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Topic: Aryl halide

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	Patent 4937160: Photographic silver halide elements containing aryl hydrazides
		A photographic silver halide element according to claim 1 wherein the aryl hydrazide is present in the element in an amount of 10.sup.-5 mole/mole of silver to 5.times.10.sup.-2 mole/mole of silver.
		A photographic silver halide element according to claim 6 wherein the aryl hydrazide is present in the element in an amount of 10.sup.-5 mole/mole of silver to 5.times.10.sup.31 2 mole/mole of silver.
		Silver halide emulsions, which are prepared by controlled double jet precipitation, have a cubic grain shape and with a chloride proportion less than 50 mole percent, are preferred for the element of the invention.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4937160.html (4747 words)

	Patent 4738918: Process for processing silver halide photographic material
		A process for processing a silver halide photographic material as in claim 7, wherein said compound represented by formula (I) is present in said silver halide photographic emulsion layer in an amount of from 5.times.10.sup.-5 to 1.times.10.sup.-2 mol per mol of silver halide in said emulsion layer.
		Silver halide to be used in the present invention in a silver halide photographic material comprises silver chloride, silver chlorobromide, silver bromide, silver bromoiodide, or silver chlorobromoiodide.
		Silver halide grains in the photographic emulsion may be in a regular crystal form such as cubic or octahedral form, in an irregular crystal form such as spherical or plate form, or in a mixed form thereof, or may comprise a mixture of grains in different forms.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4738918.html (3513 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Clough, Robert
		The occurrence of reductive dehalogenation is dependent on the chemical structures of the bis(aryl halide) and bisphenolate, and the reaction conditions.
		This work shows that the balance between aromatic nucleophilic substitution and reductive dehalogenation is determined by the electron density at the aromatic carbon that is bonded to the halogen nucleofuge, the reduction potential of the bis(aryl halide), and the oxidation potential of the bisphenolate in terms of one electron redox processes.
		As the reduction potential of the bis(aryl halide) becomes less negative (i.e., the bis(aryl halide) becomes easier to reduce) and the oxidation potential of the bisphenolate becomes more negative (i.e., the bisphenolate becomes easier to oxidize), the balance shifts toward reductive dehalogenation.
	rave.ohiolink.edu /etdc/view?acc_num=case1057072167 (383 words)

	Glencoe Online Science Quiz Chapter
		The boiling point of the alkyl halide is lower, and the density of the alkyl halide is lower.
		The boiling point of the alkyl halide is lower, and the density of the alkyl halide is higher.
		The boiling point of the alkyl halide is higher, and the density of the alkyl halide is higher.
	www.glencoe.com /qe/scienceOLC.php?qi=6307 (318 words)

	ORGANIC HALOGEN COMPOUNDS
		Alkyl halide compounds are mostly dense liquids and solids that are insoluble in water.
		The reactivity of alkyl halides is dominated by the attack of nucleophiles at the carbon atom that bears the halogen atom.
		Simple aryl halides do not tend to undergo nucleophilic substitution as the attacking nucleophile is repelled by the high electron density of the aromatic ring.
	www.chem.usyd.edu.au /~george/halides.html (433 words)

	Aryl halides Menu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Aryl halides are compounds like chlorobenzene - in which a halogen atom is attached directly to a benzene ring.
		This covers the limited amount of aryl halide chemistry required by UK A level syllabuses.
		An introduction to the aryl halides and their physical properties.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/arylhalidesmenu.html (78 words)

	Process for preparing phosphorothioate oligonucleotides - US Patent 5644048 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In preferred embodiments, the S-(alkaryl or aryl) bond of the S-(alkaryl or aryl) phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage is cleaved to yield a dinucleoside having a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
		2,4-Dichlorobenzyl is preferred as the alkaryl or aryl moiety of the S-(alkaryl or aryl) alkyl phosphorothioate diester salt and β-cyanoethyl is preferred as the alkyl moiety of S-(alkaryl or aryl) alkyl phosphorothioate diester salt.
		In accordance with the invention, mixture 2 is then reacted with an alkaryl halide or an aryl halide (structure 8) such as a benzyl, substituted benzyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl halide.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/5644048.html (7716 words)

	Aryl Halide Chemistry
		In our Special Topics analysis of aryl halide chemistry, Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis ranked among the top 20 journals by number of papers publishing in this field over the past decade.
		Special Topics recently analyzed the publications over the last decade in aryl halide chemistry.
		Tetrahedron Letters ranks second on the list of most-cited journals for this specialized field, with 49 papers dealing with aryl halide research cited a total of 3,072 times.
	www.esi-topics.com /aryl/interviews/interview-menu.html (288 words)

	Preparation of Phenylmagnesium Bromide
		The Grignard reagent is prepared by reacting magnesium metal with an alkyl or aryl halide, using an ether as solvent, equation 1.
		Grignard reagents exist in a rapid equilibrium with dialkyl- or diarylmagnesium and the corresponding magnesium halide, equation 2.
		After all the aryl halide solution has been added, reflux the mixture for 20 minutes, using a hot water bath as the heat source.
	www.bradley.edu /las/chm/Course/351/Grignardweb2.htm (1190 words)

	HSRC Research Symposium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To counter this activity, aryl halides tend to be strongly sorptive and bioaccumulative, hence resulting in a limited availability of these contaminants to microbial (or abiotic) transformation reactions.
		Scarce field analyses documenting the fate of aryl halides have indicated that dechlorination reactions occur naturally (5-10 years/chlorine removed), or can be stimulated (order of magnitude rate enhancement) by increasing electron fluxes or by providing alternative electron acceptors.
		The apparent lack of technology transfer from laboratory-based information to field application is largely due to the associated complexities in environmental analysis for aryl halides and their metabolites (PCBs excluded), and the perception that their sorptive characteristics reduce the effectiveness of bioremediation applications.
	www.hsrc.org /prague/adriaens-box.html (337 words)

	Aryl Halide Chemistry
		The synthesis of biologically active molecules for pharmaceuticals, agri-chemistry, and a host of other industries relies on synthetic organic chemistry: the ability to create complex molecules that are held together by bonds between carbon atoms, between carbon and nitrogen atoms, or between carbon and oxygen atoms.
		The top 20 list of papers in Aryl Halide Chemistry report on new methods and catalysts that facilitate the formation of these bonds without the production of undesirable side products.
		These methods take the complex path of reactions necessary to form a desired molecule and either make these reactions proceed faster, cheaper, at lower temperatures—necessary, for instance, for the relatively fragile molecules of pharmaceuticals—or with less toxic materials.
	www.esi-topics.com /aryl (395 words)

	:: PHARMACORE ANNOUNCES OWNERSHIP OF AROMATIC CROSS COUPLING TECHNOLOGY:: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This proprietary chemistry allows a wide variety of aryl nitriles and aryl ethers to participate in cross coupling reactions to produce derivatives that are very useful in the manufacture of drugs and drug intermediates, including unsymmetrical biaryls, styrenes, alkylated aromatics, and alkynylated aromatics.
		Moreover, the acquistion also includes proprietary chemistry for the direct cross coupling of aryl Grignard reagents with functionally substituted aryl halides (including aryl chlorides).
		The new aryl halide based cross coupling chemistry has been validated on full plant scale.
	www.pharmacore.com /DSM2.html (326 words)

	Chapter 7 Notes
		the densities of liquid alkyl halides are greater than those of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight
		Grignard reagents are formed by reaction of an alkyl halide
		organolithium reagents are formed by reaction of an alkyl halide
	chem.pdx.edu /~wamserc/C334F99/7notes.htm (1049 words)

	[No title]
		Sandmeyer reaction, diazonium ion with copper (I) halide
		Benzene diazonium ion reacts with BF to fluorinate the ring.
		Ester with "super base" forms enolate which acts as nucleophile on alkyl halide:
	www.austin.cc.tx.us /jdy_chm/O2RSA3N.HTML (401 words)

	an introduction to aryl halides (halogenoarenes)
		This page looks at the structure and physical properties of three simple aryl halides - chlorobenzene, bromobenzene and iodobenzene.
		An aryl halide has a halogen atom attached directly to a benzene ring.
		It simply isn't energetically profitable for chlorobenzene (and the others) to dissolve in water.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /organicprops/arylhalides/background.html (545 words)

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