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Topic: Aryl

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Alkyl

Carboxyl group

Carbamate

Carbonyl group

Aromatic hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

Organic reaction

IUPAC nomenclature

Free radical halogenation

Alcohol

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Ester

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Alkyne

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	Substituted 2-amidotetralins as melatonin agonists and antagonists - Patent 5151446
		R.sub.2 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, amino, amido, C.sub.6 aryl, mono- or di- C.sub.1-4 alkylamino, C.sub.1-4 alkyl-C.sub.6 -aryl, or C.sub.1-4 alkoxyl-C.sub.6 -aryl, or C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.2-4 alkenyl, C.sub.2-4 alkynyl, C.sub.2-6 alkoxyl;
		R.sub.2 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, amino, amido, C.sub.6 aryl, mono- or di- C.sub.1-4 alkylamino, C.sub.1-4 alkyl-C.sub.6 -aryl, or C.sub.1-4 alkoxyl-C.sub.6 -aryl, or C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.2-4 alkenyl, C.sub.2-4 alkynyl, C.sub.1-6 alkoxyl;
		R.sub.5 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, C.sub.6 aryl, C.sub.1-4 alkyl-C.sub.6 -aryl, or C.sub.1-4 alkyl;
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5151446.html (7781 words)

	Reactions of Aryl Ethers
		Aryl ethers are potentially very reactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution.
		Aryl ethers are so activated that polysubstitution can be a problem.
		Like alkyl ethers, alkyl aryl ethers, R-O-Ar, are cleaved by the strong acids HI or HBr in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
	www.mhhe.com /physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch24reactionsarylethers.html (450 words)

	Amine Reactivity
		These aryl diazonium substitution reactions significantly expand the tactics available for the synthesis of polysubstituted benzene derivatives.
		(iv) Conversion of an aryl amine to a diazonium ion intermediate allows it to be replaced by a variety of different groups (including hydrogen), which may in turn be used in subsequent reactions.
		Aryl diazonium salts may be reduced to the corresponding hydrazines by mild reducing agents such as sodium bisulfite, stannous chloride or zinc dust.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/amine2.htm (2969 words)

	Aryl halides Menu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Aryl halides are compounds like chlorobenzene - in which a halogen atom is attached directly to a benzene ring.
		This covers the limited amount of aryl halide chemistry required by UK A level syllabuses.
		An introduction to the aryl halides and their physical properties.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/arylhalidesmenu.html (78 words)

	An indirect method for the oxidation of aryl phosphites to phosphates and aryl selenoxides to selenones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Aryl phosphites and aryl selenoxides are unreactive towards singlet oxygen.
		However, in the dye-sensitized co-photooxygenation of 1 equivalent of an aryl phosphite or an aryl selenoxide with 1.2-1.5 equivalents of dimethyl sulfide, the corresponding aryl phosphates and aryl selenones are produced with >90% isolated yield (10 examples).
		A variety of aryl phosphites and aryl selenoxides possessing either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents on the aryl ring were quantitatively oxidized if co-photooxygenated with 1.2-1.5 equivalents of dimethyl sulfide.
	www.arkat-usa.org /ark/journal/2003/I06_Varvoglis/AV-672A/672A.asp (981 words)

	Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulates Growth, But Not Atresia, of Mouse Preantral and Antral Follicles -- Benedict et al. ...
		The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a cytosolic, ligand-activated
		The aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor of the PAS gene family, is required for normal ovarian germ cell dynamics in the mouse.
		The involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the activation of transforming growth factor-beta and apoptosis.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/68/5/1511 (5523 words)

	Chapter 23 : Aryl Halides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mono-substituted aryl halides are characterised using the prefix ortho (o-), meta (m-) or para (p-) depending on the placement of the substituent from the halogen or the halogen from a higher priority functional group: 1,2-, 1,3- or 1,4- respectively.
		Aryl halides tend to be less polar than alkyl halides (since an sp
		The result is a C-X bond in an aryl halide that is shorter and stronger than those found in alkyl halides.
	www.chem.ucalgary.ca /courses/351/Carey/Ch23/ch23-1.html (219 words)

	The AHR-1 aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its co-factor the AHA-1 aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator specify ...
		The AHR-1 aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its co-factor the AHA-1 aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator specify GABAergic neuron cell fate in C. elegans -- Huang et al.
		Powell-Coffman, J. A., Bradfield, C. and Wood, W. Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its heterodimerization partner the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator.
		Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is required for p300-mediated induction of DNA synthesis by adenovirus E1A.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/131/4/819 (5270 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The diffusion coefficients of a benzyl-, sec-phenethyl-, and diphenylmethyl alcohol and the corresponding aryl carbonyls (benzaldehyde, acetophenone and benzophenone) were measured by Taylor's dispersion method in both ethyl and isopropyl alcohol.
		In general, the diffusion coefficient of the aryl alcohols and the corresponding aryl ketyl radicals are equivalent within experimental error.
		This work shows that the diffusion of ketyl radicals is not anomalously slow and that aryl alcohols are significantly better models than the corresponding aryl ketones for analyzing the diffusion of aryl ketyl radicals in both ethyl and isopropyl alcohol.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=15001374 (355 words)

	Dietary Polyphenols Increase Paraoxonase 1 Gene Expression by an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Dependent Mechanism -- ...
		on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) (2, 3, 9).
		Dietary flavonols quercetin and kaempferol are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor that affect CYP1A1 transcription differentially.
		The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its xenobiotic ligands: a fundamental trigger for cardiovascular diseases.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/24/12/5209 (8858 words)

	Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulation of Ceramide-induced Apoptosis in Murine Hepatoma 1c1c7 Cells. A FUNCTION ...
		Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulation of Ceramide-induced Apoptosis in Murine Hepatoma 1c1c7 Cells.
		The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Predisposes Hepatocytes to Fas-Mediated Apoptosis
		2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced Degradation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/274/4/2502 (786 words)

	Search Results for aryl - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Aryl diazonium salts (ArN+N, where Ar denotes an aromatic ring) are especially useful starting materials for preparing aryl halides because they provide access to aryl fluorides, chlorides, bromides,...
		Aryl halides are prepared by two major methods: halogenation of the aromatic ring and reactions involving diazonium salts.
		Among the various classes of organohalogen compounds, aryl halides have the strongest carbon-halogen bonds and alkyl halides the weakest, as, for example, in the following series of organochlorine...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=aryl&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (258 words)

	Aryl Ring Dynamics in bis-Succinimido- Cyclophanes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The rotation or flipping barriers for the aryl rings of a series of p- and m-xylenes and related arenes mounted between the two nitrogen atoms of a rigid, bis-succinimido hexacyclic molecular ‘rack’ (eg 16) have been measured using dynamic NMR (DNMR) methods and compared with relevant literature values.
		In all such examples, some substituent ‘marker’ must be present so as to allow the observation of the dynamics of the aryl-ring and ansa bridge relative to each other and this may be positioned on the arenes or on the ansa bridges (or both).
		Recently, the spectacular observation of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the barrier of [12]p-cyclophane 3 where the rate of rotation of the aryl ring increased with increasing pressure was published – an acceleration attributed to the negative activation volume of the rotation process.
	www.arkat-usa.org /ark/journal/2001/I12_Tee/280/280.asp (2756 words)

	Non-toxic aryl onium salts, UV curable coating compositions and food packaging use - Patent 4882201
		where the arylonium salt is selected from the class consisting of hexafluorophosphates, hexafluoroarsenates and hexafluoroantimonates and at least one of the aryl radicals of the arylonium hexafluorometalloid salt has a nuclear bound --OR group attached to the aryl nucleus by a carbon-oxygen linkage, where R is an alkyl radical having at least 8 carbon atoms.
		In addition to the aryl onium salts cited above, the instant invention is also intended to include other non-toxic aryl onium salts such as; triarylsulfoxonium salts, diaryliodosonium salts, aryl-substituted phosphonium salts, aryl-substituted ammonium or heterocyclic nitrogen salts, and ferrocenium salts substituted with at least one --OR group as previously defined.
		In addition, the aryl onium salts of the present invention can be made from additional source materials to provide aryl onium salts having chemically combined C.sub.6-13) aryl radicals, such as phenyl tolyl or naphthyl substituted with at least one --OR group as previously defined.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4882201.html (2802 words)

	card53 Diazonium ion formation and reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, arylamines (anilines) produce aryl diazonium ions which are stable for a few hours at ice-water temperatures (0 C), and can undergo useful displacement reactions toward formation of an array of substituted aryl products.
		Note formation of aryl iodides and aryl fluorides which cannot be made by directed electrophilic halogenation.
		The aryl nitrile can be further hydrolyzed to the aryl carboxylic acid; the phenol can be converted into aryl alkyl ethers.
	www.mc.edu /campus/users/valente/classes/ch304/card53.htm (149 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The compounds of this invention are illustrated by the formula A: The compounds of this invention are useful in the inhibition of prenyl-protein transferase and the prenylation of the oncogene protein Ras.
		Zl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heteroaryl is substituted with one or two of: 1)
		Zl is selected from unsubstituted or substituted aryl or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycle, wherein the substituted aryl or substituted heterocycle is substituted with one or two of: 1)
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=00/01382.000113&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4734 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| A direct method to visualise the aryl acylamidase activity on cholinesterases in ...
		The study on the aryl acylamidase has been, in part hampered by the lack of a specific method to visualise this activity.
		The o-nitroaniline liberated from o-nitroacetanilide by the action of aryl acylamidase activity on cholinesterases, in the presence of nitrous acid formed a diazonium compound.
		Weitnauer E, Robitizki A, Layer PG: Aryl acylamidase activity exhibited by butyrylcholinesterase is higher in chick than in horse, but much lower than in fetal calf serum.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2091/1/3 (2228 words)

	A Computational Study of the Mechanism of Palladium Insertion into Alkynyl and Aryl Carbon-Fluorine bonds
		The palladium insertion into variously substituted aryl fluorides was again found to proceed via a single-step concerted mechanism, and although a s-complex can be located when 2,4-dinitro and 2-nitro substitution is present, the energy of this stepwise route is very similar to the concerted pathway and no clear decision on the pathway can be made.
		Although aryl iodides, bromides and triflates are most commonly used, recently aryl chlorides, hitherto regarded as inert to palladium catalysed cross-coupling reactions, have been shown to be effective participants provided there is an electron withdrawing group on the aryl ring
		Thus the Pd group would have to approach from the aryl face opposite to that coordinated by Cr, and this in turn must force the F atom and its lone pairs into conflict with the eclipsing carbonyl group and its p cloud.
	www.ch.ic.ac.uk /rzepa/pd (3295 words)

	Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor antibody (ab2100) datasheet
		If Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor antibody (ab2100) does not perform as described on this datasheet, notify us within 90 days of delivery using this form, so that we can help you or offer you a replacement or a refund.
		The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR), also known as the dioxin receptor, is a ligand-activated helix/loop/helix transcription factor found in a variety of vertebrate species.
		Mutational analysis of the mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor tyrosine residues necessary for recognition of dioxin response elements.
	www.abcam.com /?pageconfig=datasheet&intAbID=2100 (607 words)

	Unraveling gene-gene interactions regulated by ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
		The goal of this study was to unravel biological networks regulated by ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr).
		Aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout mice (AHR-/-) exhibit liver retinoid accumulation and reduced retinoic acid metabolism.
		Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /txg/members/2004/6758/6758.html (6107 words)

	Mark E. Hahn
		Hahn, M.E., Karchner, S.I., Franks, D.G., and Merson, R.R. (2004) Aryl hydrocarbon receptor polymorphisms and dioxin resistance in Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus).
		Hahn, M.E. (2002) Aryl hydrocarbon receptors: Diversity and Evolution.
		Hestermann, E.V., Stegeman, J.J., and Hahn, M.E. (2000) Relative contributions of affinity and intrinsic efficacy to aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand potency.
	www.whoi.edu /science/B/people/mhahn/PubList.html (2168 words)

	Aryl Halide Chemistry - Interview with John P. Wolfe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In our analysis, Dr. Wolfe is the third-most-cited author in this specialized field, with 9 papers cited a total of 963 times over the past decade.
		He is also a co-author of the paper ranked at #2 in our survey: "A highly active catalyst for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions: room temperature Suzuki couplings and amination of unactivated aryl chlorides" (Journal of the American Chemical Society 120[37]: 9722-3, 23 September 1998).
		Aryl amines are compounds that contain an aromatic carbon-nitrogen bond.
	www.esi-topics.com /aryl/interviews/JohnPWolfe.html (1362 words)

	aryl group on Encyclopedia.com
		Flavonoids as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists: effects of structure and cell context.(Research)
		Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) function in developing zebrafish (danio rerio).
		The ULMO Chiral Stationary Phase: a versatile tool for separating the enantiomers of aryl carbinols and other racemates.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a1/arylgrou.asp (487 words)

	Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source \| Full text \| Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists suppress ...
		Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists suppress interleukin-6 expression by bone marrow stromal cells: an immunotoxicology study
		Induction of this apoptosis signal in stromal cells is dependent on activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a cytosolic receptor that is converted into a transcription factor on binding of any one of a number of PAHs, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs), or planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [35-37].
		Staples JE, Murante FG, Fiore NC, Gasiewicz TA, Silverstone AE: Thymic alterations induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin are strictly dependent on aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in hemopoietic cells.
	www.ehjournal.net /content/2/1/16 (5275 words)

	Aryl Communications
		And it is a vital part of every job in every type of work.
		Aryl Communications offers a wide range of communications services—services that often intertwine on even the simplest of projects.
		Because we provide a broad spectrum of services, we can usually meet all of the many needs on a project so you don't need to go to separate sources.
	www.arylcom.com (78 words)

	Aryl Halide Chemistry - Journal Interview with Tetrahedron Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tetrahedron Letters ranks second on the list of most-cited journals for this specialized field, with 49 papers dealing with aryl halide research cited a total of 3,072 times.
		In organic synthesis generally, it seems obvious that more and more attention will be paid to highly selective reactions, to extremely mild, safe, and specific reactions, to molecules displaying special physical or biological properties ("intelligent" molecules), etc.
		With regard to aryl halide chemistry specifically, their key features are their use in metal-catalyzed processes (particularly palladium), now enabling carbon-carbon, and more recently carbon-nitrogen and carbon-oxygen bond-making directly to aromatic systems not previously possible, and hugely increasing the facility with which complex aromatic-containing molecules can be constructed.
	www.esi-topics.com /aryl/interviews/TetrahedronLetters.html (539 words)

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