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Topic: Arvid Harnack

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	Adolf Harnack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1886 Harnack was called to Marburg; and in 1888, in spite of violent opposition from the conservative church authorities, to Berlin.
		Harnack's view is that the creed contains both too much and too little to be a satisfactory test for candidates for ordination; he preferred a briefer symbol which could be rigorously exacted from all (cf.
		Harnack was one of the most prolific and stimulating of modern critical scholars, and trained up in his "Seminar" a whole generation of teachers, who carried his ideas and methods throughout the whole of Germany and beyond.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Adolf_Harnack (932 words)

	Mildred Fish Harnack: PART II. 1942. Arvid's parting.
		Arvid and Mildred were arrested on September 7, 1942.
		On December 19, Arvid Harnack was sentenced to death and executed on December 22, 1942 for his role in the Red Orchestra.
		Arvid Harnack was one of the leaders of the Harnack/Schulze-Boysen group which was part of the 'Die Rote Kapelle', as it was known in German.
	archives.library.wisc.edu /mfh/sectionpages/Part2/1942_arvidsparting.html (351 words)

	The Western High School-Duke Ellington School of the Arts Alumni Association: M. Fish-Harnack
		Soon after she met Arvid Harnack who was the scion of an academically distinguished German family.
		Arvid was on a fellowship to continue studies for his second Ph.D. After they were married, they went to Germany to continue their graduate studies.
		Arvid Harnack was one of the founders of the RoteCapelle or Red Orchestra.
	www.western-ellington.org /fish-harnack_m.html (377 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Arvid Harnack is executed for treason in Berlin.
		Harnack is a leading figure in the wide-ranging Soviet spy network, dubbed the "Red Orchestra" by the Gestapo (secret state police).
		Harnack is strangled and hung from a meat hook.
	www.ushmm.org /outreach/rgermchr.htm (440 words)

	The Red Orchestra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On September 7, 1942, Arvid and Mildred Harnack are arrested.
		Arvid Harnack is sentenced to death on December 19, and Mildred Harnack is sentenced to six years in a penitentiary.
		Mildred Harnack is arrested with a book of poems by Goethe in her possession, and she translates several of these while in custody, the last one on February 16, 1942, the day of her execution.
	www.gedenkstaette-ploetzensee.de /zoom/09_2_e.html (175 words)

	Tucson Weekly: In the Red (March 22 - March 28, 2001)
		Mildred Harnack's involvement in the Red Orchestra earned her the distinction of being the only American woman to be executed by Hitler.
		Arvid Harnack, in the United States on an academic fellowship, promised to be a husband, friend and comrade.
		Reading the story of Mildred and Arvid Harnack's lives in Berlin and their tragic end is as captivating as reading the most thrilling spy novel.
	www.tucsonweekly.com /tw/2001-03-22/book.html (674 words)

	OUP: Resisting Hitler: Brysac
		Mildred Harnack was born in Wisconsin but moved to Germany with her husband in 1929 where she taught American literature.
		Both Mildred and her husband, Arvid (a professor of philosophy and a native of Gemany), socialised with the intellectual elite of Berlin.
		Before and during the war, the Harnacks were founding and leading members of the Red Orchestra, an important covert intelligence group that transmitted messages of resistance with the use of contraband radios.
	www.oup.co.uk /isbn/0-19-515240-9 (593 words)

	Red Orchestra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They arrested Schulze-Boysen and his wife on August 30, 1942, and Arvid Harnack and his wife in September of that year, along with 106 fellow resisters (see below).
		This group was a friendship network centred around Harro Schulze-Boysen an intelligence officer for the German Air Ministry and Arvid Harnack in the German Ministry of Economics.
		Von Scheliha was sentenced to death and executed by hanging on December 22, 1942 together with resistace fighters of the group around Harnack and Schulze-Boysen.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rote_Kapelle (1003 words)

	Dialog International: Review of Harnack Book
		I first came across the story of Mildred Harnack while doing some research into the life of Martha Dodd, the daughter of the US ambassador to Germany during the early years of the Third Reich.
		Brysac explains that Mildred Harnack's story fell victim to the Cold War: she was viewed as a "communist" and therefore a traitor to America, even though her actions were directed against Nazi Germany.
		She was able to speak to a number of people close to the Harnack's family (both Mildred's American and Arvid's German) including Arvid Harnack's brother Falk, who himself was implicated in the Munich Weisse Rose student resistance group.
	dialoginternational.typepad.com /dialog_international/2005/11/review_of_harna.html (658 words)

	Women - Women of the Third Reich - Jewish Reference: People, Places, and All Things Jewish
		In 1926, she married the German Rockefeller scholar Arvid Harnack whom she met while studying literature at Wisconsin University.
		When the war started, Arvid and Mildred supported the resistance movement against the Nazi regime through their friendship with Harro Schulze-Boysen and the spy ring the Nazis dubbed 'The Red Orchestra'.
		Arvid and eight others were given the death sentence and on December 22 Arvid and three others were hanged from meat hooks suspended from a T-bar across the ceiling of the execution chamber at Plötzensee Prison.
	www.jewishreference.com /women-thirdreich.html (8471 words)

	Holocaust Education - Reviews
		Mildred Harnack, born Fish in 1902, the youngest of four children, was adored by her family and friends.
		In 1926, Mildred met 25 year old Arvid Harnack, blond blue-eyed and tall, the physical counterpart of herself, and a Rockefeller Scholar from a prominent German academic family.
		There is the story of the roughly 120 resisters led by Harro Schulze-Boysen, a lieutenant in the Luftwaffe and by Arvid Harnack who had joined the Nazi party as a cover and who had accepted a position in the Economic Ministry so as to have access to vital information.
	www3.sympatico.ca /mighty1/reviews/review23.htm (1688 words)

	Mildred Harnack: An Unknown Hero (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While attending the University of Wisconsin, Mildred fell in love with Arvid Harnack, a German exchange scholar majoring in economics.
		The Harnacks were well-known in Berlin’s social and cultural life.
		Undeterred by the actions of the Nazi’s to suppress free thought, the Harnacks began a discussion group at their home to exchange opinions on the National Socialist regime.
	209.52.189.2 /article.cfm/14925/87018 (487 words)

	Resisting Hitler : Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra (Shareen Blair Brysac) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The reader will also become acquainted with how life was in Germany (particularly Berlin) during the 30's and early 40's through the lives of Mildred Fish-Harnack and her husband Arvid Harnack.
		Since the Harnacks were highly educated, came from esteemed families, and had influential friends in elitist Berlin society the reader also gets a glimpse of how divergent the views of various Germans and Americans were towards the Berlin regime.
		In conclusion, it is sad to see how a heroic German-American (Mildred Fish-Harnack) and an independent thinking German intellectual (Arvid Harnack) who spoke-out against, resisted, and even sabotaged the evil regime of Hitler met such a drastic end due to the follies and reckless acts of Stalin's regime.
	www.interference.com /webstore/us/product/0195152409.htm (630 words)

	Dialog International: Mildred Harnack: American Heroine of the German Resistance
		Mildred Harnack was a passionate lover of the German language and German literature.
		The story of Mildred Harnack was largely forgotten in the US after the war, mostly due to the anti-communist hysteria that eventually ensnared Martha Dodd and her husband.Alfred Stern.
		That finally changed in 2000 with the publication of Resisting Hitler, (German: Mildred Harnack und "Die Rote Kapelle") a biography of Mildred by the NY writer Shareen Blair Brysac.
	dialoginternational.typepad.com /dialog_international/2005/10/mildred_karnack.html (519 words)

	H-Net Review: Andreas Heusler on Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This applies in particular to Mildred Harnack, who often is mentioned in the relevant literature with only a subordinate clause or in a meager footnote.
		She describes, for instance, Mildred Harnack's experience of relationships and influences of the Berlin literary and intellectual scene.
		It also becomes clear how the immediate experience of the economic crisis of the early 1930s shaped Mildred and Arvid Harnack's acceptance of Communist ideas, and how this contributed to their inner legitimation to fight the Nazi regime, even by means of espionage.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=154251114106239 (798 words)

	Mildred Fish Harnack: PART II. 1929... easing into life in Germany.
		In late 1928, Arvid Harnack left for Germany.
		During her time at UW-Madison, Mildred met, fell in love with, and married Arvid Harnack, a German man on fellowship at the University.
		The photo, taken in more recent years, shows the house in which the Harnacks lived while working at the University between the years of 1926 and 1927.
	www.library.wisc.edu /libraries/Archives/mfh/sectionpages/Part2/1929_germany.html (205 words)

	Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra
		This gripping and heartbreaking narrative is the first full account of an American woman who gave her life in the struggle against the Nazi regime.
		It describes the life of a Wisconsin girl whose intelligence and beauty captivated a visiting scholar, Arvid Harnack, a member of a distinguished German academic family.
		It explores for the first time the complex familial connections of the Harnacks, Delbrucks and Bonhoeffers, twelve of whom were executed for resistance acts.
	book.awardannals.com /detail/0195132696 (782 words)

	Women of the Third Reich
		On September 7, 1942, she and her husband were arrested while on a short vacation in Priel, a seaside town near Königsberg and taken to Gestapo headquarters at No. 8, Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, Berlin.
		On December 21, Hitler reversed the sentence on Mildred and at her second trial on January 13/16, 1943, she was given the ultimate penalty, death.
		At 6.57pm on February 16, 1943, Mildred Elizabeth Harnack, nee Fish, was beheaded by guillotine in Plötzensee, the only American woman to be executed for treason in World War II.
	members.iinet.net.au /~gduncan/women.html (9781 words)

	Author recounts tales of Holocaust heroes from novel - The Daily Free Press - News
		Narrating real-life accounts of her family resisting the Nazis during the Holocaust, Shareen Blair Brysac, historian and author of the recently published “Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra,” spoke to a crowd of about 65 students and faculty members at the School of Management yesterday.
		In-depth interviews with family and friends of the Harnacks — as well as information obtained from the Russian secret police, the KGB and CIA documents — provided the background used to retell the story of Harnack and the Red Orchestra.
		Brysac concluded the lecture by reading the final letter written by Arvid Harnack to his wife Mildred before he was executed for high treason and espionage for resisting the Nazis.
	www.dailyfreepress.com /media/paper87/news/2000/10/12/News/Author.Recounts.Tales.Of.Holocaust.Heroes.From.Novel-5145.shtml (523 words)

	Plötzensee Memorial Center
		As early as the 1930s, resistance circles develop around the Berlin senior civil servant Arvid Harnack and Harro Schulze-Boysen, who is assigned to the Reich Aviation Ministry.
		In early 1941 Harnack and Schulze-Boysen meet with Soviet diplomats on several occasions.
		On August 8, 1943, between 7:00 pm and 8:00 pm, another 19 men and women from the group are murdered in Plötzensee.
	www.gedenkstaette-ploetzensee.de /09_e.html (300 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: Red Orchestra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The network became so successful, even infiltrating the German military intelligence service Abwehr (additional info and facts about Abwehr), that the Nazis (A German member of Adolf Hitler's political party) set up the "Red Orchestra Special Detachment" (Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle) to try to destroy it.
		Wenzel agreed to turn double agent (A spy who works for two mutually antagonistic countries) and then informed on the leaders of the network.
		Many agents broke under torture (The act of torturing someone) and the Germans were successful in wiping out the network.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/re/red_orchestra.htm (540 words)

	Execution of women by the Nazis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1926, she married Arvid Harnack whom she met while studying literature at Wisconsin University.
		In 1929 she and her husband moved to Berlin where she was a lecturer at the university.
		When the war started, Arvid and Mildred supported the resistance movement against the Nazi regime through their friendship with Harro Schulze-Boysen and the spy ring known as "The Red Orchestra".
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/6142/nazi.html (3917 words)

	Stasi Coins
		Avrid Harnack was a Minster in the Third Reich's Economic Department and thus had contacts which enabled him to obtain German military intelligence.
		Part of Arvid Harnack's wing of the Rote Kappelle, Lt. Harro Boysen was a member of the German Luftwaffe and held a high position in the Air Ministry.
		She was executed in Berlin on Dec 22, 1942, with 10 other members of the spy ring, including Harro Boysen and Avrid Harnack.
	www.grenzer.com /stasi.htm (474 words)

	resistanceE
		Red Orchestra, as the nazi authorities called it because many of the members were communists or socialists, concisted of several smaller groups, all in all about 150 members; both public servants, members of the Wehrmacht, liberals, workers, artists and believing christians.
		In 1942 the group was revealed, and between August 1942 and March 1943 130 members were arrested.
		Hilde Coppi was pregnant when she was arrested and gave birth to her son Hans in prison, a month before her husband was executed.
	home19.inet.tele.dk /antinazist/resistanceE.htm (1969 words)

	Mildred Harnack-Fish, Biographical Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		joined her husband in Germany, living in the Harnack family home in Jena; began to work on her doctorate in American literature at the university in Jena and in Giessen.
		Arvid booked for her an open reservation by ship to America.
		born in Darmstadt (Hesse), son of Otto Harnack and Clara Harnack, nephew of Adolf von Harnack, brother of Falk, Inge, Angela.
	www.traces.org /mildredharnackfishtimeline.html (691 words)

	Wisconsin U. Girl Beheaded by Nazis (Dec. 2, 1947)
		Harnack's trial, Hitler, going through the court records came across the woman's dossier and immediately ordered her trial reopened as she was the only American then in his power, the magazine reported.
		Arvid was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death.
		As the only female American executed inside the German Reich for opposing Hitler, Mildred Harnack is remembered by a date of honor (February 16) observed by Wisconsin school children.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-chat/1286257/posts (1870 words)

	Red Orchestra - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		However, Trepper built on foundation of various other pro-communist agents like Harro Schulze-Boysen, intelligence officer for the German ministry of Air and Arvid Harnack in the German ministry of economics.
		He agreed to turn double agent and informed on the leaders of the network.
		Based on his information Germans arrested Schulze-Boysen and his wife on August 30, 1942 and Harnack and his wife in September.
	www.indopedia.org /Red_Orchestra.html (521 words)

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