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	Hafez al-Assad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Assad was Syria's longest serving president, and his rule stabilized and consolidated the power of the country's government after decades of coups and counter-coups.
		Assad was born in Qardaha in western Syria as part of the minority Alawite community.
		Assad was appointed head of the airforce in 1964.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hafez_al-Assad (2767 words)

	Bashar al-Assad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Assad speaks fluent English and French, having studied at the Franco-Arab al-Hurriyet elite school in Damascus (the Syrian capital), before going on to medical school there at the University of Damascus Faculty of Medicine.
		Assad opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, despite a long standing animosity between the Syrian and Iraqi regimes, using Syria's position holding one of the rotating seats on the United Nations Security Council.
		Assad has been criticised for Syria's de facto occupation of Lebanon (which ended in 2005) and the USA put Syria under sanctions partly because of this.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bashar_al-Assad (1592 words)

	The bitter legacy of Syria's Hafez al-Assad
		Assad was often described as a “strongman”, a fitting term when applied to the ruthless methods he employed to suppress opposition to his rule.
		Assad's abandonment of the Palestinians in Jordan set a precedent that was to be repeated in subsequent acts of treachery, including his collusion in the Lebanese falangists' massacre of Palestinians at Beirut's Tel al Zaatar camp in 1976.
		Assad's staying power, now credited by Western leaders with bringing 30 years of political stability to Syria, was largely secured through the ample use of 15 different security services and rigid state control of the media and all forms of communication.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2000/jun2000/assa-j16.shtml (2598 words)

	Assad, Hafez al- on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ASSAD, HAFEZ AL- [Assad, Hafez al-], 1930-2000, president of Syria (1971-2000).
		Using that position, Assad was able to become the most powerful figure in Syria, and in 1971 he became the country's president after leading a coup in late 1970.
		In the 1990s, Assad sought to cultivate both the support of more militant Arab leaders and peaceful relations with the West in an attempt to regain the Golan Heights and increase Syrian influence in the Middle East.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/A/Assad-H1a.asp (251 words)

	Peacefacts: Hafez Al-Assad: The Man Who Waited Too Long - FPRI
		Assad’s death at the age of 69 on June 10, 2000, removes from the scene a stubborn enemy of the Jewish state and also a persistent foe of American policy for nearly three decades.
		Assad joined Anwar Sadat in the surprise attack on Israel on October 6, 1973, only to discover on the edge of military disaster that Sadat’s purpose was not his purpose.
		Assad liked this idea because it allowed him to control the diplomacy and to play his favorite argument that Syria was the key piece in the puzzle.
	www.fpri.org /peacefacts/071.200007.sicherman.assadwaitedtoolong.html (3599 words)

	israelinsider: diplomacy: Syrian President Assad accuses Israel of assassinating Yasser Arafat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Assad's uncompromising tone on what he termed a matter of national sovereignty was certain to further heighten tension with the United States and complicate the seven-month probe into the Feb. 14 truck bombing that killed the former Lebanese premier and 20 others on a Beirut street.
		In November, Assad criticized the investigation as politicized by the United States and its allies with the aim of framing Syria to punish it for its opposition to the Iraq war, support for Palestinian militants and Lebanese guerrillas.
		Assad repeated Syria's pledges to cooperate with the investigation into the assassination, which led to international pressure that forced Syria to withdraw its army from Lebanon in April, ending nearly three decades of political and military control of the neighboring country.
	web.israelinsider.com /Articles/Diplomacy/7605.htm (1131 words)

	Angry Assad Says Syria Will Cooperate in Probe
		Assad's address, delivered at Damascus University, was his first public appearance since Mehlis submitted an interim report to the Security Council three weeks ago that accused Syria of failing to cooperate with the investigation into Hariri's Feb. 14 assassination.
		While promising cooperation, Assad also accused the United States and Israel of trying to weaken Syria and the Middle East and said compromises would not be made at the expense of Syrian interests.
		Assad also said it was almost certain that Syria had no hand in Hariri's death, but he did not directly address Mehlis's request in his speech.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/10/AR2005111001314_pf.html (587 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		During the visit, Assad said Iran had a right to acquire nuclear technology for peaceful means and demanded Israel be stripped of its suspected nuclear arsenal.
		Assad renewed Syria's call for a Middle East free of nuclear weapons and said "the beginning should be with Israel".
		Assad also said he supported stability in Lebanon and called for an end to what he called foreign interference there.
	www.ynetnews.com /articles/0,7340,L-3204021,00.html (517 words)

	OpinionJournal - Extra
		In Arabic "Assad" means lion, and in a play on words the protestors sang: "Assad in Lebanon, a rabbit on the Golan." The jingle was first used against Bashar's father, Hafiz al-Assad, who, as defense minister during the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, lost Syria's Golan Heights to Israel.
		Assad decided to impose an extension of Lebanese President Emile Lahoud's mandate, against the advice of most politicians in Beirut (and the advice, also, of his own vice-president, Abdel Halim Khaddam, as well as that of the political intelligence chief, Ghazi Kanaan, both experienced in Lebanese affairs).
		Assad's brother-in-law was recently named head of military intelligence, while the president's closest kin hold positions of major influence, formal or informal.
	www.opinionjournal.com /extra?id=110006377 (1317 words)

	The Lion in Winter: Bashar Assad's Self-Destruction (February 2006)
		Assad's gilded stature on both sides of the Atlantic was the envy of dictators everywhere.
		Assad's greatest political weakness - lack of deep institutional ties within the regime - was seen as a virtue by outsiders, who presumed that he would need their backing to survive politically.
		Assad's long history of giving personal assurances that he was later unwilling or unable to honor (in sharp contrast to his late father, who promised little but generally delivered what he promised) was catching up with him.
	www.mideastmonitor.org /issues/0602/0602_1.htm (6432 words)

	CNN.com - World - Syria's ruling party lends wholehearted support to Bashar Assad - June 17, 2000
		The party already has announced an initial nomination of Bashar Assad for president, and a formal nomination is expected to be announced during the conference.
		Assad, who did not allow any dissent in politics, eased restrictions on investments in 1991 after a severe recession.
		Bashar Assad had to cut short a career as an eye doctor when his elder brother Basil, his father's first choice as successor, was killed in a 1994 car accident.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/meast/06/17/syria.assad.02 (904 words)

	Assad
		Along the Jordanian border, a portrait of Hafez Assad offers a kind message to those taking their leave of Syrian soil: "Thanks for your fizit!" (Bonus: Dig the bikers!) Hafez's image is there when you're coming and when you're going.
		Paintings of various Assad family members are available for purchase in most Damascus commercial areas.
		Note the portraits of the Assad dictators gazing down on her participation in the democratic process.
	ordoesit.typepad.com /photos/assad (543 words)

	BBC News \| MIDDLE EAST \| President Assad: Master tactician
		Mr Assad, who had been promoted to the rank of major general, was appointed defence minister in 1966.
		In November 1970, Mr Assad led a peaceful coup, and, in a foretaste of his style of leadership, arrested and quietly imprisoned his political opponents.
		But much as critics of President Assad, in the US or elsewhere, may abhor his style of leadership or mock the pretence of democracy in his country, they have been forced to learn one lesson: when entering the Middle Eastern political arena, you ignore the Syria of Hafez al-Assad at your peril.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/middle_east/401381.stm (805 words)

	israelinsider: diplomacy: Israel joins US in saying Assad vow on leaving Lebanon is insufficient
		Israeli leaders were unimpressed by the announcement by President Bashar Assad of a two-stage pullback of Syrian forces to the Lebanese border, but they echoed American assessments that the Syrian strongman failed to address broad international demands that he completely withdraw Syria's 15,000 troops after nearly 30 years in the country.
		Assad was vague about the pullback, leaving it unclear if Syrian forces would eventually leave Lebanon or remain inside the country near the Syrian frontier.
		Assad said Syria would be in compliance with the 1989 Arab-brokered Taif Accord, which called for Syria to move its troops to the Lebanese border and for both countries to then negotiate the withdrawal, and the U.N. resolution drafted by the United States and France.
	web.israelinsider.com /Articles/Diplomacy/5114.htm (1243 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Syria censored Assad interview
		Syrian President Bashar Assad tampered with the transcript of a lengthy interview he conducted with the New York Times, presenting a condensed Arabic version to his citizens while the full version, in English, was published abroad.
		Calling it Assad's most important interview with the American press, Hadidi charged that the omissions show the president is not the young, modern, reformist he imagines himself to be.
		Assad succeeded his father, Hafez Assad, regarded as a pragmatic and cruel tyrant who ruled Syria for 30 years before his death in 2000.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=36481 (1014 words)

	CNN.com - Assad: Media, tech crushing Arabs - Jun 6, 2005
		Assad has been under pressure by Washington and the West for its former presence in Lebanon.
		Assad told the congress of Syria's ruling Baath Party on Monday that a media influx had left Arabs "swamped by disinformation" about themselves.
		Focusing on the swirl of modern information and the huge influx of ideas to the region, Assad said that development was being exploited by what he said were the region's enemies.
	www.cnn.com /2005/WORLD/meast/06/06/assad.syria (484 words)

	CNN.com - World - Assad's son moves closer to Syrian presidency - June 11, 2000
		When a reporter suggested Assad was not universally regarded, the woman began screaming in dismay and rolling on the ground as others rushed to her aid.
		Assad had several sons and a daughter, although the family rarely was seen in public.
		Assad refused to consider anything but the complete return by Israel of the Golan Heights, which it seized in 1967, Peres said.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/meast/06/11/assad.01 (1209 words)

	Syria's Assad: 'I am not Saddam Hussein'
		Assad told Time magazine Syria has suffered most from the assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafiq Hariri, whose killing led to stepped up calls for Syria to pullout from neighboring Lebanon.
		Time said the Syrian government later corrected Assad's comments, saying the president was talking about compliance with the 1989 Taif agreement, which calls for a Syrian pullback to Lebanon's eastern Bekaa Valley but does not set a date for the full pullout.
		Assad on Saturday announced that Syria would redeploy all its troops to the Syrian border, but he did not set a timetable for a full withdrawal.
	archive.turkishpress.com /news.asp?id=38098 (364 words)

	A toy called Assad
		Assad brought President Hosni Mubarak the transcripts of the investigations conducted by Mehlis in Syria, which according to Assad, clearly indicate his regime was not involved in the murder of Hariri.
		The building of the American file against Assad is so blatant that there are already those who are sketching scenarios of peace with Syria in the post- Assad era, or at least looking into who would replace him.
		Assad is a weak leader and it can't be said he possesses any great political insight, but he is an Arab leader and therefore Mubarak and the Saudi King Abdullah were quick to publicly declare two weeks ago that they would not lend a hand to isolating Syria.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article10577.htm (748 words)

	Syrian President Bashar Assad. By Chris Suellentrop
		When Assad came to power in June 2000, one week after the death of his father, Hafez Assad, many hoped that his ties to the West—the two years in London he spent training to become an ophthalmologist, his facility with English, his British-born Syrian wife—would make him a different kind of dictator.
		Comments like those create the worry that Assad is not just pandering when he attacks the war in Iraq as a Zionist plot: He may actually believe it.
		But if Assad is now the most popular figure in the Middle East among Arabs of an anti-American stripe, it's worth noting that before Assad, that figure was Saddam.
	www.slate.com /id/2081612 (1254 words)

	Assad snubs Christopher
		Assad, whose army is the virtual ruling power in Lebanon, has kept Christopher waiting twice before on this four-day shuttle mission.
		Assad's decision not to see Christopher, whatever the reason, served to underline Syrian reluctance to embrace the accord put forward by the United States and Israel.
		The Syrians explained that Assad would be busy welcoming Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and hosting a state dinner for her Tuesday night.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/page1/96/04/24/mideast.html (820 words)

	USATODAY.com - Bashar Assad: A powerful leader or 'an empty vessel'? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Four years ago, the younger Assad was pressing the Israelis to resume talks about returning the Golan Heights, which Israel took in a war in 1967.
		Assad's actions provoked Congress to pass economic sanctions last year that block almost all U.S. trade with and investment in Syria.
		Assad's government still has leverage in Lebanon, where a half-million Shiite Muslims demonstrated last week in favor of a continuing Syrian presence.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2005-03-13-syrian-president_x.htm (1160 words)

	Jed Babbin on Syria on National Review Online
		Bashar Assad, our intelligence people repeatedly assured us, was from the shallow end of the gene pool; he was not the sharpest knife in the drawer.
		Assad is an exceedingly dangerous man. Syria's army is large, but essentially an empty shell.
		If Bashar Assad is willing to absorb more damage than Syria can sustain, he is a man who will not respond as expected to either diplomatic or military action.
	www.nationalreview.com /babbin/babbin200311120817.asp (1337 words)

	The Suburbs Are Killing Us
		When Brazilian singer-guitarist Badi Assad took the stage barefoot, wearing flowing green pants and a peach-pink vest-scarf, one thought crossed my mind: She probably has a cat.
		The latter tune also all but confirmed my suspicions: Near the end of the song, Assad leaned toward her guitar and gurgled to it in that unmistakable baby voice people use to talk to kitties.
		Still, I was curious to see Assad live because she is a really great guitarist -- instrumentals only would have been ideal -- and concerts at the Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center are always fun because the halls there have fantastic acoustics.
	www.christopherporter.com /2005/10/badi-assad.html (344 words)

	DEBKAfile - Assad’s Decree 408 = Arab World’s Boldest Regime Reform
		After 40 years of living under an autocracy, three quarters of that period under an Assad, the average Syrian wants tangible evidence that he is not being let up the garden path before he believes any kind of liberal reform is genuine.
		One day before Assad published his Decree 408, Kuwait held a general election for its 50-seat National Assembly – a general election only in Gulf terms, meaning 85 percent of the population is ineligible to vote - women, new citizens and members of the armed forces.
		Assad hopes that the Bush administration will show its gratitude by forgiving Syria’s other misdeeds, such as its sponsorship of 10m Palestinian terrorist organizations and its intervention in Iraq.
	www.debka.com /article.php?aid=519 (2041 words)

	Syria's Leaders - Council on Foreign Relations
		The Assad family is part of the minority Alawite sect, a Shiite Muslim faction that —despite making up only 12 percent of the population—has dominated political life in Syria since the Baath Party seized power in 1963, and forms the core of the country's armed services and intelligence bureaucracy.
		Kenaan, an Alawite, was an old guard loyalist of Hafez Assad and had been mentioned as a possible successor.
		Assad's government considers him a traitor and will try him for high treason.
	www.cfr.org /publication/9085/whos_who_in_the_syrian_leadership.html (2358 words)

	Does Bashar al-Assad Rule Syria? - Middle East Quarterly - Winter 2003
		With Assad's death, we began to think that either I or Vice President ‘Abd al-Halim Khaddam were worthy of filling the shoes of the dead president.
		However, in view of the fact that all of us were past seventy years of age, we were afraid of a situation in which every year we would have to change the country's leader, as had happened in the former Soviet Union.
		Assad senior probably saw no reason for such a meeting; he would have regarded Nasrallah as one more pawn.
	www.meforum.org /article/517 (4550 words)

	How strong is the Syrian military? By Fred Kaplan
		In July 1998, Hafez Assad, the current president's father (who died in 2000), appointed a new chief of staff, who tried to press modern ideas on his officer corps, including an emulation of Israeli tactics.
		It is also less than clear that Bush's soaring popularity could sustain a second round of war; certainly, he has not yet prepared the public for an invasion of Syria, as he set the stage over the course of a year for an assault on Iraq.
		Assad bought Scud-B's, as well as the longer-range Scud-C's and -D's, from North Korea, which also provided the means for Syria to manufacture them.
	www.slate.com /id/2081578 (1648 words)

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