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	§33. Learned Societies. VIII. The Literature of Science. Vol. 14. The Victorian Age, Part Two. The Cambridge ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Royal Society had taken all science as its province, and nothing in natural history was alien to the activities of the Linnaean society; but, with the beginning of the nineteenth century, societies began to spring up in the metropolis which devoted their energies to the advancement of one science alone.
		The Zoological society of London for the advancement of zoology and animal physiology, and for the introduction of new and curious subjects of the animal kingdom was founded in 1826 by Sir Stamford Raffles, the well-known traveller and governor in the east and the godfather of Rafflesia, J. Sabine, N.A. Vigors and other eminent naturalists.
		Another society which has played a most useful part in the promotion of science is the Cambridge Philosophical society, founded in the year 1819, the only society outside the capital towns which possesses a royal charter.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/224/0833.html (606 words)

	William Phillips - LoveToKnow 1911
		He early became interested in mineralogy and geology, and was one of the founders of the Geological Society of London (1807).
		He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1827.
		In 1796 the two brothers, together with William Allen and Luke Howard, took part in forming the Askesian Society.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /William_Phillips (227 words)

	Askesian Society at AllExperts
		The Askesian Society was a debating club for scientific thinkers, established in 1796 in London.
		It was founded by William Allen, who allowed the use of his laboratory at No. 2 Plough Court for the Society's scientific experiments.
		The Society disbanded in 1806, with many of its members going on to join the Mineralogical Society, the Geological Society, the Linnean Society and the Royal Society of London.
	en.allexperts.com /e/a/as/askesian_society.htm (250 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Luke Howard, the namer of clouds
		Luke was the born in London in November 1778, first child of Quaker parents, and was sent to a Quaker school near Burford in Oxfordshire.
		He was a lifelong member of the Society of Friends (the more formal name of the Quakers) and devoted much energy and time to their good works.
		As an adult he became a businessman, developing a firm that manufactured pharmaceutical chemicals: Howards and Sons Ltd. It has been suggested that his lifelong fascination with weather was heavily influenced by the unusual weather of 1783.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A2141498 (1231 words)

	Geological Society of London - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Society is a Registered Charity, No 210161.
		In 1831 it began issuing an annual scientific award for geology, known as the Wollaston Medal.
		Since 1874 the Society has been based at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geological_Society_of_London (272 words)

	GuitarMania
		The Royal Society was nearly one hundred years old, and was essentially closed to the Quaker Howard.
		In any case, it was the society for "old fogies"; the coffee-house set formed dozens of societies of their own.
		The birth of the scientific journal (Alexander Tilloch), the explosion of interest in science (the Askesian and other societies), the growth of the stock trade as a basis for endeavor, even the rise of the naturalist school of painting, all have their place.
	www.cleveland.com /guitarmania/index2.ssf?/weblogs/print.ssf?/mtlogs/cleve_bookreviews/archives/print044899.html (336 words)

	Scientific Articles Collected by Ian Fleming IU Lilly Library
		"On a genus of tunicata occuring on one of the Bellona reefs," by John Denis MacDonald, excerpt from Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, vol.
		"The silver medal of the society was this session voted to Richard White, Esq., of Essex Street, for his invention of a file for receipts and letters," excerpt from Transactions of the Society.
		The gold medal of the society was this session voted to Bryan Donkin, Esq., of Bermondsey, for a counting ma-chine," excerpt from Transactions of the Society.
	www.indiana.edu /~liblilly/shorttitle/fleming.html (10138 words)

	Luke Howard Summary
		Howard solved it with a simple threefold schema, which he presented in a famous lecture to the Askesian Society in London in 1802.
		His lasting contribution to science is a nomenclature system for clouds, which he proposed in an 1802 presentation to the Askesian Society.
		Howard was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821.
	www.bookrags.com /Luke_Howard (856 words)

	News-Register.com
		In previous essays, we have described the two major categories of clouds, the cumulus or heap families and the stratus or layer families.
		These were first identified and classified by Luke Howard, the English Godfather of clouds, at an 1802 meeting of the Askesian Society in London.
		The fundamental difference in the two groups is that cumulus clouds build in vertically ascending air currents and stratus clouds develop in horizontally moving air.
	www.newsregister.com /news/story.cfm?story_no=205911 (457 words)

	The Literature of the New Sciences
		Small, self-organized societies devoted to learning and improvement had been a commonplace phenomenon throughout enlightened Europe; the reactionary scare of the 1790s placed many of those in Britain under unprecedented strain.
		A lurid exposé by W. Reid, published in 1800, claimed that London was a hotbed of "infidel societies," propounding subversive doctrines under the influence of the writings of Voltaire, Thomas Paine, William Godwin, and Joseph Priestley.{3} Wariness and suspicion undermined the ideals of enlightened public science, of which Priestley had been the best-known spokesman.
		An understanding of the prevailing social and political circumstances is essential to a grasp of this culture as a whole, in which scientific ideas took their place.
	www.unh.edu /history/golinski/paper7.htm (8885 words)

	Askesian Society - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Askesian Society was a debating club for scientific thinkers, established in 1796 in London.
		It was founded by William Allen, who allowed the use of his laboratory at No. 2 Plough Court for the Society's scientific experiments.
		The Society disbanded in 1806, with many of its members going on to join the Mineralogical Society, the Geological Society, the Linnean Society and the Royal Society of London.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Askesian_Society (191 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Luke Howard belonged to a scientific amateur's club in London known as the Askesian Society.
		Though millions of people had watched, admired, and feared clouds for tens of thousands of years, it was Luke Howard's particular stroke of genius to recognize that clouds might also be classified.
		In 1803, the thirty-one-year-old Luke Howard presented a learned paper to his fellow Askesians, entitled "On the Modifications of Clouds, and On the Principles of Their Production, Suspension, and Destruction." Howard's speculative "principles" have not stood the test of time.
	www.eff.org /Misc/Publications/Bruce_Sterling/FSF_columns/fsf.10 (2890 words)

	The National Archives \| Search the archives \| National Register of Archives \| Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		British Society for the Study of Prosthetic Dentistry (2)
		Society for the Provision of Birth Control Clinics (1)
		Society for the Social History of Medicine (1)
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /nra/searches/sidocs.asp?LR=120 (488 words)

	CNN.com - Cloud man gets modern honour - April 17, 2002
		Howard was born in London on November 28, 1772 into a Quaker family and went on to work as a chemist, even though it was his study of clouds which earned him lasting recognition.
		His breakthrough came in 1802-03, when he delivered a lecture to the Askesian Society, a group he founded with other London-based intellectuals.
		Howard, who was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821, wrote widely on meteorology, expanding his study of cloud names in his 1828 work The Climate of London.
	robots.cnn.com /2002/WEATHER/04/17/uk.clouds (413 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Luke Howard belonged to a scientific amateur's club in London known as the Askesian Society.
		Though millions of people had watched, admired, and feared clouds for tens of thousands of years, it was Luke Howard's particular stroke of genius to recognize that clouds might also be classified.
		In 1803, the thirty-one-year-old Luke Howard presented a learned paper to his fellow Askesians, entitled "On the Modifications of Clouds, and On the Principles of Their Production, Suspension, and Destruction." Howard's speculative "principles" have not stood the test of time.
	gopher.well.sf.ca.us:70 /0/Publications/authors/Sterling/fsf/clouds (2892 words)

	The 1702 Chair of Chemistry at Cambridge - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Royal Society, 1, 5, 8, 9, 17, 20, 33, 36, 45, 48, 144, 159, 160, 174, 180, 183, 246, 251
		Society for the Abolition of Ethyl Esters, 249
		Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 69
	www.cambridge.org /us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521828732&ss=ind (846 words)

	CNN.com - Cloud man gets modern honour - April 17, 2002
		Howard was born in London on November 28, 1772 into a Quaker family and went on to work as a chemist, even though it was his study of clouds which earned him lasting recognition.
		His breakthrough came in 1802-03, when he delivered a lecture to the Askesian Society, a group he founded with other London-based intellectuals.
		Howard, who was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821, wrote widely on meteorology, expanding his study of cloud names in his 1828 work The Climate of London.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/WEATHER/04/17/uk.clouds (405 words)

	Luke Howard, the man who named the clouds
		In London one evening in December 1802, a pharmacist called Luke Howard presented a paper at a meeting of the Askesian Society, an association of amateur scientists he had himself helped found (in March 1796).
		The paper was "On the modification of clouds" ('modification' meaning 'classification'), and in this paper Howard proposed some of the cloud names we still use today.
		He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 March 1821 and joined the British (now Royal) Meteorological Society on 7 May 1850, only a month after the society was founded.
	www.rmets.org /education/howard.php (866 words)

	Cloudman explains 1802 --Year of Significance
		An outlet for, and a stimulus to, this side of his life was the Askesian Society (Askesian derives from a Greek work meaning "philosophical exercise") to which he belonged as a charter member from its 23 March 1796 beginning.
		He had already given one paper to the Askesians on Causes of Rain (23 February 1802) so he was deeply involved in thinking about the total problem at times when his attention was not taken with the problems of the "chemical works".
		The setting: the home of Wm Allen in Plough Court, London on 16 December 1802 (evidence of the precise place and date strangely is missing from the Askesian Society minutes, so this is a probable conclusion).
	www.cloudman.com /luke_howard3.htm (1059 words)

	AIM25: Royal Institution of Great Britain: Pepys, William Hasledine (1775-1856)
		Administrative/Biographical history: William Hasledine Pepys was born the son of W H Pepys, cutler and maker of surgical instruments, in London, in 1775.
		In 1796 he founded the Askesian Society, which led to the foundation of the British Mineralogical Society, the Geological Society and the London Institution, in Finsbury Square, London.
		In 1807 he invented a type of eudiometer, and in 1808 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.
	www.aim25.ac.uk /cats/17/3283.htm (409 words)

	Weather Doctor's Weather People and History: Luke Howard: The Man Who Named The Clouds
		In fact, in recognition of his contributions to meteorology, the Royal Society elected the amateur meteorologist a Fellow in 1821.
		In 1800 he had presented a paper on the "Average Barometer" and in 1802 he delivered "Theories of Rain" to the Askesian Society.
		For a man who was a successful businessman, devote family man, and pillar in the Society of Friends (the Quakers), Luke Howard always found time to continue his work as a natural philosopher focusing on meteorology.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/history/howard.htm (2326 words)

	News-Register.com
		We go back to London and a meeting of the Askesian Society in December 1802.
		It was time for 30-year-old Luke Howard to present a paper on his cloud research.
		This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
	www.newsregister.com /news/results.cfm?story_no=187601 (780 words)

	Amazon.com: The Invention of Clouds: How an Amateur Meteorologist Forged the Language of the Skies: Books: Richard ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hamblyn's marvelous portrait of English cultural life at the turn of the 19th century reminds us how enthralled the general public was by scientific lectures and demonstrations, which served as a form of popular entertainment as well as a valuable tool in the dissemination of knowledge.
		Philosophical societies and journals were in their infancy, and were ready to embrace anyone who could increase membership or circulation.
		Hamblyn touches on the effects of the emergence of periodicals, societies of (nongentry) scientists, and even the postal system on this new culture.
	www.amazon.com /Invention-Clouds-Amateur-Meteorologist-Language/dp/0374177155 (3029 words)

	[Attache Archive] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A young Englishman named Luke Howard was the first to systematically study the cause and effect of clouds and put names to them.
		Howard belonged to a small London club of amateur scientists called the Askesian Society.
		After years of recording his observations of the atmosphere, he presented the society with a paper called On the Modification of Clouds in 1803.
	www.attachemag.com /archives/07-05/informed/infos1.htm (1375 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		William Allen was a member of the Society of Friends, and that is almost saying that his views were practical, and directed to social improvement.
		The Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor ; and these societies proved highly beneficial at a time when bread was seven- teenpence-halfpenny a loaf.
		Allen became treasurer to the British and Foreign School Society ; and the affairs of Joseph Lancas- ter were now in such a state of embarrassment that a vigorous effort was necessary to prevent this excellent institution from falling to the ground, notwithstanding the indefatigable labors of its ~vor- thy founder.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ndlpcoop/nicmoas/livn-1/livn0020.sgm (15065 words)

	Puff Daddy - New York Times
		As with most Askesians, Howard's origins were solidly middle class.
		His father was a prosperous manufacturer, a fourth-generation member of the Society of Friends.
		No Askesians reported religious visions, but they participated in group inhalations of nitrous oxide, their experiences so revelatory or hilarious that some (including Howard) became temporarily addicted to it.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E3D7173AF93AA15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=print (883 words)

	[No title]
		Shake your Buns in The Sun with the Askesian Society this Sunday
		The Askesian Society will be putting on a casual, relaxed West London Swaray this weekend in aid of a good cause.
		It will give you unadulterated access to download the podcasts, participate in the forum, submit photos, submit links to The Feed, receive the weekly newsletter, rate DJs, enter competitions and get your own special space on RA to show everyone how cool you are.
	www.residentadvisor.net /forum-read.aspx?id=15791 (230 words)

	Amazon.fr : The Invention of Clouds: Livres en anglais: Richard Hamblyn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		British science writer Richard Hamblyn skillfully blends biography with scientific and cultural history to capture for modern readers the remarkable achievement of Luke Howard (1772-1864), the quiet Quaker whose classification of cloud types we still employ today.
		"Cirrus," "cumulus," and "stratus" now seem almost self-evident descriptions, but when Howard gave his epochal lecture at London's Askesian Society in 1802, the bewildering variety of clouds was more obvious than anything else.
		Hamblyn's marvelous portrait of English cultural life at the turn of the 19th century reminds us how enthralled the general public was by scientific lectures and demonstrations, which served as a form of popular entertainment as well as a valuable tool in the dissemination of knowledge.
	www.amazon.fr /Invention-Clouds-Richard-Hamblyn/dp/033039195X (444 words)

	Readings in Natural History
		The third volume was from an incomplete manuscript found in the library of the Geological Society of London, Burlington House.
		Like plant and animal names before Linneaus, cloud names were unsystematic and different from country to country.
		Luke Howard decided to use Latin-based names for universality and devised a classification which, after early modifications, comes to us nearly unchanged from his lecture at London's Askesian Society in 1802.
	home.earthlink.net /~silvermaplesoft/roland/personal/natural_history.html (2482 words)

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