pecorans have well-developed, four-chambered ruminant stomachs, and most have paired horns on the head.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /mammal/artio/artiosy.html (243 words)

	Origin of Whales from Early Artiodactyls: Hands and Feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan -- Gingerich et al. 293 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A fragment of calcaneum preserves an oval sustentacular facet for articulation with the corresponding facet on the astragalus.
		Note artiodactyl characteristics in the well developed navicular trochlea on the head of the astragalus, convex fibular facet on the calcaneum, and concave astragalar facet paired with a convex calcaneal facet notched into the cuboid.
		The foot is paraxonic with four long toes, flanges of bone on the medial or lateral bases of the middle phalanges providing leverage for opening the feet to maximum breadth during extension, and narrowly pointed ungules (distal phalanges preserved on digits II and III).
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/293/5538/2239/DC1 (2350 words)

	Desert Diary, 9 May 2003, Toe Numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Well, the artiodactyls often are called the split-hoofed animals, and include deer, cattle, sheep, goats, peccaries, and the like.
		This is in contrast to perissodactyl, which translates as odd-numbered toes, and thus refers to such animals as horses and burros, who walk on the tip of their middle toes or to their relatives the tapirs who have three toes.
		Artiodactyls and perissodactyls have found two different ways to do the same thing--to reduce the weight at the far end of the limbs, saving energy and increasing speed.
	museum.utep.edu /archive/mammals/DDtoenumber.htm (247 words)

	Artiodactyls: EnchantedLearning.com
		This order of herbivorous (plant-eating) mammals includes cloven-hoofed animals with two hoofs on each foot (like pigs) and or four hoofs on each foot (like deer and cows).
		Artiodactyls are divided into 3 suborders, 9 families, and about 210 species, including:
		Deer are a family of long-legged artiodactyls that include deer, caribou, reindeer, elk, moose, and the pudu.
	www.zoomschool.com /subjects/mammals/classification/Artiodactyls.shtml (508 words)

	The Emergence of Whales, Chp. 3
		These results contradict morphological evidence in support of artiodactyl monophyly [refs] and demand extensive gaps in the fossil record of the Paleocene or remarkable evolutionary convergence between mesonychians and early cetaceans [ref].
		Artiodactyls are the closest relatives of Cetacea in the majority of trees.
		Artiodactyla is often paraphyletic with Cetacea clustered as an artiodactyl subclade.
	home.tiac.net /~cri/2001/acker03.html (1105 words)

	Faunal Analysis, page 2 - Homol'ovi IV - Occasional Electronic Papers 1 - Arizona State Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The small number of artiodactyl bones may suggest that the animals were killed away from the village and only the bones with the most meat were brought back to the pueblo.
		The frequency of artiodactyl remains at Homol'ovi IV was much higher when compared to Homol'ovi III or II, using the artiodactyl:lagomorph index (Strand and McKim 1996:216).
		This suggests artiodactyl was a relatively more important component of the Homol'ovi IV diet than at other Homol'ovi sites.
	www.statemuseum.arizona.edu /pubs/asmoep/001/ch11/oep1_11_2.shtml (1300 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 520.000 Cetartiodactyla: Overview
		The cetartiodactyls include a large number of familiar beasts, including whales, dolphins, pigs, hippos, cattle, deer and antelope.
		These are the artiodactyls or "even-toed ungulates" plus whales.
		Obviously the number of toes in whales is a somewhat moot point.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/520Cetartiodactyla/520.000.html (194 words)

	Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ: Part 2C
		"The early evolution of the artiodactyls is fairly well documented by both the dentition and the skeletal material and provides the basis for fairly detailed analysis of evolutionary patterns....the origin of nearly all the recognized families can be traced to the late Middle Eocene or the Upper Eocene..." (Carroll, 1988)
		Only the ankle shows that it was in fact the ancestor of all our modern cloven-hoofed animals (possible exception: the hippos and pigs may have split off earlier).
		Pigs on the whole are still rather primitive artiodactyls; they lost the first toe on the forefoot and have long curving canines, but have very few other skeletal changes and still have low-cusped teeth.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-transitional/part2c.html (4893 words)

	Physicochemical Evolution and Molecular Adaptation of the Cetacean and Artiodactyl Cytochrome b Proteins -- McClellan ...
		Although several of these properties were found to be under either positive or negative selection within the intermembrane and matrix domains in this study, the average overall effect is nearly neutral (dashed lines indicate the zone within which the calculated proportions fail to significantly deviate from the mean [see equations 6–9]).
		Gray circles are unique to artiodactyls, fl circles are unique to cetaceans, and circles colored with gray-to-fl gradients indicate that both artiodactyls and cetaceans have been affected.
		Regions found to be affected by selection via CDM analysis are represented by blue boxes for cetaceans and green boxes for artiodactyls and are interspersed by fl bars (regions not affected by selection).
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/22/3/437 (7444 words)

	Scientific American: Rooting the River Horse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But exactly where hippos sit on the artiodactyl family tree has proved devilishly difficult to discern.
		The first posits that the piglike peccaries, or tayassuids, are the closest relatives of the hippo.
		In 2001 key fossil whale discoveries revealed the ocean dwellers to be descended from artiodactyls [see "The Mammals That Conquered the Seas," by Kate Wong, Scientific American, May 2002].
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000CE021-9AEA-1213-987F83414B7F011C (533 words)

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