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Topic: Arusha accords

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	Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation - OVERVIEW OF THE BURUNDI PEACE PROCESS
		The next two Arusha summits and the periods in between were entirely dominated by the Burundi government's campaign for the removal of sanctions, to the extent that the sanctions issue eclipsed the problems - the root causes of the crisis.
		The fifth Arusha summit was held in Dar Es Salaam from 3 - 4 September at which the decision of the Burundi government not to attend the 25th August all party talks was discussed.
		It was noted that at the closing of the July 1999 session of the committee meetings of Arusha IV that the Facilitator informed the plenary that he would be conducting interim activities and consultations prior to convening the next session which was scheduled to begin on September 6th.
	www.nyererefoundation.or.tz /research/centre.htm (5322 words)

	Rwanda
		According to the Government, the women were rescued from mob justice by RCD troops, but later died from their injuries.
		According to the draft gacaca law, lawyers will not to be permitted to participate officially in gacaca proceedings, and gacaca "judges" are to be elected by their communities.
		According to the 1996 study conducted by the Government and the U.N. Population Fund, 59.6 percent of the population age six and over had primary education, but only 48 percent of the whole population is literate; 52 percent of men are literate compared to 45 percent of women.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/index.cfm?docid=720 (10098 words)

	Burundi - Country Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		According to a 2004 Amnesty International report, the scale of rape in Burundi indicates a deliberate strategy at times by belligerents to use rape and other forms of sexual violence against women as a weapon of war, to instil terror among the civilian population, and to degrade and humiliate people.
		According to a news report on the report, “Hundreds of Burundian women interviewed agreed that, despite the mild security improvements due the 2003 ceasefire, the climate of violence has actually increased.” One of the reasons cited was increasingly accessible illicit arms, which were being used in violent crimes against women.
		According to the report, ONUB “continued to focus efforts on actively preventing all types of misconduct, in particular sexual exploitation and abuse among its staff, ensuring compliance with United Nations standards of conduct, and enforcing [the Secretary General’s] ‘zero tolerance’ policy on sexual exploitation, abuse and other undesirable behaviour by all United Nations personnel.” more...
	www.womenwarpeace.org /burundi/burundi.htm (9341 words)

	rwandisc
		Observers of the Arusha negotiations have stated that the two sides represented at Arusha were not balanced: the RPF came as a consolidated block with a common position on each issue, while the Government side was divided and riven with internal conflict.
		In retrospect, it appears that when the implementation of the Arusha accords was stalemated shortly after the installation of President Habyarimana on 5 January, weapons for the Rwandese Government Forces (FAR) and the militia had begun arriving in Rwanda.
		They also stated that the four pillars of the Arusha accords -- the rule of law, power-sharing and a political culture of integration, the integration of the armed forces of the two sides into a single national army, and to work towards the repatriation and resettlement of refugees -- have not been abandoned.
	www.un.org /Depts/dpko/dpko/lessons/rwandisc.htm (15262 words)

	Arusha - map of arusha
		Arusha is the capital of the arusha airport Arusha arusha times ms arusha Region, located in the north of Tanzania.
		The Arusha Accords were signed at Arusha on August 4, flights to arusha 1993 by representatives of competing arusha factions map of arusha in the Rwandan civil war.
		The arusha hotels jacaranda hotel arusha population of arusha tanzania International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is based in Arusha.
	www.meteoroloo.com /Met-Africa-A---D/Arusha.html (183 words)

	The Case of Rwanda, Part 2
		According to this hypothesis, the 1989 famine, continuing food shortages, and population pressures were partly responsible for this weakening of the Rwandan state.
		The Arusha Accords provided for the establishment of a hybrid regime, yet many members of the army and government would have lost their privileged positions within the state under the democratic arrangements outlined in the Accords.
		The Arusha Accords provided for a reduction in the size of the armed forces and for integrating the RPF and the army into a new national force.
	www.library.utoronto.ca /pcs/eps/rwanda/rwanda2.htm (2614 words)

	REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT INQUIRY INTO THE ACTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS
		According to Belgian sources, at 06.55 (07.15 according to Board of Inquiry), Lt Lotin informed his contingent that he was surrounded by about 20 Rwandan soldiers armed with guns and grenades, and that members of the presidential guard were requiring the Belgians to lay down their arms.
		According to an eyewitness account by a UNV who was present, the Prime Minister, her husband and five children all arrived in the compound between 7.30 and 08.00 (somewhat later according to UNAMIR's report to Headquarters).
		According to testimony of the family and an employee of the Ndasingwa family, at about 06.30, one of the Rwandan policemen guarding the house was told by police guarding the nearby house of the President of the Constitutional Court, Mr Joseph Kavaruganda, that the Presidential Guards were on its way to come and kill Ndasingwa.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/1999/12/rwanda_report.htm (19636 words)

	Genocide excerpted from the book Deliver Us from Evil by William Shawcross
		Under the Arusha accords they agreed to a cessation of hostilities, the repatriation of refugees and the installation of what was called a Broad Based Transitional Government (BBTG), in which Habyarimana agreed to share power with the Hutu moderate opposition and the Tutsi-led RPF.
		Under the Arusha accords, this battalion was to protect the Tutsi political leaders who were to be part of the Broad Based Transitional Government.
		According to the secretary general, Eyskens said Belgium had decided to withdraw all its forces and he wanted the secretary general to withdraw all other UN troops as well.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Genocide/Genocide_DUFE.html (7168 words)

	Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Naitons During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. Part I. 15 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		According to the Arusha Peace Agreement, the NIF was to assist in the implementation of the Peace Agreement, especially through the supervision of the protocol on the integration of armed forces of the two parties.
		According to Jonah, he had been requested orally by the Secretary-General to warn President Habyarimana that he had information that killings of the opposition were being planned, and that the United Nations would not stand for this.
		According to the archives, Booh Booh informed the Secretary-General that the two parties in Rwanda had so far failed to respect the agreement to establish a Government and that he was doing his best to find a solution in cooperation with the ambassadors of France, Belgium, the United States and Tanzania.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /documents/RwandaReport1.htm (5585 words)

	Arusha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arusha Airport is a smaller domestic airport in the West of the city.currently undergoing expansion.
		Arusha being one of the most pleasant cities in the world, its exquisite location and beautiful countryside surrounding made it have a lively music scene, notably Tanzanian hip-hop, Mostly performed in Swahili, with various genres influenced by African American music, locally known as Bongo Flava.
		Arusha is home to many of Tanzania's vivid festivals, the yearly fiesta is hosted by a few Tanzanian corporate sponsors, that attract various artists from around the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arusha (799 words)

	Chapter 3
		While the Accords provided for a new government that many hoped would subdue the militant opponents, the installation of the BBTG was repeatedly delayed by parties who manipulated the transition instruments for narrow gains.
		To assist implementation, the Arusha Accords provided for the establishment of a neutral international peacekeeping force to be deployed in Rwanda within 37 days from the date of signing (i.e.
		On 22 January 1994, a planeload of arms from France was confiscated by UNAMIR at the Kigali airport.[61] The delivery was in violation of the cease-fire clauses of the Arusha Accords, which prohibited introduction of arms into the area during the transition period.
	www.reliefweb.int /library/nordic/book2/pb021g.html (3381 words)

	Rapport Rwanda : Chronologie des événements (1959-1996)
		Accord particulier d'assistance militaire entre la France et le Rwanda (non publié).
		Accord de cessez-le-feu à Dar es-Salaam entre le gouvernement rwandais et le FPR.
		Accord FPR-gouvernement sur le retour des déplacés de guerre.
	www.assemblee-nationale.fr /dossiers/rwanda/chronolo.asp (1007 words)

	Everyday Victims: Civilians in the Burundian War: IV. The Peace Process
		Under the Arusha Accords and subsequent ceasefire agreements, government troops were to be restricted to barracks (in later agreements to “zones to be determined” and “zones determined by mutual agreement”) and rebel combatants were to be gathered in cantonment sites.
		In their December 2002 accord, the government and the FDD agreed to the general outlines of a ceasefire, cantonment, disarmament, demobilization, and the creation of a new national army incorporating elements of governmental and rebel forces.
		The Arusha Accords specify that “militia” are to be disbanded and the Guardians of the Peace could arguably be called a militia.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2003/burundi1203/4.htm (5383 words)

	Rwanda, investigation on the assasination of president Hayarimana
		According to the French parliament report, the CIA during the early June 1994 affirmed that two agents of DGSE were the authors of the crash.
		According to Mugabe, he never said which kind of Missile, yet he suggested that they are from Uganda, and soldiers were send by Kagame to learn to use SAM 7 Strela of Russian fabrication.
		The cause of assassination was because, according to the informants, "the group was not pleased with the slow pace of the talks".
	www.empereur.com /habyarimana1.html (8193 words)

	The Rwandan Patriotic Front (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)
		According to one witness, Kagame personally inquired about this case when the DMI seized Seburikoko at the end of April or beginning of May. Apparently convinced of Seburikoko’s harmlessness, Kagame reportedly agreed to prevent his execution, but ultimately did not and the businessman was slain two or three days later.
		According to the witness, some 120 of the new recruits were assigned to a detail called “manpower,” which was carried out at the headquarters of the DMI at Masaka.
		According to witnesses not connected with the ICRC, the delegate was threatened several times by RPF soldiers, the last time by a Commander Bosco, accompanied by twelve heavily armed soldiers, one of whom pointed a rocket-propelled grenade launcher at his head.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15-8-03.htm (15458 words)

	Choosing War (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)
		According to the local people, they fought more fiercely than the professional soldiers, but some in the top ranks of the army opposed the program, claiming that many civilians fled at the first sign of danger, leaving their guns behind for the RPF to pick up.
		According to a document obtained at the time by Human Rights Watch, 193 firearms were delivered in the commune of Mutura to primary school teachers, government employees, communal councilors, army reservists, and shopkeepers, just the same kinds of people who would be found using guns during the genocide.
		The Accords appeared to have dealt with all the major issues in a detailed series of agreements that covered the establishment of the rule of law, the transitional institutions to govern until elections could be held, the repatriation of refugees, the resettlement of displaced persons, and the integration of the two opposing armies.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-11.htm (15374 words)

	Rwanda Human Rights Practices, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The national constitution known as the Fundamental Law is comprised of four texts: the Constitution of 1991; the Arusha Accords of 1993; the RPF Declaration of August 1994; and the Interparty Accords of 1994.
		The 1993 Arusha Accord, signed by both the RPF and the former government headed by then President Juvenal Habyarimana, was intended to promote powersharing, ensure integration of the rebel and government armies, ease ethnic tensions, and lead to democratic elections.
		The 1992 powersharing agreement crafted in the Arusha negotiations and ratified by the 1993 Peace Accord was not fully implemented prior to Habyarimana's death in April 1994, but remains the basis of planning.
	www.usemb.se /human/human95/rwanda.htm (3478 words)

	Arusha Accords - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arusha Accords (also known as the Arusha Peace Agreement, or the Arusha negotiations) were a set of five accords (or protocols) signed by the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) and the Government of Rwanda in Arusha, Tanzania on 4 August 1993, ending the civil war.
		Intended to ease tensions between the Hutu-dominated government and Tutsi rebels (mostly centered in the RPF), the initial UN presence was 2,548 military personnel (largely comprised of Belgian UN solders, the former ruling country of colonial Rwanda).
		In the wake of the Accords’ failure and the genocide, the Accords were criticized (in hindsight) for pushing the Hutu-extremists into a corner.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arusha_Accords (938 words)

	CRG -- The Shooting Down Of The Aircraft Carrying Rwandan President: Declaration on the Shooting Down of the Aircraft ...
		Habyalimana meant that, if the Accords were to be implemented, senior officials, including the President, would be open to charges of corruption and abuse of power, including the many political murders which they had undertaken.
		The Arusha Accords were becoming increasingly meaningless to both of them, but they were required, for domestic as well as international reasons, to continue paying lip-service to the process.
		Following the signing of the Arusha Accord by the Habyalimina Government and the RPF in January 1994, a battalion of the RPA was sent to the Parliament, the CND, in Kigali.
	www.globalresearch.ca /articles/MUG109A.html (4202 words)

	FfP: The Rwanda Crisis: The Genesis of a Genocide
		So, when the President signed the Arusha Accords on August 4, 1993, he was signing a comprehensive document that constituted a blueprint for a new Rwandan political, military and social order.
		By the beginning of April 1994, Kigali was tense because the Arusha Accords had yet to be implemented, there had been a February assassination of two political leaders followed by massacres in Kigali itself, and it was common knowledge that weapons were being distributed by the military to civilians.
		We were convinced that if the President accepted the Arusha Accords, doubters in his party and the extremist CDR party would follow suit.
	www.fundforpeace.org /media/speeches/leader01.php (3321 words)

	Burundi Government - Constitution, Flag, and Leaders
		Suffrage: Universal adult; elections to be held in accordance with the Arusha Peace Accords and the transitional Constitution before November 2004.
		Under Mandela the faltering peace process was revived, leading to the signing of the Arusha Accords in August 2000 by representatives of the principal Hutu (G-7) and Tutsi (G-10) political parties, the government, and the National Assembly.
		However, the FDD and FNL armed factions of the CNDD and Palipehutu G-7 parties refused to accept the Arusha Accords, and the armed rebellion continued.
	www.factrover.com /government/Burundi_government.html (496 words)

	Rwanda Lawyer Letter
		Between February 1993 and April 1994, while pretending to negotiate a power-sharing agreement set out in the Arusha Accords, Gen. Kagame openly declared to RPA troops that they should prepare for war and he also threatened war repeatedly when speaking with UN and international delegations in early 1994, as reflected in contemporary UN documents.
		Habyarimana that if either resumed war by breaking the Arusha Accords cease fire, they would be responsible for thousands of civilian casualties from retaliatory killings that U.S. State Department documents predicted should the war resume...similar to killings that swept Burundi/Rwanda in 1988.
		According to sworn ICTR testimony, Gen. Kagame specifically ordered the creation of particular units responsible for “cleansing” civilians from areas controlled by the RPF and was personally present as tens of thousands of civilians were lured to Byumba Stadium in late April 1994 and massacred by RPF troops under his command, among other atrocities.
	www.orwelltoday.com /rwandalawyerpmcanada2.shtml (1015 words)

	Burundi Civil War
		According to an international human rights organization, the number of civilians killed during 1998 was about the same as in 1997.
		Persons in the hills without a camp pass are considered to be rebels and were killed or wounded by government soldiers, according to a number of sources.
		Burundi President Domitien Ndayizeye and the leader of the main Hutu rebel movement signed a peace accord in Dar es Salaam on 16 November 2003, while a smaller rebel group in the central African country was given three months to open talks or face consequences.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/burundi.htm (1955 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		1.10 By the terms of the Arusha Accords, which provided for the integration of both sides’ armed forces, the new national army was to be limited to 13,000 men, 60% FAR (Forces Armées Rwandaises) and 40% RPF.
		These incidents were partially the cause of the postponement of the establishment of the institutions foreseen by the Arusha Accords.
		THE POWER STRUCTURE The Government 3.1 According to the Constitution of 10 June 1991, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic, assisted by the Government, composed of the Prime Minister and the ministers.
	www.rewardsforjustice.net /english/warcrimes/images/indictments.doc (20195 words)

	History of Burundi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Under Mandela the faltering peace process was revived, leading to the signing of the Arusha Accords in August 2000 by representatives of the principal Hutu (G-7) and Tutsi (G-10) political parties, the government, and the National Assembly.
		However, the FDD and FNL armed factions of the CNDD and Palipehutu G-7 parties refused to accept the Arusha Accords, and the armed rebellion continued.
		In November 2001, a 3-year transitional government was established under the leadership of Pierre Buyoya (representing the G-10) as transitional president and Domitien Ndayizeye (representing the G-7) as transitional vice president for an initial period of 18 months.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/burundi.html (976 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Arusha Accords, signed in August 1993, outlined a plan for greater power sharing with both the Hutu opposition and the Tutsi rebels.
		Habyarimana failed to implement the objectives outlined in the Arusha Accords as extremists within the Hutu power movement began to dominate both the political discourse and actions of the government.
		In the aftermath of the 1994 genocide of over 800,000 Tutsis in the spring of 1994, the FPR captured Kigali, drove the Hutu militias into neighboring countries and established an interim government of national unity based on the framework established under the Arusha Accords.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Rwa1.htm (1264 words)

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