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Topic: Ascospore

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	430
		Ascospore concentrations were monitored at the centre of each plot during the period that the pots containing apothecia were in the plots.
		The results from both the oilseed rape and the sunflower experiments suggest that monitoring airborne ascospore concentrations may be useful for predicting the potential for stem rot (oilseed rape) and stem and head rot (sunflowers) development in those crops, provided the weather during the monitoring periods is suitable for infection.
		McCartney, H.A. and Lacey, M.E. (1992a) The release of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ascospores in sunflower crops.
	www.regional.org.au /au/gcirc/3/430.htm (2115 words)

	Greasy Spot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Once the pseudothecia are mature, many of the ascospores are released after the first wetting period with smaller numbers in the next 3-4 wetting periods.
		The effects of ascospore dose, leaf age, and the timing of fenbuconazole sprays on epiphytic growth and disease severity was determined primarily on rough lemon seedlings in the greenhouse.
		of the ascospore dose and ratings of epiphytic growth and symptoms, and a linear relationship between the amount of epiphytic growth and symptom severity in greenhouse tests.
	www.lal.ufl.edu /timmer/Greasyspot.htm (1234 words)

	ICPP98 Paper Number 2.1.11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis are the principal source of inoculum in New Zealand apple orchards for primary apple scab infection during spring.
		Ascospores are released from pseudothecia, which develop during winter in fallen apple leaves, from early September until early December, when either the supply of ascospores has been exhausted or the apple leaf litter has decayed.
		Regional differences in ascospore release pattern were examined by comparing day numbers on which 5,10,50,90 and 95 percentiles of cumulative release occurred, which were derived from linear regression of logit cumulative percentage release on day number.
	www.bspp.org.uk /ICPP98/2.1/11.html (478 words)

	SeedQuest - Central information website for the global seed industry
		Ascospore release was found to be very variable, ranging from 300,000 to 900 million ascospores per hectare from stubble of the same age and environment.
		At Wonwondah, the entire district was surveyed to determine both ascospore release from each paddock containing canola stubble (regardless of age) and the level of disease in each new canola crop.
		It was shown that ascospore discharge was influenced by the genetic source of flleg resistance.
	www.seedquest.com /News/releases/2004/november/10609.htm (1422 words)

	13th Crucifer Genetics Workshop
		A-group and B-group ascospore suspensions were inoculated onto water agar slides and surfaces of detached oilseed rape leaves, and incubated at different temperatures.
		The % germination of ascospores, the lengths of germ tubes, the number of germ tubes per ascospores, the position of germ tubes and the diameter of germ tubes were observed.
		Results and conclusions: Ascospores of both A-group and B-group L. maculans germinated on water agar and leaf surfaces at temperatures from 5°C to 20°C. Nevertheless, germination started later and % germination was less at 5°C than at 10-20°C. The maximum % germination on leaf surfaces was less than that on water agar.
	vric.ucdavis.edu /crucifer/abstracts/blackleg/huang.html (493 words)

	White ascospore mutants in Ascobolus immersus: lack of the secondary spore wall, and allelism-testing
		Ascospore pigmentation mutants have been very important in studies of gene conversion and crossing-over in such fungi as Neurospora, Sordaria and Ascobolus.
		One cannot use the cis/trans allelism test for characters expressed solely in haploid ascospores, so if two different white mutants map very close to each other, it is difficult to determine whether they are at the same locus or at two close but different loci.
		The two white ascospores completely lack the entire secondary spore wall of the wild-type spore, with the epispore being the outermost layer present, without even the transparent layer outside the epispore.
	www.fgsc.net /fgn42/marro.html (1007 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Australian Journal of Agricultural Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ascospore discharge was found to be closely related to pseudothecial maturity and density.
		Twenty chemical treatments showed significant efficacy in decreasing ascospore numbers early in the season, most often by delaying the development of the pseudothecia on the residues.
		Firstly, a number of chemicals, such as fluquinconazole, technical grade flutriafol, and gluphosinate-ammonium, were able to delay pseudothecial development and subsequent ascospore discharge was decreased by 100%, 99%, and 96%, respectively.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/40/paper/AR03056.htm (350 words)

	NZPPS paper - Temperatures Under Glass Slides Used In Monitoring The Seasonal Release Of Apple Black Spot Ascospores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since the rate of release of ascospores depends on temperature (Brook 1976; Gadoury and McHardy 1982; James and Sutton 1982), and since temperatures under the glass slides used for ascospore monitoring could be expected to exceed surrounding temperatures under sunny conditions, the question arises whether the glass slide method predicts natural ascospore release accurately.
		C base) were used to investigate the possible effect of the higher temperatures under the glass slides on ascospore release, defined as a cumulative percentage of the total number of ascospores recorded for the season (Manktelow and Beresford 1995).
		James and Sutton (1982) found the optimal temperature range for ascospore release to be 16-18°C, with pseudothecia aborting after two weeks exposure to temperatures around 30°C. While ascospore maturation may not be curtailed by a few hours exposure to high temperatures, it is likely that development is inhibited compared with the optimum rate.
	www.hortnet.co.nz /publications/nzpps/proceedings/96/96_101.htm (1818 words)

	104
		In fact, the latter was able to make a larger trapping (ascospores in the air from the field or from neighbouring fields) whereas the passive trap only gave information about ascospores released by underlying stubbles.
		In conclusion, the synchronization of ascospore trapping was relatively good between both types of trapping when the inoculum was entirely functional (from mid/end October).
		On the other hand, the counting of ascospores on the rods of the RTS was often more difficult when the weather was foggy and windy.
	www.regional.org.au /au/gcirc/3/104.htm (1439 words)

	Introduction to Neurospora biology and genetics,
		When a gene marker is close to the centromere (no crossing over between the gene and centromere), the two alleles are likely to segregate from one another at the first division of meiosis and result in a 4:4 ascospore pattern for the segregating alleles.
		Another mitosis occurs in the young ascospores and four or five additional mitoses occur in the mature fl ascospores (Fig.
		The nuclei are tagged by fusing the chromosomal protein gene histone H1 with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from a jellyfish.
	www.fgsc.net /Neurospora/raju2.htm (1275 words)

	NEUROSPORA IN TEACHING
		Ascospores from a cross of pdx-1, cot x pan-1 are harvested with a sterile loop and suspended in 5 ml of sterile distilled water.
		One ml of the ascospore suspension is heat-shocked at 60C for 30 minutes in each of the flasks of molten medium, and two plates are poured from each flask.
		Since the color of the ascospore is an autonomous character, it is possible to analyze the segregation of the alternative characters of the ascospores within the intact cell.
	www.fgsc.net /teaching/teach1.htm (15354 words)

	Scaffolds 4/16/01\| Diseases
		Ascospore maturity assessments provide growers with one predictor for differentiating high versus low risk for early season scab infections.
		Ascospore maturity counts have been conducted continuously in eastern New York for many years, but maturity counts in other regions were discontinued several years ago when the technician who performed the counts at the Geneva Experiment station retired.
		If ascospore production and release is compared to water flow through a hose, then the amount of overwintering inoculum could be compared to the size of the hose and relative maturity of ascospores could be compared to the time that the valve feeding the hose is turned on.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/scaffolds/2001/4.16_disease.html (1731 words)

	Ascospore Release
		The overall rate at which the ascospores on your orchard mature is dictated by temperature accumulation with higher air temperatures leading to faster maturation.
		The top panel of the screen shows ascospore maturation and release, and the bottom panel shows information about the weather which is driving ascospore behavior, including daytime and nighttime rain and accumulating temperature.
		The buildup of mature ascospores per day is highest mid season (when the S-shaped curve is rising most rapidly), approximately between the dates when 20-80% of the ascospores are mature.
	www.hortplus.com /Brochure/AscoMod/AscoMod.htm (878 words)

	Common Diseases of the Grapevine in Michigan
		The lesions are the result of spring ascospore infections originating from old fl rot fungus infected berries and canes.
		Ascospores and conidiospores (secondary spores) infect the blossoms during each rain.
		The spores are wind-borne and infect pruning wounds on the vines.
	www.canr.msu.edu /vanburen/e-1732.htm (2254 words)

	White Mold Life Cycle
		Shortly after ascospore germination, the fungus begins to break down compounds that hold plant cells together by producing oxalic acid and enzymes.
		With the release of ascospores there is airborne inoculum present that infects when soybean flowers appear.
		Fungus development begins early in the growing season and continues as long as soil moisture is high and near saturation, the relative humidity is high, there is free water on plant surfaces, and when temperatures are between 60 and 75 degrees Fahrenheit.
	www.soybeans.umn.edu /crop/diseases/whitemold/white_mold_life.htm (564 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Australasian Plant Pathology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ascospores were trapped over 3 months from green-tip in early September until late November over six years.
		Ascospore release was triggered mainly by free moisture from rainfall and by light, but also occurred during periods of dew.
		The use of weather information and ascospore release events is discussed in relation to the forecasting of apple and pear scab for effective scab control.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/39/paper/AP02009.htm (246 words)

	Physiological and environmental aspects of ascospore discharge in Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) -- ...
		Physiological and environmental aspects of ascospore discharge in Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) -- Trail et al.
		Physiological and environmental aspects of ascospore discharge in Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum)
		Ascospores were discharged from asci along with droplets of
	www.mycologia.org /cgi/content/abstract/94/2/181 (295 words)

	Hypoxylon fuscum
		Ascospores brown to dark brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends, 11-16 x 5-8 µm (M = 13.2 x 5.8 µm), (on Carpinus betulus 9.5-12.2 x 4-6.2 µm, M = 11.4 x 5.2 µm), with slightly sigmoid to sigmoid spore-length germ slit; perispore dehiscent in 10% KOH, smooth; uniseriate to infrequently biseriate in the ascus.
		They pointed out that collections made on Carpinus betulus have clearly smaller ascospores, while ascospores of specimens collected on Alnus viridis appear larger than on other hosts, but they concluded that, in absence of other teleomorphic or anamorphic differences, a varietal subdivision was not appropriate for the different ascospore size ranges overlap.
		Their results do not support the host-specific variations in ascospore size observed by Petrini and Petrini (1987) and Mühlbauer et al.
	pyrenomycetes.free.fr /hypoxylon/html/Hypoxylon_fuscum.htm (868 words)

	Independent terrestrial origins of the Halosphaeriales (marine Ascomycota) -- Spatafora et al. 85 (11): 1569 -- ...
		The ascospore appendages and sheaths are derived mainly from
		Ascospore with double frill of flexible appendages around septum and spines bearing apical appendages, all developing by fragmentation of the exospore.
		with and in the absence of arthropod dispersal of ascospores.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/85/11/1569 (5006 words)

	Models: Scab of Pear--UC IPM
		They have not evaluated ascospore infection conditions but suggest that they should be quite similar to conidial infection conditions and therefore their model can be used to predict primary infection by ascospores.
		This ascospore maturation model in conjunction with the Mills table for predicting infection periods is currently being validated in California by D. Gubler and G. McGourty in Mendocino and Lake counties.
		The model developers recommend that duration of wetness events which trigger ascospore releases be measured starting at initial wetness regardless of the time of night or day as ascospores have been trapped during day and night time wetness events.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /DISEASE/DATABASE/pearscab.html (1238 words)

	Models: Powdery Mildew of Grape--UC IPM
		To determine ascospore infection risk levels, the model calculates the daily average temperature and measures the hours of leaf wetness.
		The model modifies the Mills table developed for apple scab ascospore infection by predicting infection based on 2/3 of the hours of required wetness (column 2 in Table 1).
		According to the model, for ascospore infection treat when the conditions required for heavy infection have occurred (at the daily average temperature, treat when the number of modified Mills leaf wetness hours have occurred, column 2 of Table 1 (2/3 of the number of Mills' hours of leaf wetness for severe infection).
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /DISEASE/DATABASE/grapepowderymildew.html (1138 words)

	Tree Fruit Leader, Vol. 4(1) Mar. 1995 - Sanitation for Apple Scab Control
		Autumn leaf shredding with a flail mower reduced leaf litter density an average of 55% and reduced severity of primary scab on leaves by an average of 62%.
		By reducing the potential ascospore dose even more, it may be possible to delay the first fungicide spray.
		This is a component of a larger 2 year project to look at the pattern of ascospore maturity and release in the north Okanagan, funded by the BCMAFF IPM program.
	www.agf.gov.bc.ca /treefrt/newslett/scab_sanitation.htm (934 words)

	LICHENS - LoveToKnow Article on LICHENS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ~ lb hypotheciur,f is the basal part of the apothecium on ~ which the hymenium is borne; the latter consists of \~17 and (thecae) with ascospores, and paraphyses.
		In the majority of forms it is clear that the soredia - rather than the ascospore must play the more important part in lichen dis- tribution as the development of the ordinary spores is dependent on their -.
		The Ascolichenes are again divided ihto Fyrenocarpeae or Pyrenolichenes and Gymnocarpeae or Discolic/ienes; the first having an ascocarp of the nature of aperithecium, the second bearing their ascospores in an open apothecium.
	16.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LI/LICHENS.htm (9344 words)

	ICPP98 Paper Number 3.7.3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The kinetics of apothecia and ascospore maturation, and subsequent ascospore discharge are closely associated with increasing temperatures.
		The lower and upper temperature thresholds, for both ascospore discharge and germination, were identified as >5 and <28°C, respectively.
		The ascospores infected the leaf tissue on June 23/94 and on June 16/95 ascospores were first discharged.
	www.bspp.org.uk /icpp98/3.7/3.html (573 words)

	GRDC - Media Release - Going to war with ascospores (West, 7 Jan 2004) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		There are not many better sights for graingrowers than paddocks blanketed in golden canola, but to achieve its full potential, a canola crop must first run the gauntlet of flleg disease.
		Ascospores launch from inside pseudothecia, the dark fungal fruiting bodies which develop on residues from previous crops.
		While feasible application methods and rates are yet to be determined, this GRDC project has uncovered a potential new strategy for canola growers to combat the industry’s greatest disease obstacle.
	www.grdc.com.au /whats_on/mr/west/western_region04001.htm (592 words)

	Research Update: Grapevine trunk diseases in California
		However, ascospore release may occur during rains in March and April if they are preceded by several weeks of no rain and sunny, warm weather.
		Ascospore release from individual perithecia may occur continuously for approximately 24 hours during periods of rainfall, starting a few hours after the onset of a rain (Figure IX).
		Boric acid reduced ascospore germination and mycelial growth of E. lata under controlled conditions in the laboratory, and the boron-based products yielded excellent disease control on artificially inoculated grapevines in both field trials and lab studies in comparison to C. herbarum and boron-free paste treatments (Table I).
	www.practicalwinery.com /janfeb05/janfeb05p6.htm (3927 words)

	Berbee 1992a (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fungi of the class Pyrenomycetes (Ascomycotina) form a morphological series ranging from those that shoot ascospores (sexual spores) forcibly from the ascus (spore sac) to fungi that ooze ascospores or have no obvious mechanism for ascospore release.
		Species lacking forcible ascospore discharge are intercalated among three lineages of species with forcible discharge.
		A tree uniting the fungi with forcible ascospore discharge into a monophyletic group required 45 additional steps and fit significantly less well with the data than the most parsimonious tree, based on a maximum likelihood test.
	plantbio.berkeley.edu /~taylor/text/berbee1992a.html (365 words)

	Phaeosphaeria spartinicola, THE MOST COMMON SMOOTH-CORDGRASS ASCOMYCETE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is an ascospore of Phaeosphaeria spartinicola, one of the principal species of ascomycetes that carry out the decay of standing-dead parts of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), and thereby serve as major microbial secondary producers in saltmarshes.
		The golden-brown, 30-µm-long, 4- celled ascospore is shown at the base of its enclosing ascus, the structure that eventually propels the ascospores explosively out of the decaying leaf into the air (up to x1000 the length of the spore).
		The ascospore has a thin, transparent sheath that is likely to allow it to adhere at least semi-selectively to blades of smooth cordgrass.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~newell/pspc.htm (186 words)

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