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	Hafez al-Assad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Assad was Syria's longest serving president, and his rule stabilized and consolidated the power of the country's government after decades of coups and counter-coups.
		Assad was born in Qardaha in western Syria as part of the minority Alawite community.
		Assad was appointed head of the airforce in 1964.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hafez_el_Assad (2880 words)

	Bashar al-Assad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The al-Assad family are members of the minority Alawite group, and members of that group have been prominent in the governmental hierarchy and army since 1963 when the Baath Party first seized power.
		Assad opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq, despite a long-standing animosity between the Syrian and Iraqi regimes, using Syria's position holding one of the rotating seats on the United Nations Security Council.
		Assad was criticised for Syria's de facto occupation of Lebanon (which ended in 2005), and the US put Syria under sanctions partly because of this.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bashar_Assad (1823 words)

	Inner Circle in Syria Holds Power, and Perhaps Peril
		The reliance of Syria's leadership on family is not unusual in the Middle East, where an array of authoritarian republics and monarchies have reserved strategic positions for sons, brothers and other relatives.
		While Assad's leadership today relies on an inner circle, it has inherited some of the durability of that past era: The government has cultivated support within the public sector, the military, the Baath Party and a merchant class, some of whose powerful members are sons of government officials.
		Assad's older sister, Bushra, a doctor, is often described as a power behind the throne, promoting her husband's ambitions as well as her own.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/27/AR2005102702342_pf.html (1771 words)

	"The Assad Family and the Succession in Syria" (July 2000)
		The palpable fear that this regime inspired among most Syrians was so closely linked to Assad's cult of personality that there is a fairly strong consensus among these elites that the presidency should be passed on to another member of the Assad family in order to preserve an aura of continuity.
		Assad forced the group to disband in 1983 and many of Jamil's assets were confiscated in 1984 because of his close association with Rifaat.
		Maher Assad, 33, is a prominent officer in the Republican Guard, recently promoted to the rank of colonel, but is considered too hot-tempered to be an effective ruler: in October of last year, he reportedly became upset by derogatory remarks made about Rifaat by Gen.
	www.meib.org /articles/0007_s2.htm (1560 words)

	Assad
		Along the Jordanian border, a portrait of Hafez Assad offers a kind message to those taking their leave of Syrian soil: "Thanks for your fizit!" (Bonus: Dig the bikers!) Hafez's image is there when you're coming and when you're going.
		Paintings of various Assad family members are available for purchase in most Damascus commercial areas.
		Note the portraits of the Assad dictators gazing down on her participation in the democratic process.
	ordoesit.typepad.com /photos/assad/index.html (543 words)

	NewStandard: 8/16/97
		Patricia's grandparents, Linnea and Ronald Assad, fought fiercely alongside their son to ensure the three girls would be returned to Massachusetts, but the legal entanglements of custodial care and state jurisdiction made it seem they might never see Patricia again.
		Assad's arrest was dropped pending a District Court date in September, according to the district attorney's office.
		Patricia Assad, whose mother, Miki Assad, was wanted by police after taking her and her two half-sisters to Florida when the girl's father, Mark A. Assad, was awarded temporary custody of her, sits with family members recently after being reunited.
	www.southcoasttoday.com /daily/08-97/08-16-97/a05lo029.htm (1062 words)

	Syria & Syrians - The Peace Encyclopedia
		Assad is to exploit peace with Israel to cultivate among the American political elite an interest in the survival of his brutal dictatorship.
		Assad's declining mental and physical capabilities and his family's violent internal feuding suggest profound vulnerability within his regime.
		Assad called in the heavy weapons; many of the old alleyways were too narrow for tanks and so whole districts were flattened by artillery rather than engage the Brotherhood in hand to hand fighting.
	peace.heebz.com /syria.html (1912 words)

	Tour is an Assad Family reunion \| Arizona Daily Star ®
		Assad, who will turn 80 while he's in the States, joins his celebrated sons, world-renowned classical guitarists Sérgio and Odair Assad, and other family members for the seven-city Assad Family: A Brazilian Songbook tour.
		The family reunion on stage was Sérgio's idea, dreamed up at the suggestion of a videographer filming his parents' 50th wedding anniversary in Brazil a few years ago.
		He even uprooted his family from their small village and moved to a big city so the children could study with a noted instructor.
	www.azstarnet.com /sn/printDS/16313 (760 words)

	Hafez Assad's brother claims power: 6/13/00
		Assad was the only leader many Syrians had ever known, and despite -- or perhaps because of -- his iron-fisted rule, he instilled in ordinary Syrians a sense of security and national pride.
		Assad, who died Saturday at the age of 69, was to be flown from there to the coastal city of Latakia and carried on a gun carriage to Qardaha, about 125 miles northwest of Damascus, for prayers and burial in the family cemetery.
		Assad is to be buried close to the huge marble mausoleum for his son.
	www.southcoasttoday.com /daily/06-00/06-13-00/a02wn008.htm (3506 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Assad Abdul Hussein, 20
		His family said he was too poor to pay the bribes to his officers that might have secured him a safer posting and avoided him being sent up to Iraq's northern frontline, where he eventually died.
		His family came from Amarra in the south, moving because of the famine that came when Saddam persecuted the Shia after the Gulf War in 1991.
		His family said they thought it was unlikely that he would have married because he would have had trouble getting the necessary money together.
	www.guardian.co.uk /Iraq/Story/0,2763,956547,00.html (510 words)

	CNN.com - Syrian President Hafez Assad dies before regaining Golan Heights - June 10, 2000
		Assad, 69, had been suffering from heart problems, lymphoma and kidney failure, according to a Lebanese heart surgeon close to the Assad family.
		The death of Assad could deal a blow to Mideast peace prospects by ushering in a prolonged period of instability, but it could also mean an opportunity for Syria to forsake at least part of its implacable enmity toward Israel, observers say.
		Assad had two vice presidents to fill in for him, but within hours of his death Saturday, the Syrian parliament pushed them aside and voted to clear the way for the ascension of Bashar.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/meast/06/10/assad.05/index.html (2276 words)

	Assef Shawkat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Having faith in his abilities, President Assad instructed Shawkat to support Bashar and "never part his side." Shawkat complied, and by 1998, was rumored to have become the strongest man in Syria.
		Maher, Assad's other son, was present in the room and instructed him to be quiet, claiming that this was a family feud and he had nothing to do with it.
		When Shawkat responded that he was part of the family, Maher insisted that he was not, and remarked how well Basil had acted in containing his influence while alive.
	www.reformsyria.org /Baath/Villains/assef_shawkat.htm (1073 words)

	"Dossier: Rifaat Assad" (June 2000)
		ifaat Assad, the younger brother of Syrian President Hafez Assad, is widely considered to be the most formidable challenger to the nascent authority of the aging dictator's son and heir apparent, Bashar Assad.
		Rifaat, a member of Syria's Alawite minority, was born in 1937 in the village of Qurdaha in the Syrian province of Latakia.
		The Defense Companies were the praetorian guards of the Assad regime, playing a central role in the Syrian government's suppression of the 1980-82 Islamist insurgency which culminated in the brutal February 1982 massacre of up to 20,000 people in the city of Hama.
	www.meib.org /articles/0006_sd.htm (1216 words)

	SyriaComment.com: "To survive, Bashar Assad will have to fight his family," By Seale
		The choice before Assad is clear: either continue to claim that Syria is innocent of the murder of Hariri and that the charges in the Mehlis report are unsound and politically motivated or recognize that mistakes have been made and carry out a purge of the top security officials named in the report.
		This is a clear signal from the international community urging Assad to act; third, tens of thousands of people came out on the streets of Damascus, Aleppo and other cities last week in support of Assad.
		Among staunch Assad loyalists, for example, is Manaf Tlass, a prominent officer in the Republican Guard, and the son of the former long-serving Defense Minister Mustafa Tlass.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2005/11/to-survive-bashar-assad-will-have-to.htm (2902 words)

	DEBKAfile - Both Bashar Assad & Mahmoud Abbas Are Teetering
		The Assads are dominated by four figures: the president, his sister Bouchra (regarded as the toughest and most corrupt), her husband Assef Shawqat, head of general intelligence, who is a reputed professional hitman, and Maher Assad, Bashar’s younger brother.
		Rifat Assad, the president’s uncle, is waiting in the wings for his chance to seize the presidency.
		The Assad family may hold up through its vicissitudes – only to be overthrown in a military coup; or by another branch of the Assad clan, such as the one led by Rifat.
	www.debka.com /article_print.php?aid=1101 (1225 words)

	USCFL - Does Bashar Al Assad Rule Syria?
		With Assad's death, we began to think that either I or Vice President ‘Abd al-Halim Khaddam were worthy of filling the shoes of the dead president.
		Assad senior probably saw no reason for such a meeting; he would have regarded Nasrallah as one more pawn.
		For example, many reports speak of trouble between Mahir, Bashar's impulsive younger brother, and what is popularly referred to as the "royal couple"—Bushra, Bashar's sister, the Assad family's "Iron Lady," and her husband, Asaf Shawkat, a strong, colorful personality who serves in a senior capacity in Syrian military security.
	freelebanon.org /articles/a374.htm (4547 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Middle East \| Assad laid to rest
		His coffin was placed in the family mausoleum at Qardaha, watched by his son and heir-apparent Bashar, who was handed the Syrian flag which had been draped over the coffin throughout its long journey from Damascus.
		Mr Assad's body was flown to the coastal city of Latakia after lying in state at the People's Palace in Damascus, where foreign leaders paid their respects.
		In the Assad family mausoleum, senior Syrian and Lebanese politicians joined family members as final prayers were said.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/middle_east/788478.stm (644 words)

	The American Spectator
		After all, the elder Assad once consigned the entire city of Hama to death on the simple suspicion that some of its residents were rendering aid and comfort to anti-regime elements.
		The two Assad loyalists were to maintain the pressure on Hariri through threats and intimidation, ensuring that the popular and wealthy former prime minister would continue to toe the Damascus line.
		Bashar Assad does have the authority and the requisite power to enact real change in Syria and the rest of the Middle East, but has shown little willingness to do so, offering weak excuses which are too readily accepted by some in the West.
	www.spectator.org /dsp_article.asp?art_id=8779 (1247 words)

	SyriaComment.com: 10/01/2005 - 10/31/2005
		Assad is an Alawite, and during the presidency of his father and predecessor, Hafez Assad, the sect emerged from behind the scenes to command the government's most sensitive positions in the military and security services.
		While the elder Assad was careful to give a Sunni face to portfolios such as the defense and foreign ministries and to forge alliances with other groups, his inner circle was drawn from his own community, often his own Qalbiyya tribe and family.
		Assad knows his final card is the uncertainty surrounding what would follow the demise of his regime.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/archives/2005_10_01_archive.htm (18509 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Middle East \| Profile: Rifaat al-Assad
		Mr Assad was formally stripped of his position as vice-president in 1998.
		He is a ruthless and charismatic member of a family which is no stranger to internal power struggles and blood letting.
		Now the rift between different branches of the Assad family has come out into the open, Monday's "address to the nation by Rifaat al-Assad" on the London-based station is likely to be the first of many.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/middle_east/788021.stm (416 words)

	AEI - Short Publications
		Assad is now famously under pressure from unexpectedly honest U.N. investigations into the assassination of Rafik Hariri in Lebanon, and that pressure has intensified after the defection of former Vice President Abdel-Halim Khaddam, now openly calling for regime change in Damascus.
		Assad had been hinting that he would be willing to cooperate with investigators, provided he and his family were given immunity, but the Bush administration has rejected any such deals, as Vice President Dick Cheney emphasized on his recent sortie to Saudi Arabia and Egypt, both of whom had given signs of willingness to compromise.
		In short, the Assad family's grip on Syria is weakening, and this is welcome news indeed, both for the long-suffering Syrian people and for us.
	www.aei.org /publications/filter.all,pubID.23733/pub_detail.asp (1480 words)

	Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Now Sergio Assad is adding to their repertory by composing music for the duo and for various musical partners both with symphony orchestra and in recitals.
		The Assads began playing the guitar together at an early age and went on to study for seven years with guitar/lutenist Monina Távora, a disciple of Andrés Segovia.
		The Assads are also recognized as prolific recording artists, primarily for the Nonesuch and GHA labels.
	www.cuconcerts.org /bios/assadbio.html (844 words)

	Amid U.N. Inquiry Into Killing, Leading Syrian Leaves Country
		President Assad's mother is a Makhluf and her brother, Muhammad, is Rami Makhluf's father.
		Upon succeeding his father, Hafez al-Assad, five years ago, President Assad spoke of liberalizing the political environment, but Syria remains a police state, and many Syrians believe power has become concentrated in fewer hands than it was before his father's death.
		Assad focused on opening up the economy, but did nothing to break up the vast economic fortunes of those who are in power, not just the Makhlufs, experts said.
	fairuse.1accesshost.com /news2/nyt040.html (632 words)

	Syria's Wobbly Godfather Jr. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The name "Assad" means lion in Arabic, and after all that, Hafez Assad was truly the lion of Damascus, but not before then.
		Shawkat's wife, Bashar's older sister Bushra, is by all accounts the most politically astute and ambitious of the Assad children, but because of her sex, she must pursue politics through her husband.
		Shawkat himself is no shrinking violet; he eloped with Bushra over her family's objections when Hafez Assad was at the height of his powers.
	www.brookings.edu /views/op-ed/fleverett/20051030.htm (1556 words)

	The Micah Report - BASHIR ASSAD: WILL HE OR WON'T HE?
		Each leader told Assad that it was not in their power to grant his wish, that this was an issue beyond even their control.
		Shawkat was afraid of Assad's reaction because of an interview Bashir Assad gave to CNN during which he promised to arrest and hand over any Syrian proven to be connected to the assassination of Rafik Hariri.
		Several years ago Assad's younger brother, Mahar, whose name was also excised from the final United Nations report and Shawkat had a tussle that ended with one of them being shot in the stomach.
	micahhalpern.com /archives/2005/10/bashir_assad_wi.html (755 words)

	-- Beliefnet.com
		Since Assad's death on June 10, Alawites who may have feared backlash from Syria's Sunni Muslim majority are somewhat reassured to see another of their clan--his son Bashar--ascending to power.
		Bashar Assad, 34, completed the last formality of becoming president Monday by winning a nationwide referendum in which he was the only candidate.
		The younger Assad is expected to be inaugurated on July 17, becoming the first president to succeed his father in an Arab republic.
	www.beliefnet.com /story/32/story_3245_1.html (649 words)

	Does Bashar al-Assad Rule Syria? - Middle East Quarterly - Winter 2003
		[1] Nevertheless, President Assad's decision to make Bashar his heir, and the apparently smooth transfer of power after Assad's death, raised some eyebrows among careful observers of Syrian affairs.
		[30] Even though matters have not developed into a full-blown squall, it is clear that neither the nuclear family nor the Assad clan has been the source of the unflinching support they represented for Hafiz al-Assad in the early days of his career.
		The officers' corps in Syria was in a state of suspended animation during the long period of Hafiz al-Assad's rule.
	www.meforum.org /article/517 (4550 words)

	TIME.com: In For the Kill -- Oct. 31, 2005 -- Page 1
		Assad played the conciliator and eventually brought Shawkat, who is married to Assad's sister, into the family's ruling troika.
		It is a fitting analogy, because like the fictional New Jersey Mob family, the Assads could be facing the end of their run.
		The Assad government has angrily rejected the U.N. findings as baseless, charging that they rest on the hearsay of faithless witnesses, though a Syrian spokesman has also held out the possibility of giving better cooperation to U.N. investigators in the future.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,1122030,00.html (644 words)

	The Unofficial Assad Home Page
		This is an unofficial home page for the Assad family: Sérgio (b.
		The design of this guitar is rather unique (and patented!), and was the subject of a feature article in Acoustic Guitar in February 1996.
		Works by the Assads not on GHA and Nonesuch are typically either out of print and/or quite difficult to obtain.
	net.indra.com /~jkenyon/assad.html (1566 words)

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