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Topic: Askold and Dir

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	north_wall_1
		Askold sent a delegation to Constantinople in October of that same year to conclude further treaties, among which were articles about the Baptism of Kyivan Rus'.
		Askold was baptized, as were many of his subjects, and received the name "Nicholas." Sts.
		Askold and Dir were later killed as defenders of Christianity in their struggle against Oleh.
	www3.telus.net /public/abvm/north_wall_1.htm (424 words)

	Askold and Dir - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Askold (Haskuldr in Old East Norse and Höskuldr in Old West Norse) and Dir (Dyri in both dialects of Old Norse) were according to the Primary Chronicle, two of Rurik's men who ruled Kiev in the 870s.
		Although the Slavonic chronicles tend to associate this expedition with the names of Askold and Dir (and to date it to 866), the connection remains tenuous.
		A Kievan legend identifies Askold's burial mound with Uhorska Hill, where Olga of Kiev later built two churches, devoted to Saint Nicholas and to Saint Irene.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Askold_and_Dir (601 words)

	Askold's Grave
		Askold's Grave is a part of the park complex on the right bank of the Dnepr River.
		However, some historians offer a hypothesis that the story of Askold and Dir murder is just folklore, but still people consider Askold's Grave to be the place of Kiev prince burial.
		A wooden cross indicates that the young Ukranian patriots killed in the battle with the Bolsheviks near the Kruty station were buried in the cemetery in 1918.
	www.kiev.info /culture/askold_grave.htm (438 words)

	OCA - Lives of all saints commemorated on this day
		Prince Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith.
		Askold thanked the emperor for sending him "such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy." "Persuaded that this is the true Faith," Askold further wrote, "we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity.
		Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr's death at the hand of hired killers.
	www.oca.org /FSLivesAllSaints.asp?SID=4&M=7&D=2 (3900 words)

	Askold - Vikipeedia, vaba entsüklopeedia
		Askold [ask'old] (vene Аскольд, Асколд, Осколд, ukraina Аскольд, idavanapõhja Haskuldr, läänevanapõhja Höskuldr 'odaomanik'; suri umbes 882 või 884 Kiievis) oli kroonika "Jutustus möödunud aegadest" järgi Rjuriku kaaskondlane, varjaagi väepealik ja Kiievi vürst.
		Meie, nende järeltulijad, elame siin, ja maksame andamit kasaaridele." Askold ja Dir asusid Kiievisse elama, kogusid kokku suure hulga teisi varjaage ning hakkasid Kiievit ja poljaanide maad valitsema (864).
		Voskressenski kroonika ja teised kroonikad teatavad, et Askold ja Dir sõdisid drevljaanide ja uglitšitega.
	et.wikipedia.org /wiki/Askold (696 words)

	Askold and Dir biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Askold (Höskuldr) and Dir (Dyri) were according to the Primary Chronicle, two of Rurik's men.
		The answer was that it was Kiev and it had been built by three brothers named Kyi, Schek and Khoriv who were the ancestors of the inhabitants, but at the moment they were paying tribute to the Khazars.
		Askold and Dir settled in the town and gathered a large number of fellow Varangians and began to rule the town and the land of the Polans (eastern).
	www.biography.ms /Askold_and_Dir.html (216 words)

	Урядовий портал :: About Ukraine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Askold and Dir, probably, achieved might and prosperity very soon, because in 860, according to the legend, they decided along with amenable to them polyane to invade Constantinopol’.
		And though Ryukyr had already died, and his son Ihor (in Scandinavian Inhvar) was young to be at the head of the army, Oleh, who was a regent (tutor), until Ihor attained his majority, brought together a retinue of Varangians, Slavs and Finns took Ihor and sailed to Kyiv.
		Askold and Dir had been swindled out of the city and killed, accused in power usurpation.
	www.kmu.gov.ua /control/uk/publish/printable_article?art_id=2629325 (3612 words)

	Primary Chronicle
		Two of Rurik’s men [Askold and Dir] who were not of his tribe but were warriors [boyare] sought permission to go to Tsar’grad [Constantinople] with their tribe.
		Askold and Dir remained in this city, and after gathering together many Varangians, they established their dominion over the country of the Polianians.
		863-866 (6371-6374) Askold and Dir deployed their armed forces against the Greeks, appeared there in the fourteenth year of the reign of the [Byzantine] Emperor Michael.
	www.uoregon.edu /~kimball/chronicle.htm (3513 words)

	The Baldwin Project: The Story of Europe by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall
		He knew, however, that Askold and Dir were not likely to give up their kingship without a struggle, and he had recourse, therefore, to treachery.
		Arrived at Kief, he sent messengers to Askold and Dir, saying that Northman merchants passing on their way to Constantinople desired to greet them in the name of the Prince of Novgorod.
		Askold and Dir, suspecting no treachery, at once hurried to the river bank, only to find themselves surrounded by Viking warriors, and led captive before Oleg.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=marshall&book=sketches&story=russia (1966 words)

	The Cyrillo-Methodian Heritage of Kyiv
		Askold and Dir were later killed as defenders of Orthodox Christianity in their struggle against Oleh.
		Askold and Dir, locally venerated in Kyiv, deserve to be formally Glorified as Ukraine's first Christian Rulers and Enlighteners, who introduced the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition there and throughout the Slavic lands, and who initiated the first Baptism of Kyivan-Rus'.
		It was at the singing of its first verse at Pochayiv in the seventeenth century during a Turkish seige of the monastery that the Mother of God appeared and spared the people there.
	unicorne.org /orthodoxy/articles/saints_icons/saints_new/cryrillo.htm (1033 words)

	bobsville adventure magazine page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Roderick and Oleg's next move was to send some of the Rus south under Askold and Dir to see what it would take to obtain possession of Kiev.
		When Askold and Dir and the Rus arrived at Kiev they found out the local Slavs would be very happy to get rid of their Hungarian overlords.
		Askold and Dir decided they wanted to rule Kiev and decided to double-cross Roderick and Oleg.
	www.bobsville.com /adventure/p2.html (407 words)

	FOCUS ON PHILATELY: The founding family of Kyivan Rus' (PART I) (10/06/02)
		And Ihor said to Askold: 'Both of you are not kings, nor even of royal stock, but I am a king, and I am fit to reign.' They killed Askold and Dyr...
		The ancient chronicles relate that Kyiv was taken from two Varangian boyars (nobles) Askold and Dyr (Figure 3); they themselves had wrested the city from the large eastern European empire of the Khazars_17_ in about 860.
		Askold and Dyr may in fact have been Khazar vassals since evidence seems to indicate that the Khazars may still have ruled in Kyiv into the 930s.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2002/400218.shtml (2179 words)

	Kiev Information Guide. Kiev Sights
		Nowadays this steep and meandering street is a traditional place for arranging concerts, art festivals and city holidays.
		According to one legend, on this very site near the river in 882 Prince Oleg killed sons of Kie, Askold and Dir, ascended the prince throne and became a very successful ruler of Kiev Rus.
		The site of Askold's tragic death was marked by a small wooden chapel.
	www.kiev.info /culture/sights.htm (928 words)

	cars - Oleg of Novgorod
		A relation (likely brother-in-law) of the first ruler, Rurik, the Varangian Helgu was entrusted by Rurik to take care of both his kingdom and his young son Ingvar, or Igor.
		Oleg gradually took control of the Dnieper cities, captured Kiev (previously held by other Varangians, Askold and Dir) and finally moved his capital from Novgorod there.
		The new capital was a convenient place to launch a raid against Constantinople in 911 that won a favourable trade treaty, which eventually was of great benefit to both nations.
	www.carluvers.com /cars/Oleg (261 words)

	A Providential History of Russia
		In the meanwhile, two Viking chiefs by the name of Askold and Dir had wrested Kiev from the eastern Slavs and established Scandinavian rule over them.
		The barbarians attributed this disaster to the efficiency of the prayers of the Christians, and, as a result, Askold and many of his followers embraced Christianity.
		This ruler conquered the eastern Slavs, put Askold and Dir out of the way by an act of treachery and made Kiev the capital of the Empire.
	www.forerunner.com /forerunner/X0690_Providential_History.html (3086 words)

	RAMBAUD ON THE KIEVAN RUS' IN THE PRE-CHRISTIAN ERA
		Two other Varangians, Askold and Dir, who were not of the family of Rurik, went down to Kief, and reigned over the Polians.
		By means of treachery he took Askold and Dir prisoners, and put them to death, observing: "You are neither princes yourselves, nor of the blood of princes; this is the son of Rurik," pointing to Igor.
		The Byzantines say, that alarmed by the miraculous defeat of Askold and Dir, and seized with a respectful awe of the Christian talismans of the Patriarch Photius, the Russians "sent envoys to Constantinople to ask for baptism." The Emperor Basil the Macedonian then gave them an archbishop, who performed a miracle before them.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/PagKiev.html (7316 words)

	Who were the Rus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This was the moment when the Rus launched their first assault against Miklagard, the Golden City, led by the Rus leaders Askold and Dir.
		This marks the beginning of a period of amicable relationships between the Greeks and the Rus, for this is the point at which the Rus begin taking service in the Byzantine army.
		Meanwhile, the failed Rus captains Askold and Dir were put to death by Oleg (Helgi, in Old Norse), the Rus ruler of Novgorod and foster father of Rurik's son Igor (Old Norse Ingvarr).
	www.dragonshade.com /Russian_Viking.htm (1249 words)

	Church Bulletin - St. Paul's Greek Orthodox Church, Irvine, CA
		The most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Sts.
		Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable "Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos," which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photios.
		Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time "it was begun to be called the Russian Land." Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople.
	www.bulletin.goarch.org /ChurchBulletins/87/062704/feasts.html (5802 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Ulychians) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Here, on the periphery of colonization, the Ukrainian tribes were able to occupy large expanses of land, but they settled them less densely, and so when the nomads began to press in on them later, they were able to form more compact groups in safer parts of their territory.
		The first Kievan princes (Askold and Dir, Oleg Rurikovich or Igor Rurikovich) warred witrh the Ulychians.
		The Ulychians lived on the Dnieper and later migrated to the region betwen the Boh and the Dniester because they were supressed by the Kievan army.
	members.aol.com /mokosh/Ulychians.html (479 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As the tale details, two Varangian leaders Askold and Dir sailed down the Dnipro with their army and decided that the location would be extremely beneficial due to its position on the high riverbank, they then seized the city(1).
		Once the two had seized the city of Kyiv they decided to invade Constantinopol, by this time however, Ryukyr had passed on leaving his son Ihor to head his army, which was sent to Kyiv to take it back from the tyrannous Askold and Dir.
		A close tutor of his Oleh, stood in his place until he reached maturity, bringing together a formidable force of Varangians, Finns, and Slavs who annexed Kyiv, killed Askold and brought the capital of Rus' from Novgorod to Kyiv, then proclaiming it "the mother of all Russian cities"(2).
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/j/l/jlm699/step2.htm (702 words)

	Britt Shank - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Scholar Profile
		Rurik and his two brothers came with their kinfolk and set themselves in three cities; Rurik in Novgorod, the other two in Beloozero and Izborsk.
		Kiev was occupied by two brothers, Askold and Dir, who were not kinsmen of Rurik, but belonged to his warband.
		By contrast, it is often believed that Western and Scandinavian scholars take the story at its face value and thus stress the vital role of Scandinavians in the formation of the medieval state in Russia.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200108/profiles/zori.html (391 words)

	Saints Peter and Paul
		It was also a natural move for her to make, since Byzantine Christianity had been brought to Kyivan Rus' by her predecessors, the Varangian Princes Mykola Askold and Dir.
		Unlike Askold and Dir before her, or her grandson Volodymyr who came after her, Olha did not call for mass baptisms of her subjects.
		Olha even went on record as "glorifying" her two royal predecessors by building Churches on their graves, that of St Nicholas on Askold's grave and that of St Sophia on the grave of Dir.
	www.ukrainian-orthodoxy.org /saints/otherSaints/olga.htm (1309 words)

	Kiev City History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Military campaign by Prince Askold of Kiev against Byzantium, Christening of Askold.
		The Varangian Prince Oleg arrived from Novgorad to rule and turn the city into a large state connected with the lands of Novgorod, after killing the rulers of the city, Askold and Dir.
		Olegs words about Kiev became proverbial "Here will be the mother of Rus cities." This was the beginning of the Kievan Rus' state which lasted until the year 1240 when the Mongols (Tatars) invaded.
	www.kievcityguide.net /history.htm (1338 words)

	March
		During an attack on Constantinople by the ships of Rus’ before it was Christianized (in the ninth century), Askold and Dir saw the Archbishop of Constantinople bring out the Mantle-Riassa of the Mother of God and simply dip it into the water.
		Askold and Dir returned to Kyiv forever changed and received Baptism.
		They shared the story of the power of the Mantle of the Mother of God with their subjects.
	www.unicorne.org /orthodoxy/articles/saints_icons/october.htm (598 words)

	Untitled Document
		In 862, two Varangian leaders Askold and Dir left their prince Ryurk in Norhorod and sailed down the Dnipro River to Kyiv.
		Having evaluated the city and finding it to their liking with the high riverbank and good land, they seized the city.
		So, Oleh, son of Ryukyr, took an army down to Kyiv and killed Askold and Dir.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/p/a/pat1012/philstep2.htm (950 words)

	Rus'-Byzantine War (860) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Rus' raid against Constantinople in 860 is the only major military expedition of the Khaganate of Rus' recorded in Greek and Western European sources.
		In the Primary Chronicle, the campaign is associated with the names of Askold and Dir and dated to 866.
		The authors of the Kievan chronicle appended the names of Askold and Dir to the account, as they believed that these two Varangians had presided over Kiev in 866.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rus'-Byzantine_War_(860) (1234 words)

	Saint Elijah Children's Choir: Ukrainian children's choir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Saint Elijah Church, situated in Podol district of Kyiv, is the first Russian Orthodox church ever built.
		According to legend, it was built by the Prince Askold and Dir long before the baptizing of Kyiv Rus.
		The Saint chronicler Nestor writes about this event in his Fable of Ancient Times.
	magnatune.com /artists/elijah (261 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: The Chronicle of Nestor
		That part of Russia was later called Novgorod by the Varangians, but the residents of that country, before the arrival of Rurik, had been known only by the name of Slavs.
		There were among the Varangians, two men, Askold and Dir, who were not of the royal family but were important nobles.
		Without the King's permission, they left with some of their companions and went into the countryside and penetrated along the Dnieper even to Constantinople.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/nestor.html (1088 words)

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