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Topic: Ash Wednesday fires

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	Ash Wednesday (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The temperature was 43 degrees Celsius on Ash Wednesday.
		Fires also broke out in South Australia, where 159,000 hectares of land in the Adelaide Hills and in farming country in the south-east of the State were burnt in the fires.
		The Ash Wednesday fires claimed 75 lives in total, 47 in Victoria and 28 in South Australia The largest number of lives were lost in the Upper Beaconsfield fire with 20 deaths.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~gscfa/ash.htm (452 words)

	Ash Wednesday fires - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ash Wednesday fires were a series of bushfires which occurred on February 16, 1983 in south-east Australia, resulting in a natural disaster.
		The fire was so severe that firefighters were unable to stop it, and the fire only came to an end when it reached the ocean on Victoria's south coast.
		Melbourne was encircled by fires and remained covered in smoke for weeks, requiring drivers to use their headlights in the city during the day time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ash_Wednesday_fires (505 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - A brief history of bushfires in Victoria, Australia
		In this sunburnt country, images of `Ash Wednesday' and other such tragedies are burned into the collective memory of a nation in constant struggle with the elements.
		The size of the `Ash Wednesday' fires was surpassed in January 1985 as at least 12 bushfires and 240 minor blazes swept across Victoria.
		During the `Ash Wednesday' fires 28 people died in the Adelaide Hills, while 62 lives were lost during Tasmania's 1967 fires as 80 km/h winds swept flames down the Mount Wellington slopes to within two kilometers of Hobart's centre.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A48331 (631 words)

	Community Safety Services
		The Hobart fires (1967), the Ash Wednesday fires in South Australia and Victoria (1983) and the New South Wales fires (1994) demonstrated that it is the people who live in the timbered urban/bushland interface areas where the city dweller meets the bush, who are most vulnerable to wildfire.
		Fire behaviour and survival technique must also become an integral part of school education at primary and secondary levels, delivered in a manner and using material that is compatible with curriculum standards.
		Fire safety education, including provision of the infrastructure necessary to deliver the education and gain ongoing commitment at individual level in the community, must be recognised as an integral part of fire management and resourced accordingly.
	www.communitysafety.com.au /papers.htm (3331 words)

	The Cannonball Express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The 1939 fires killed 71, 65 died in the 1967 Tasmanian fires, and 76 on Ash Wednesday 1983.
		The fierce Ash Wednesday fires move at 10-12 kph, and the 1994 New South Wales fires at 3 kph.
		At least 2400 houses were destroyed in the Ash Wednesday fires and 185 in the 1994 New South Wales fires.
	www.canonbal.org /galli.html (1163 words)

	BOM - Australian Climate Extremes-Fire
		There had already been several outbreaks of fire in the early weeks of 1983, the largest of which was a fire in far eastern Victoria that burned unchecked for almost a month.
		On the 16th of February - ironically, the “Ash Wednesday” of the Christian calendar - weather conditions conspired to produce the worst possible combination of heat, dryness and wind.
		Fires continued to burn for several days in some areas, though were less dangerous without the fanning effect of strong, hot winds.
	www.bom.gov.au /lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/fire5.htm (507 words)

	index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fires of Ash Wednesday and Black Friday were in regrowth forests: forest recovering from logging.
		Fire removes nutrients, the fallen leaves, branches and whole trees, broken down by a community of invertebrates insects worms bacteria fungi living on the top few centimetres of soil.
		In the Mountain Ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, some of the impacts on stand structure ascribed to the 1939 wildfires were at least partially related to extensive and intensive post-fire salvage harvesting (Lindenmayer, 1996).
	www.tcha.org.au /fires.htm (5935 words)

	Ash Wednesday - 1983
		Nine of the fires in Victoria were greater than 150 hectares in size (approximately 50 times the size of the MCG).
		The causes of the Ash Wednesday fires include sparks caused by clashing of electricity power lines, tree branches connecting with power lines, deliberately lit fires and other causes that were not identified.
		The South Australia fires burnt 208,000 hectares in the Adelaide Hills and in farming country in the south-east of the state.
	www.dse.vic.gov.au /dse/nrenfoe.nsf/childdocs/-D79E4FB0C437E1B6CA256DA60008B9EF-7157D5E68CDC2002CA256DAB0027ECA3?open (1130 words)

	WHO \| Vegetation fires
		Massive movements of population fleeing the fires and smoke added to the emergency, while the increase in the number of emergency visits to hospitals during the crisis demonstrated its severity.
		During the 1993 California fires, a 40% increase in asthma and a 30% increase in emergency visits for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases was recorded.
		Early warning systems for fire and atmospheric pollution are essential components of fire and smoke management, and are based on space, ground and climate monitoring, as well as modelling.
	www.who.int /mediacentre/factsheets/fs254/en (1392 words)

	Ash Wednesday - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ashes are prepared by burning palm leaves from the previous year's Palm Sunday celebrations and mixing them with olive oil as a fixative.
		Ash Wednesday marks the beginning of the Lenten season, which lasts until the Easter Vigil.
		On Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, Catholics between the ages of 18 and 59 are permitted to consume only one full meal each day, which may be supplemented by two smaller meals, which together should not equal the full meal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ash_Wednesday (466 words)

	CNN - S.E. Australia ablaze with brush fires - November 28, 1997
		The fires were no immediate threat to property, and there were no reports of injuries, a spokesman for the New South Wales Rural Fire Service said.
		Fires in the Blue Mountains, about 50 kilometers (30 miles) west of Sydney, and Hunter Valley, about 300 kilometers (186 miles) to the northwest were being monitored closely, with aircraft dropping water bombs in a bid to prevent property from being threatened.
		This year's fires are but a fraction of the 800 reported in 1994, when they reached Sydney's suburbs, destroying hundreds of homes and killing four people.
	www.cnn.com /WEATHER/9711/28/australia.fires (333 words)

	News and Media Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		To remember the 28 people who lost their lives during the Ash Wednesday II fires, including three SA Country Fire Service volunteers, a special memorial service will be held at the Mount Lofty Summit.
		The service will not only remember the Ash Wednesday II victims but all CFS volunteers who have lost their lives in the line of duty.
		The Ash Wednesday II fires saw the largest number of volunteers called to duty from across Australia at the same time — an estimated 130,000 firefighters and support crew.
	www.cfs.org.au /media/article.asp?pArticleID=799 (334 words)

	fires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Like the 1871 fire, the fire of 1881 came at the end of an extremely severe drought and was the result of hundreds of land-clearing fires whipped into a cauldron of flame by high winds.
		One detailed account of the fires that burned in the Thumb is given in a report of a man who traveled over the burned area after the fire and interviewed many of the survivors.
		He emphasizes the extreme dryness that prevailed, the presence of vast areas of logging slash, the debris left by the fire of 1871, the prevalence of land-clearing fires, and the occurrence of winds of hurricane force, all of which combined to produce the holocaust which resulted.
	www.geo.msu.edu /geo333/fires.html (3469 words)

	Drought, Dust and Deluge - Fires
		The Black Friday fires in 1939 in Victoria, Ash Wednesday (1983) in Victoria and South Australia, and the 1967 fires in Tasmania, have each killed in excess of 60 Australians.
		More generally, fire tends to follow a seasonal cycle: the dry summer months are the danger time for southern Australia, as are the winter months over northern Australia.
		For instance, the disastrous Ash Wednesday fires in southeastern Australia followed failure of winter and spring rains during the strong El Niño event of 1982.
	www.bom.gov.au /climate/environ/fires.shtml (414 words)

	Fire watch
		Fire is an important recurrent natural phenomenon in all vegetation zones, ranging from the tropics to the northern circumpolar conifer forests.
		Emissions from tropical vegetation fires are dominated by carbon dioxide (CO2), but products of incomplete combustion that play important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate are also emitted: these include nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, methane and reactive hydrocarbons, which influence the concentrations of ozone and hydroxyl radicals and thus the oxidation efficiency of the atmosphere.
		Fire management strategies - including preparedness and early warning - cannot be generalized because fire has such multidirectional and multidimensional effects in the different vegetation zones and ecosystems and because many different cultural, social and economic factors are involved.
	www.ourplanet.com /imgversn/96/gold.html (1044 words)

	Planning no match for ember storm - smh.com.au
		Jim Gould, who started studying Australian bushfires after the Ash Wednesday fires in Victoria and the South Australian disaster in 1983, said Sunday's catastrophe in Canberra was "the worst fire I have seen in my life".
		In 1995 a review of government reports on bushfires written for the Australian Fire Authorities Council pointed out that in the Ash Wednesday fires in Victoria, 85 per cent of the total losses caused by bushfire was the result of just 0.1 per cent of all reported fires that exceeded a hectare.
		In the case of the Ash Wednesday fires, even big firebreaks such as four-lane highways "had no impact on the run of the fire", said the report's author, Stephen Petris.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2003/01/20/1042911332599.html (434 words)

	Script details - Australian Script Centre
		Hearts of Fire is a drama with a comic edge which deals with the trauma associated with the aftermath of bush fires.
		It is set during both the 1994 NSW fires and the Macedon Ash Wednesday fires in 1983.
		Carl was a CFA volunteer at the age of 20 and was traumatised by the death of his girlfriend during Ash Wednesday.
	www.ozscript.org /script.php?id=133 (173 words)

	About Ash Wednesday - Country Fire Authority
		On February 16 1983, CFA was involved in 180 fires throughout Victoria, eight of which were major fires.
		Leading up to Ash Wednesday there were also large fires in Greenvale on 8 January and at Macedon on 1 February.
		Suspected cause of the fire is a high voltage power line that snapped at the base and fell to the ground.
	www.cfa.vic.gov.au /about/history/about_ash_wednesday.htm (319 words)

	Remembering Ash Wednesday - Preface
		The summer of 1983 brought in its wake the catastrophic Ash Wednesday Fires.
		I cannot speak for civilians -this book will do that -but the experiences of Ash Wednesday are still stark in the memories of the firefighters who were involved.
		Fourteen CFA volunteer firefighters lost their lives in the line of duty, along with 32 civilians and a casual firefighter who had joined the CFA firefighters on Ash Wednesday.
	www.anglesea-online.com.au /AshWednesday/preface.htm (236 words)

	Bushfire: Our community responds
		The chaotic and unpredictable flames of the Ash Wednesday fires inspired the violent, gestural brushstrokes in this painting.
		Larwill’s spontaneous, expressive style is typical of his work of this period and of his reference to his immediate environment.
		The Ash Wednesday fires of 1983 and their aftermath motivated several young contemporary artists.
	www.ngv.vic.gov.au /bushfire/lar.shtml (75 words)

	16th FEBRUARY 1983
		That fateful afternoon of Wednesday 16th February 1983 started off as a far from normal day At 7am the temperature had already reached 34 degrees Celsius (98 degrees Fahrenheit) there was a strong northerly blowing and it had been declared a day of Total Fire Ban.
		The fire was later recorded by experts to have produced 120,000 kw of energy for every one metre of the fire line.
		Recently, with the help of the City of Casey, a memorial to the Firefighters that lost their lives on Ash Wednesday was established within the Narre Warren area.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~nwfb/pages/ashwed.html (527 words)

	SCFC Significant Wildfires in SC
		The fire occurred during an extremely hot, dry period; the temperature reached 107 degrees on June 27 and remained in triple digits for several days.
		The fire became so intense that burning material was thrown as much as a mile in advance of the flaming front.
		The fire was not controlled until Oct. 31 due to sub-surface burning in deep organic soils.
	www.state.sc.us /forest/firesign.htm (3805 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The idea that logging caused our recent forest fires seems to have sprung from the pen of Dr Suresh Pathy who published this nonsense in The Geelong Advertiser (10/1/02) where he argued that old undisturbed forests are less fire-prone than "regrowth forests".
		What startled informed opinion was that Pathy and Connor argued that the two most rampant Mountain Ash fires of recent times — 1939 and 1983 — occurred basically in regrowth forests, and it is that fact that explains the ferocity of those fires.
		The Otways Ash forests, reputedly the wettest of our forest areas, are at this moment tinder dry, those recently logged and those not logged for a hundred years.
	www.brookesnews.com /033101forest.html (312 words)

	Sermons for Ash Wednesday
		This fire in a theater image is an analogy for the situation we live in today.
		Yes, you heard me right: "Hell fire" They are in danger of eternal death because they have not repented of their sin and turned to God.
		The cross of ashes is also a reminder of the mark of the lamb in Revelation.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Ithaca/1506/ashwednesday.htm (4475 words)

	ash wednesday (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On the 16 February 1983, the Ash Wednesday fires destroyed it.
		I was working in a factory when I heard about the fires.
		Fires also broke out in South Australia, wl 159, 000 hectares of land in the Adelaide Hills and in farming country in the south east of the state were burnt in the fires.
	users.bigpond.net.au /flemrw/elizabeth_fires/ash_wednesday2.html (256 words)

	Planet Ark : Australia bushfires part of an ancient cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fires of the intensity of the Ash Wednesday fires, which swept through South Australia and Victoria states in 1983 to cause 76 deaths and the loss of many thousands of homes, would occur only on a 50 year cycle.
		With ideal bushfire conditions of six months drought and a 13-year gap between major fires, a lightning strike is enough to explode native Australian trees, full of their combustible oils.
		As Sydney waits, with no rain forecast for days, the fires are reigniting debates over whether authorities should have been fighting fire with fire through controlled burning.
	www.planetark.org /dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/13888/story.htm (964 words)

	[No title]
		Project Description (to be prepared in brief for concept or in full detail for approval) Background and drivers The Ash Wednesday fires in 1983 were amongst the most destructive fires in Victorian history.
		Twenty years since Ash Wednesday is appropriate time to review the changes that have taken place in CFA’s approach to dealing with the wildfire risk.
		However, to justify changes fire services’ strategic direction and resource allocation within agencies it is essential to document the changes and the benefits as clearly and precisely as possible.
	users.wpi.edu /~jbarnett/oz03/CFA.doc (648 words)

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