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	Arundo -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo is a cosmopolitan genus of stout, perennial (Narrow-leaved green herbage: grown as lawns; used as pasture for grazing animals; cut and dried as hay) grasses from the family (The grasses: chiefly herbaceous but some woody plants including cereals; bamboo; reeds; sugar cane) Poaceae.
		Giant Reed (Arundo donax) is considered an invasive (Any plant that crowds out cultivated plants) weed in some areas where it is not native, for example southern (A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes) California.
		Arundo donax is both flexible and strong enough to be used as a (Tall woody perennial grasses with hollow slender stems especially of the genera Arundo and Phragmites) reed for (Any wind instrument other than the brass instruments) woodwinds.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ar/arundo.htm (306 words)

	DR V2.1: ARUNDO DONAX: THE SOURCE OF NATURAL WOODWIND REED
		I have been studying the cell structure and characteristics of the mature stem of Arundo donax with the view of identifying possible differences in stem anatomy, which may be related to the quality of woodwind reeds.
		Following harvesting of the Arundo stems, a lengthy period of seasoning is required during which time fluids in the cells slowly dry up.
		Apparently much Arundo is currently being harvested after only a few years of growth and the stems are artificially dried for a period of a few weeks or months prior to being used for the manufacture of woodwind reeds.
	idrs.colorado.edu /Publications/DR/DR2.1/arundo.html (1417 words)

	arundo_refs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Structural characterization of the lignin from the nodes and internodes of Arundo donax reed.
		Donaxanin As a New Pyrrolidine Alkaloid From Arundo Donax].
		Analysis of Lignocelluloses and Lignins From Arundo donax L and Miscanthus sinensis Anderss and Hydroliquefaction of Miscanthus.
	wric.ucdavis.edu /exotic/arundo_refs.htm (454 words)

	CULTIVATION OF CALIFORNIA ARUNDO DONAX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo donax is perennial, meaning that it grows all year without dying out in the winter.
		Of the four species, Arundo has the closest fiber make-up and it is this fibril characteristic that distinguishes it from the other three species, as in general, in root, stem and leaf appearance, all four species look very similar.
		Arundo donax is classified as a Mesophyte or almost a Hydrophyte or almost a Xerophyte.
	www.oboe.org /donax.htm (2461 words)

	Arundo donax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo donax is a tall, erect, perennial cane- or reed-like grass, 2 to 8 meters high.
		Arundo donax is a native to the countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
		Arundo's ability to tolerate or even grow well under conditions of extreme drought is due to the development of coarse, drought- resistant rhizomes and deeply penetrating roots that can reach moisture at depth.
	tncweeds.ucdavis.edu /esadocs/documnts/arundon.html (3518 words)

	Arundo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo grows vertically without any horizontal branching and does not provide shading to the in-stream habitat, which can lead to increased water temperatures and reduced habitat quality for fish and other aquatic wildlife.
		Arundo provides limited food and habitat for native wildlife and can be found devoid of wildlife including insects, birds, and mammals.
		Arundo is found growing in creek beds that flow into Millerton Lake and downstream on the San Joaquin River throughout most of the Parkway.
	www.riverparkway.org /html/invasivearun.html (404 words)

	Wetland Case Studies: Using One Issue to Address Multiple Concerns, California (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo donax, also known as giant reed or giant bamboo, originated in the Far East and was brought to America in the 1700s.
		Arundo increases erosion during stream events because roots break off during flood events and allow large portions of the river bank to drop into the river.
		Team Arundo uses a suite of techniques including application of Rodeo and mulching to destroy the plant on public lands and to remove or reduce biomass of the dead plant that could cause problems downstream during flood events.
	www.iwla.org /SOS/handbook/casestudies/invas.html (751 words)

	ESPN OutdoorsStory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Experts at UC Davis rank arundo donax as one of the worst pests in Calif., and blame the reed for fueling wildfires, causing floods and killing fish.
		Experts at UC Davis, who rank Arundo near the top of the state's list of botanical pests and blame the reed for fueling wildfires, causing floods and killing fish, are leading a multi-million-dollar state and federal effort to eliminate Arundo from California.
		After the Arundo was cleared and the bridge rebuilt at a cost of $700,000, it grew back and the new bridge was washed out again, three years later.
	espn.go.com /outdoors/conservation/s/c_fea_BASF_LT_arundo_donax.html (989 words)

	Arundo donax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo donax, reliably hardy to zone 6, will grow from a two-gallon pot to 10 feet tall in a season in good as well as not so good soil.
		Greenlee talks about Arundo donax being the bamboo of the New World because it is so tolerant of sun, heat and drought and indicated that it was used for all the uses Ottesen mentioned as well as construction, animal pens, cages and roof thatching.
		Arundo donax is grown commercially in plantations in the south of France where it is harvested, cured and shipped to those who shave them into the thin reeds used by musicians.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /fletcher/staff/rbir/arundo.html (507 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Triple-Candlestick
		The three candles of which it is composed are successively lighted, as the sacred ministers proceed up the church, from the fire consecrated in the porch, and at each lighting the deacon sings the acclamation "Lumen Christi", the assistants genuflecting and answering "Deo gratias".
		Both the rubrics of the Missal and the "Caeremoniale Episcoporum" seem to assume that the so-called triple candlestick is not a permanent piece of furniture, but merely an arrangement of three candles temporarily attached to a reed or wand, such a reed for example as is used by the acolytes to light the candles with.
		"Praeparetur arundo cum tribus candelis in summitate positis" (Caer.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15058b.htm (300 words)

	Ecology and Management of Arundo donax by Gary P. Bell
		Arundo donax (L.) (giant reed, bamboo reed, giant reed grass, arundo grass, donax cane, giant cane, river cane, bamboo cane, canne de Provence), is the largest member of the genus and is among the largest of the grasses, growing to a height of 8 m (Figure 1).
		Arundo donax is also highly flammable throughout most of the year, and the plant appears highly adapted to extreme fire events (Scott 1994).
		Arundo donax can be removed from most areas of a river for a fraction of the cost of revegetation, opening up areas for natural re-colonization by native riparian species.
	teamarundo.org /ecology_impacts/arundo_ecology.html (4408 words)

	Groups join to destroy invasive water plants \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Arundo, also called giant reed, has been particularly crippling to Escondido Creek, the largest watershed in the network's territory.
		Arundo, native to countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, was introduced in the southern United States in the early 1800s as an ornamental plant.
		French immigrants are believed to have introduced Arundo to California in the 1890s for use as wind breaks on ranches.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20041204/news_1mc4creek.html (1054 words)

	OCWD Online - Press Release 07.02.2003
		Arundo donax is a non-native, abundant bamboo-like grass that can grow to be 25 feet tall and grows up to 10 inches per day, shutting out native vegetation and consuming enormous amounts of water.
		Arundo must be removed by starting at the top of the watershed because of its ability to break off and transplant itself downstream.
		Arundo has no value to native wildlife, in fact, has a negative impact on endangered and other desired species.
	www.ocwd.com /_html/_print/_print_pr03/print_pr03_0702_arundo.htm (373 words)

	Parkway Current Arundo Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo, commonly known as Giant Reed or Giant Cane, is a tall, perennial cane-like grass that can grow over 20 feet in height.
		Cutting down a stand of Arundo creates large amounts of biomass, which, if the plants have not gone to seed, may be used to create debris piles for small mammal habitat, or chipped into mulch.
		Specific herbicides are effective in controlling Arundo once it is cut, but their use may slow establishment of native plants in the same location.
	www.riverparkway.org /html/newsarun.html (572 words)

	Matilija Coalition - Arundo mapping
		Arundo concentration increased while moving downstream to nearly 100% within the delta area of the reservoir.
		Arundo also wastes water in Ventura County's drought-prone climate by using five times more water as native plants.
		And if you do not live near a water source but do have arundo infestations, ensure that any clippings or waste are responsibly removed to a location where it cannot access water and spread.
	pages.sbcglobal.net /pjenkin/matilija/arundo.htm (679 words)

	Team Arundo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo is a giant reed which has been significantly changing the river environments in Southern California.
		In addition to invasiveness, arundo uses three times as much water as willows, drawing down water tables, is a fire hazard when it dries out, and a flood hazard when mats of arundo form during a flood, blocking the river.
		For example, the buildup of arundo damaged the Basilone and Stewart Mesa bridges on Campleton during the 1993 floods.
	la.znet.com /~schester/fallbrook/tidbits/team_arundo.html (370 words)

	Community Alliance with Family Farmers
		Properly known as Arundo donax, the plant originated in India, spread west to the Mediterranean region and arrived in California with early Spanish settlers.
		In the 1920s, Arundo was widely used in southern California for streambank erosion control.
		With canes that easily reach 30-40 feet tall in California's climate, Arundo takes control of the entire steamside environment as it out-competes native plants and proves inhospitable to birds, animals and fish that can find neither cover or sustenance in its dense growing clumps.
	www.caff.org /programs/WSP/arundo.shtml (560 words)

	State: Scientists warn against exotic grass
		Biomass has renamed Arundo "e-grass," and is marketing it as an environmentally responsible power source that won't pollute the air.
		Arundo has become invasive in some parts of Florida, including Anastasia State Park, Washington Oaks State Gardens, on the banks of the St. Johns River, on Merritt Island and along Lake Munson in Tallahassee.
		DiTomaso, of the University of California, said Arundo is a wonderful source for reeds for musical instruments, and is also used as a fiber.
	www.sptimes.com /2003/08/10/State/Scientists_warn_again.shtml (919 words)

	Alana Oakins
		Arundo was brought to North America in the early 1820’s and was intentionally used by the Spanish settlers in California for erosion control (Douce, 1993).
		In the Santa Ana River of Southern California, it is estimated that 68% of the riparian vegetation in comprised of A. donax (Dudley, 1993).
		Arundo stands are too thick for birds to fly through and they lack the diversified structure needed for native bird species.
	essp.csumb.edu /capstone/proposals/oakins.html (4555 words)

	New Jersey Scuba Diver - Dive Sites - Arundo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After the war the Arundo was wire dragged and otherwise demolished, and her exact location was lost.
		The Arundo is also heavily fished, and offers myriad ways for the unwary diver to get entangled in the usually poor visibility.
		The Arundo is not really known as a lobster wreck, although it produces a few.
	www.njscuba.net /sites/site_arundo.html (685 words)

	Sotoyome RCD - Arundo donax removal program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The highly destructive giant reed (Arundo donax) is degrading native riparian habitat by displacing native plants and destroying fish and wildlife habitat.
		Arundo donax wastes water, creates erosion and flooding problems and is highly flammable, increasing fire danger.
		If you live on one of these streams and think you have Arundo please call Kara Heckert at 569-1448 or e-mail her at kheckert@sotoyomercd.org.
	www.sonomamarinrcds.org /district-ssr/arundo.htm (353 words)

	.: Print Version :.
		Mellano, coordinator of the San Luis Rey Watershed Council, said the basic method of safely ridding arundo from infested areas involves cutting the plant as low to the ground as possible and applying a herbicide to kill its roots.
		Arundo donax, the scientific name for the plant that is commonly called "giant reed," was imported from Asia to Southern California in the 1820s to help stem erosion along waterways and provide thatch for structures, Mellano said.
		When arundo growth begins expanding along rivers and in shallow streams, the highly flammable plant not only displaces native vegetation, but also transforms the area from a fire break to a fire hazard, the Fish and Game pamphlet states.
	www.nctimes.com /articles/2000/02/06/export1541.prt (829 words)

	Arundo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mariners Museum Newport News, VA Built in 1930 by the Northumberland Shipbuilding Co. in New Castle, England, the Arundo was formerly named the Petersfield, then Cromarty, and finally renamed Arundo.
		On April 28, 1942, The Arundo was en route from New York to Alexandria, Egypt, via Capetown, South Africa during one of the worst weeks of World War II U-Boat activity.
		Her structure is somewhat intact, but some areas are twisted and decaying, a testament to the corrosive power of the sea.
	www.bluewaterdivers.com /Sites/arundo.htm (338 words)

	Plant Profile for Arundo donax (giant reed) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo donax L. This plant is listed by the U. federal government or a state.
		Arundo donax L. This plant is introduced to the United States from another country or countries.
		Arundo donax L. Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Info.
	plants.usda.gov /cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=ARDO4 (546 words)

	Team Arundo Workshop Proceedings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arundo donax in the Santa Ana River Basin, Shelton Douthit
		The biological pollution of Arundo donax in river estuaries and beaches, Richard Douce
		The impact of Arundo donax on flood control and endangered species, Paul Frandsen and Nelroy Jackson
	www.ceres.ca.gov /tadn/ecology_impacts/ta_proceedings.html (220 words)

	Metroactive News & Issues \| Sonoma Ecology Center
		This is a case where the harm caused by a biological pest far outweighs the potential for harm from glyphosate," says Mark Newhouser of the Sonoma Ecology Center.
		It grows to a height of 25 feet to 30 feet, burns when green, and can carry fire into the canopy of mature native trees that are unadapted to fire, including cottonwoods, alder, maple, and willow.
		The organization's partners in the Arundo Eradication Project include the UC Davis Information Center for the Environment, the San Francisco Estuary Institute, and the Environmental Protection Agency.
	www.metroactive.com /papers/sonoma/01.17.02/arundo-0203.html (662 words)

	Erowid Arundo donax Vaults : Trout's Notes on Tryptamine Content of Arundo donax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As was also the case with variegated Phalaris, variegated Arundo donax showed no detectable alkaloid when looked at by Appleseed using TLC.
		To him, there seemed to be no point or sense in bioassaying it or a concentrate of it.
		An article in the Summer Solstice 1993 issue of Entheogen Review, pp 15-16, suggested Arundo donax has "curarimimetic" activity, speculating that dehydrobufotenine is curare-like and that Arundo donax is terribly toxic.
	www.erowid.org /plants/arundo_donax/arundo_donax_info1.shtml (728 words)

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