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Topic: Ashkenazi Jews

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	Ashkenazim
		Ashkenazi Jews continued to build communities in Germany until they faced riots and massacres in the 1200s and 1300s.
		Ashkenazi scholars focused on careful readings of the text and also on summarizing legal interpretations of former Ashkenazi and Sephardi scholars of Jewish law.
		Yiddish was the common language of Ashkenazi Jews in eastern and central Europe.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Judaism/Ashkenazim.html (1238 words)

	: Ashkenazi Jews. For people with Ashkenazi as a surname, see Ashkenazi (surname). ,EXPLORE INDIA,India, Indian news, ...
		To contemporary Ashkenazi Jews living both in Israel and in the diaspora, Middle Eastern foods such as hummus and falafel, neither traditional to the historic Ashkenazi experience, have become central to their lives as Ashkenazi Jews in the current era.
		Jews of mixed background are increasingly common, partly because of intermarriage between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi, and partly because some do not see such historic markers as relevant to their life experiences as Jews.
		Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel are obliged to follow the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in halakhic matters.
	www.indias.com /wiki-Ashkenazi_Jews (6383 words)

	Ashkenazi Jews information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		With the reintegration of Jews from around the world in Israel, North America, and other places, the religious definition of an Ashkenazi Jew is blurring, especially outside of Orthodox Judaism.
		Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men and women.
		Ashkenazi Jews developed the Hasidic movement as well as major Jewish academic centers across Poland, Russia, and Lithuania in the generations after emigration from the west.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Ashkenazi_Jews (5018 words)

	Ashkenazi (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Jews had their own laws, they had social contact only with each other, and they organized and armed themselves in order to protect their communities against villains and thieves.
		For the Ashkenazi Jews the studies of Hebrew, the Torah and the Talmud was more than just a way of understanding their religion, it was also a way of protecting themselves against the influence of the societies around them.
		The language of the Ashkenazi Jews was Yiddish, a language close to German.
	i-cias.com /e.o/jud_ashk.htm (562 words)

	Jews, Jewish, The Jewish People - The Peace Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Jew: this is a term derived from a geo-political designation; Jews are identified with the country of Judea and its nation; this indicates ethnic and national identity rather than just belief or practice.
		A sample of Jews subdivided according to the birth-place of their parents or grand-parents have been examined for a large number of genetic markers in the course of a long-term project on the genetics of Jews.
		The Jew saw them all beat them all, and is now what he always was, exhibiting no decadence, no infirmities of age, no weakening of parts, no slowing of his energies, no dulling of his alert and aggressive mind.
	peace.heebz.com /jews.html (4562 words)

	Ashkenazi Jews in Amsterdam
		They were soon followed by Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe, who began to find their way in even greater numbers to the far-famed city of Amsterdam.
		Since Jews were generally barred from the guilds, most of the newcomers were forced to earn their living as stall-holders in the market, street traders, peddlers, old-clothes dealers, diamond polishers, pressmen, or domestic servants to Portuguese Jews.
		Jews re-entered public life; more were appointed to senior government posts than had served in all the years between 1815 and 1940.
	www.bh.org.il /Communities/Archive/MakomCong.asp (2369 words)

	Racial Reality - Jews
		Historically the Jews of the Biblical period in Palestine were a Semitic-speaking people composed of various Mediterranean strains which had blended together at the time of the formation of the Jewish nation.
		The Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 and during previous expulsions became the Sephardim, whose descendants are to be found in various countries bordering on the Mediterranean, especially Morocco, the Salonika region of what is now Greece, and Turkey.
		The Y chromosomes of Jews are—unsurprisingly—not all the same; the idea of the sons of Abraham is a symbolic one.
	www.sitesled.com /members/racialreality/jews.html (853 words)

	Genetic Health - Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Genetic Diseases in Ashkenazi Jews
		This theory is supported by the fact that today people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a higher incidence of a number of specific mutations, for example mutations in the genes that increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer, and mutations that cause the childhood neurological disease Tay-Sachs disease.
		Ashkenazi Jews are at greater risk of developing several genetic diseases rarely found in the population as a whole.
		An estimated one in ten Ashkenazi Jews is a carrier for Gaucher disease.
	www.genetichealth.com /BROV_Gen_Dis_in_Ashk_Jews.shtml (1372 words)

	Ashkenazi intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ashkenazi Jews are the Jews of Central and Eastern European origin, the descendants of Jews who settled in the Rhineland beginning about 800 CE.
		Many studies show that Ashkenazi Jews, on standardized tests of general intelligence, have the highest average IQ scores of any tested ethnic group, being roughly one standard deviation higher than the mean of the general white Caucasian population.
		For example, although Ashkenazi Jews represent only about 0.25% of the world population, they make up 28% of Nobel prize winners in physics, chemistry, medicine, and economics, and have accounted for more than half of world chess champions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ashkenazi_intelligence (1149 words)

	Pancreas Cancer Web: BRCA2 and Ashkenazi Jews
		This increased risk is greater in Ashkenazi Jews (those of European origin) than it is in Sephardic Jews (those of Asian or African descent) (6).
		If you are of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry and have pancreatic cancer or a family history of pancreatic cancer, please consider participating in one of our research studies.
		Approximately one and a half percent of the Ashkenazi Jewish population carries an inherited mutation in the BRCA1 gene (6).
	pathology2.jhu.edu /pancreas/ashkenazi_jewish_ancestry.cfm (1906 words)

	Research linking Ashkenazi Jews and breast cancer genes beset by problems
		For instance, Ashkenazi Jewish women have access to an inexpensive test that detects the mutations at a cost of $415 compared with $2,975 for the test for non-Ashkenazi Jewish women without known family mutations.
		Within 20 years, one million Jews around the world had been tested for the Tay-Sachs mutation, and scientific institutions had created large repositories of genetic samples that could then be screened for other mutations including those associated with breast cancer--but only in Ashkenazi Jews.
		Ashkenazi Jews are descended from Jews who lived in central and Eastern Europe, but a complex history of migrations, and multiple cultural and religious meanings of Ashkenazi, makes self-identification problematic.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-11/cumc-rla110106.php (699 words)

	[No title]
		Some 3.5 million of today's Ashkenazi Jews - about 40 percent of the total Ashkenazi population - are descended from just four women, a genetic study indicates.
		Together, their four signatures appear in about 40 percent of Ashkenazi Jews, while being virtually absent in non-Jews and found only rarely in Jews of non-Ashkenazi origin, the researchers said.
		Ashkenazi Jews are a group with mainly central and eastern European ancestry.
	www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3199788,00.html (432 words)

	Breast and Ovarian Cancer in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population
		For example, 185delAG, means that at the 185th base in the gene, an A and a G are missing; and 5382insC means that at the 5382nd base in the gene there is an extra C. These types of gene mutations are often referred to as spelling errors.
		Furthermore, the chances that a person of Ashkenazi Jewish descent has one of these mutations rises dramatically if he or she has a personal or family medical history of breast or ovarian cancer.
		In the case of Ashkenazi Jews with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, a recent population-based study suggests that 56 percent of such individuals will develop breast cancer over the course of their lives, and 16 percent will develop ovarian cancer by age 70.
	www.genetichealth.com /BROV_GEN_of_BROV_In_ASHJ.shtml (1425 words)

	The Iraqi Jews by Naeim Giladi
		Although Jews, like other minorities in what became Iraq, experienced periods of oppression and discrimination depending on the rulers of the period, their general trajectory over two and one-half millennia was upward.
		The principal interest Israel had in Jews from Islamic countries was as a supply of cheap labor, especially for the farm work that was beneath the urbanized Eastern European Jews.
		What inflamed young Iraqis against the Jews most, however, was the radio announcer Yunas Bahri on the German station "Berlin," who reported in Arabic that Jews from Palestine were fighting alongside the British against Iraqi soldiers near the city of Faluja.
	www.bintjbeil.com /E/occupation/ameu_iraqjews.html (7638 words)

	Differences in Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jewish genealogy
		Therefore, whereas in Ashkenazi research the date of birth of a child can sometimes be used to guess at the approximate year of death of the namesake, in Sephardic genealogy the name of the eldest son gives clues to the name of the paternal grandfather.
		The religious importance of the name is demonstrated in the avoidance of mentioning the name of the Lord by observant Jews and avoiding destroying documents that contain the Name - hence the Geniza which is a repository where correspondence and documents that happen to contain the name of G_d are buried instead of being destroyed.
		Many Ashkenazi family names were acquired as a result of 19th century laws promulgated to facilitate government census and taxation.
	www.orthohelp.com /geneal/differ.HTM (1207 words)

	Sephardi Jews at AllExperts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A Sephardi is a Jew originating in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), including the descendants of those subject to expulsion from Spain by order of the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella (as codified in the Alhambra decree of 1492), or from Portugal by order of King Manuel I in 1497.
		In current use, Mizrahi Jews is a convenient way to refer collectively to a wide range of Jewish communities, most of which are as unrelated to each other as they are to either the Sephardi (in the narrower sense) or Ashkenazi communities.
		However, the spread of Jews into Europe is most commonly associated with the Diaspora which ensued from the Roman conquest of Judea, emigration from the land of Israel, into the greater Roman Mediterranean area antedated the destruction of Jerusalem at the hands of the Romans under Titus.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/se/sephardi_jews.htm (4841 words)

	USATODAY.com - Study: Most Ashkenazi Jews from four women
		NEW YORK — Some 3.5 million of today's Ashkenazi Jews — about 40% of the total Ashkenazi population — are descended from just four women, a genetic study indicates.
		Together, their four signatures appear in about 40% of Ashkenazi Jews, while being virtually absent in non-Jews and found only rarely in Jews of non-Ashkenazi origin, the researchers said.
		Ashkenazi Jews are a group with mainly central and eastern European ancestry.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/genetics/2006-01-12-ashkenazi-descendants_x.htm (460 words)

	Genetic Diseases in Ashkenazi Jews @ DNADirect.com
		Ashkenazi Jews are at greater risk of developing several genetic diseases that are rarely found in other ethnic populations.
		An estimated 1 in 10 Ashkenazi Jews is a carrier for Gaucher disease.
		Ashkenazi Jews can also carry gene mutations for conditions that occur in other ethnic populations, but the mutations are specific to the Ashkenazi population.
	genesanddrugs.dnadirect.com /patients/resources/how_genes_work/GH_Ashkenazi.jsp (1819 words)

	Ashkenazi Jews - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jews exposed to more Judaism, or those having higher rabbinical education, are more likely to use the term to mean Judaism itself.
		Yiddish, once spoken by the vast majority of Ashkenazi Jewry, is a Jewish language which developed from the Middle High German vernacular, heavily influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Ashkenazi Jews may mix and eat fish and milk products,(lox-and-bagel sandwiches are so popular that they have even been referred to as Jewish soul food)), whereas sephardic Jews seriously refrain from such practice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ashkenazi (5346 words)

	NEJM -- Mutations in the Glucocerebrosidase Gene and Parkinson's Disease in Ashkenazi Jews
		NEJM -- Mutations in the Glucocerebrosidase Gene and Parkinson's Disease in Ashkenazi Jews
		Mutations in the Glucocerebrosidase Gene and Parkinson's Disease in Ashkenazi Jews
		The Glucocerebrosidase Gene and Parkinson's Disease in Ashkenazi Jews
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/full/351/19/1972 (2945 words)

	Home
		The examples of Jews converting to Christianity in the last thousand years or so are too numerous to mention, and there is no question that millions of people who identify as non-Jewish today have Jewish ancestry.
		Kurdish Jews are most closely related to Sephardi Jews (22) and Muslim Kurds (22), Pakistani Parsi (23), Ashkenazi Jews (25), Turks (26), Palestinian Arabs (28), Ossetians (30), Cypriots (31), Greeks (32), and Armenians (35).
		The close relationship between Sephardim and Kurdish Jews is possibly at least partly a result of the significant interaction between the Jews of Iraq and the Jews of Spain and North Africa, especially from the eighth to the tenth centuries CE.
	www.cryptojews.com /Comparing_DNA.htm (2358 words)

	Sephardi (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The name Sephardim was attributed to the Jews who were forced to leave Spain and Portugal in 1492.
		And in July 2000, the Iranian-born Sephardi Jew Moshe Katsav was elected president.
		Many Jews were also forced to convert to Christianity, especially was this the case in Portugal.
	i-cias.com /e.o/jud_seph.htm (679 words)

	FuturePundit: On The Evolution Of Ashkenazi Jewish Intelligence
		The proposed hypothesis holds that Jews developed their genetic diseases as a side effect of strong selective pressures for higher intelligence during the Middle Ages as they were forced to work mainly in occupations that required greater cognitive ability.
		Ashkenazi literacy, economic specialization, and closure to inward gene flow led to a social environment in which there was high fitness payoff to intelligence, specifically verbal and mathematical intelligence but not spatial ability.
		Jews who did physically undemanding work who happened to carry genes for greater smarts were going to get selected for even if they didn't have manual labor endurance and they'd get selected for over other Jews who had the ability to work at manual labor who had less intelligence.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/002812.html (18903 words)

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