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Topic: Ashkenazi

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	Encyclopedia: Ashkenazi
		For example, while Ashkenazi Jews represent 3% of the population of the United States, they have won 27% of the US Nobel Prizes in science, 25% of the ACM Turing Awards, and have accounted for more than half of world chess champions.
		Ashkenazi Jews developed the Hasidic movement as well as major Jewish academic centers across Poland, Russia, and Lithuania in the generations after emigration from the west.
		Ashkenazi cultural growth led to the Haskalah or Jewish Enlightenment, and the development of Zionism in modern Europe.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ashkenazi (8030 words)

	Ashkenazi
		The Ashkenazi communities were from the start of organized like small cities inside a Christian city.
		For the Ashkenazi Jews the studies of Hebrew, the Torah and the Talmud was more than just a way of understanding their religion, it was also a way of protecting themselves against the influence of the societies around them.
		The rituals of the Ashkenazi were of the Palestinian traditions.
	www.lexicorient.com /e.o/jud_ashk.htm (573 words)

	Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed?
		Ashkenazi haredim went even further, to insist that every person had to follow the customs of the community from which his family came in Eastern Europe, down to the smallest matters of pronunciation.
		That Sephardic attitude, which is typically Mediterranean, runs against the grain of the Ashkenazi pattern where people have to declare their religious ideology and form of religious behavior to fit into one community or another within Orthodoxy as well as between Orthodox and non-Orthodox.
		By the same token, the weakness of the Ashkenazi tradition makes them very strong, even fanatically strong, in defending, adhering to, and trying to advance their position, whatever it might be.
	www.jcpa.org /dje/articles3/sephardic.htm (4621 words)

	Ashkenazi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים Standard Hebrew, Aškanazi,Aškanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAškănāzî, ʾAškănāzîm), are Jews descended from the Jewish communities of Germany, Poland, Austria, and Eastern Europe mostly established between the 10th and 19th centuries.
		Jewish traders from Islamic lands during the same period may also have been the origin of the Ashkenazi community, but other evidence suggests direct migration of Jews northward from Italy as the genesis of the ethnically and culturally distinct Ashkenazi group.
		Whether this difference in IQ and achievement is due entirely to a culture of study and vocational training (environment), or partially to a difference in genetic variables, is unknown and controversial.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Ashkenazi_Jew (1952 words)

	Ashkenazi Jewish Genetic Diseases - Lauren Gross (3/05)
		In the Ashkenazi Jewish population (those of Eastern European descent), it has been estimated that one in four individuals is a carrier of one of several genetic conditions.
		An estimated 1 in 40 Ashkenazi Jews is a carrier for this disease.
		An estimated 1 in 30 Ashkenazi Jews is a carrier of FD.
	www.uscj.org /Koach/kocmar05gross1.htm (1157 words)

	Q & A for Estimating Cancer Risk in Ashkenazi Jews
		The study was conducted in the Washington, D.C. Ashkenazi Jewish population (Jews from eastern or central Europe).
		The initial impetus for the current study was the observation in late 1994 that three high-risk Ashkenazi families studied at the NIH carried an identical alteration in BRCA1 (185delAG).
		In particular, three alterations were initially identified in Ashkenazi families with hereditary breast cancer and later were found in an unusually high percentage of the general Jewish population.
	rex.nci.nih.gov /massmedia/backgrounders/ashkenazi.html (2770 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ashkenazi Jews
		Ashkenazi (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִי, Standard Hebrew Aškanazi, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAškănāzî) Jews or Ashkenazic Jews, also called Ashkenazim (אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, Standard Hebrew Aškanazim, Tiberian Hebrew ʾAškănāzîm), are Jews who are descendants of Jews from Germany, Poland, Austria and Eastern Europe.
		The word ashkenazi is often used in medieval rabbinic literature.
		The Ashkenazi Jewish population has, like many other populations, a higher incidence of specific hereditary diseases.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ashkenazi-Jews (1006 words)

	Ashkenazi Hebrew language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ashkenazi Hebrew language is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Ashkenazi Jewish practice.
		Its phonology was influenced by languages with which it came into contact, such as Yiddish and various Slavic languages.
		Although Modern Hebrew was based on Sephardi Hebrew, the language as spoken in Israel is essentially Sephardi Hebrew utilizing Mishnaic spelling, constrained to Ashkenazi Hebrew phonology, including the elimination of pharyngeal articulation and the conversion of /r/ from an alveolar flap to a voiced uvular fricative or trill.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew_language (276 words)

	Jewish Post - Health - Genzyme Genetics Expands Test Menu for Ashkenazi Jewish Genetic Diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The carrier frequency in the Ashkenazi Jewish population is approximately 1 in 26.
		The carrier frequency in the Ashkenazi Jewish population is approximately 1 in 15.
		The carrier frequency in the Ashkenazi Jewish population is approximately 1 in 100.
	www.jewishpost.com /jp0809/jph0809b.htm (874 words)

	Male Bca in Israel-Some interesting findings
		Because Ashkenazi Jews comprise one of the major ethnic groups in Israel, the authors conducted a local study to shed more light on the features of this rare disease.
		The mean age at diagnosis was 64 years in Sephardic men and 68 years in Ashkenazi men; 24% of tumors in Sephardic men were of more advanced size-greater than 5-cm in dimension or direct extension into the chest wall or skin (T3 or T4 tumors, respectively)-compared to only 13% of Ashkenazi men.
		Ashkenazi Jewish men were at 80% greater risk of developing MBC than Sephardic Jewish men.
	www.annieappleseedproject.org /malbcainisin.html (685 words)

	Geneticists study jewish genes for disease clues - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The relatively uniform genes of Ashkenazi Jews are a boon for geneticists who must sift through three billion human DNA sequences and around 40,000 genes in their search for the genetic causes of common and often deadly diseases.
		The genetic profiles of the anonymous Ashkenazi donors in each disease category are being compared to the genetic profiles of a control group of Ashkenazi Jews not suffering from the disease.
		For religious and historical reasons, most Ashkenazi Jews married within their community, a phenomena that Darvasi said shows up in the Ashkenazi genes he studies which tend to have a high degree of similarity.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?t=7914 (899 words)

	The high intelligence of Jews.
		Ashkenazi Jews occupied a different social niche from their European hosts, and that is where any selective effect must have operated, the Utah researchers say.
		Thus, their high frequency in an Ashkenazi population that concentrated in intellectual occupations during the Middle Ages is the result of natural selection, and reflects a dynamic equilibrium similar to the presence of sickle cell anemia in populations from malarial regions.
		Although I disagree with the authors' hypothesis that [Ashkenazi] Jewish intellectual achievement is the result of natural selection in a people that were restricted to a limited range of occupations, I welcome their paper.
	home.comcast.net /~neoeugenics/IQgenes.htm (9770 words)

	Genetic Diseases in Ashkenazi Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The word Ashkenazi is derived from the Hebrew word for “Germany." Today, the term is used to refer to Jews who have ancestors from Eastern and Central Europe, such as Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Russia.
		Ashkenazi Jews are at greater risk of developing several genetic diseases that are rarely found in other ethnic populations.
		Ashkenazi Jews can also carry gene mutations for conditions that occur in other ethnic populations, but the mutations are specific to the Ashkenazi population.
	www.dnadirect.com /resource/genetics_101/GH_Ashkenazi.jsp (1098 words)

	Genetic Health - Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Genetic Diseases in Ashkenazi Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		This theory is supported by the fact that today people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a higher incidence of a number of specific mutations, for example mutations in the genes that increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer, and mutations that cause the childhood neurological disease Tay-Sachs disease.
		Ashkenazi Jews are at greater risk of developing several genetic diseases rarely found in the population as a whole.
		An estimated one in ten Ashkenazi Jews is a carrier for Gaucher disease.
	www.genetichealth.com /BROV_Gen_Dis_in_Ashk_Jews.shtml (1372 words)

	Differences in Sephardic and Ashkenazi genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Therefore, whereas in Ashkenazi research the date of birth of a child can sometimes be used to guess at the approximate year of death of the namesake, in Sephardic genealogy the name of the eldest son gives clues to the name of the paternal grandfather.
		Many Ashkenazi family names were acquired as a result of 19th century laws promulgated to facilitate government census and taxation.
		Ashkenazi examples are -ovich or -sky as in Abrahamovich or Abramsky.
	www.jewishgen.org /SefardSIG/differ.HTM (1208 words)

	Ashkenazi Jewish population frequencies for common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Ashkenazi Jewish population frequencies for common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2.
		The 6174delT mutation in BRCA2 was recently identified as a frequent mutation in 8 out of 107 Ashkenazi Jewish women diagnosed with breast cancer by age 50 (ref. 8), as well as in three Ashkenazi male breast cancer patients.
		BRCA1 mutation screening on approximately 3,000 Ashkenazi Jewish samples determined a carrier frequency of 1.09% for the 185delAG mutation and 0.13% for the 5382insC mutation.
	imsdd.meb.uni-bonn.de /cgi-bin/mycite?ExtRef=ICDB/96438856 (296 words)

	Ashkenazi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		They say 52 percent of Levites of Ashkenazi origin have a particular genetic signature that originated in Central Asia, although it is also found in low frequency in the Middle East.
		The ancestor who introduced it into the Ashkenazi Levites perhaps could have been from the Khazars, a Turkic tribe whose king converted to Judaism in the eighth or ninth century, the researchers suggest.
		Their reasoning is that the signature, a particular set of DNA variations known as R1a1, is relatively common in the region north of Georgia that was once occupied by the Khazar kingdom.
	www.adelaideinstitute.org /Racecard/ashkenazi.htm (414 words)

	Ashkenazi -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Though cantors (hazzanim) still use such a book, mahzor has come to mean the festival prayer book, as distinguished from the siddur, the prayer book used on the ordinary sabbath and on weekdays.
		For example, a woman whose mother or sister had breast cancer is more likely to develop breast cancer herself; between 5 percent and 10 percent of all breast cancers occur within families.
		Russian-born pianist and conductor Vladimir Ashkenazy was known for his virtuoso technique, intellect, and sensitivity in performance.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9009835?tocId=9009835 (691 words)

	More Ashkenazi Jews Have Gene Defect that Raises Inherited Breast Cancer Risk
		The increased prevalence of the BRCA1 mutation was observed in both the older and the younger Ashkenazi women with breast cancer.
		Based on the new estimate of the BRCA2 mutation in the Ashkenazi population, the researchers predict that the risk of early-onset breast cancer is increased by 31-fold in Ashkenazi women with the BRCA1 mutation and by nine-fold in those with the BRCA2 mutation, compared to women in the general population.
		While the risk of inherited breast cancer is higher among Ashkenazi women compared to those in the general population, their overall risk for the disease isn't believed to be increased because most breast cancers are not inherited.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1996-10/MSCC-MAJH-011096.php (872 words)

	Ashkenazi Jews
		Risch explains that the ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews likely migrated to Lithuania, where the mutation took place in an individual who by chance had a large number of children, or survived a bottleneck in the population.
		He and his team found that the two mutations that cause this storage disorder were far more ancient than the others, dating from around 1,100 to 1,200 years ago, or around the time the ancestors of the Ashkenazim diverged into a distinct group.
		Likely these mutations occurred in a founding member of the modern Ashkenazi population, who by chance had a large number of children, and thus passed many copies of the mutant gene into the gene pool.
	home.nc.rr.com /ambiient/site/jews.htm (1489 words)

	NEJM -- Mutations in the Glucocerebrosidase Gene and Parkinson's Disease in Ashkenazi Jews
		NEJM -- Mutations in the Glucocerebrosidase Gene and Parkinson's Disease in Ashkenazi Jews
		Mutations in the Glucocerebrosidase Gene and Parkinson's Disease in Ashkenazi Jews
		The Glucocerebrosidase Gene and Parkinson's Disease in Ashkenazi Jews
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/short/351/19/1972 (533 words)

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