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	Turkmenistan HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-30)
		Throughout the Soviet period, Turkmenistan was the poorest and least assimilated of the republics.
		Turkmenistan joined the Non-Aligned Movement in 1995, and the United Nations General Assembly in 1995 recognized Turkmenistan's status as a neutral state.
		On 18 November 1999, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey signed a declaration on a trans-Caspian and trans-Caucasus gas pipeline territory that would deliver Turkmen gas to Turkey (expected to be completed in 2002 with an eventual capacity of sixteen billion meters per year), boosting chances for international financing for the pipeline.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Asia-and-Oceania/Turkmenistan-HISTORY.html (1364 words)

	Politics of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Politics of Turkmenistan take place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Turkmenistan is both head of state and head of government.
		Turkmenistan refuses to join any international organization, because of its "status of permanent neutrality," which was accepted by the UN General Assembly on December 12, 1995.
		Turkmenistan is a single-party state, the only political party, the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is legally allowed to hold power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan (895 words)

	Turkmenistan
		The progress of the Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan was the responsibility of the National Spiritual Assembly of Iran from 1964.
		The Local Spiritual Assembly of Ashkhabad was officially registered by the City Council of Ashkhabad was given on 31 January 1990.
		When the National Spiritual Assembly of the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1992, a Regional Spiritual Assembly for the whole of Central Asia (Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) was formed with its seat in Ashkhabad.
	bahai-library.com /?file=momen_encyclopedia_turkmenistan (1867 words)

	Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-30)
		Turkmenistan is the southernmost republic of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the loose federation created at the end of 1991 by most of the post-Soviet states.
		Turkmenistan's government stresses its secular nature and its support of freedom of religious belief, as embodied in the 1991 Law on Freedom of Conscience and on Religious Organizations in the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic and institutionalized in the 1992 constitution.
		Turkmenistan has substantial reserves of oil and gas, and geologists have estimated that 99.5 percent of its territory is conducive to prospecting.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/turkmenistan/all.html (17368 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Turkmenistan: Ten years in the status of neutrality
		Turkmenistan occupies one of the important world crossroads and has a fourth place in gas reserves.
		It was Turkmenistan, where inter-Afghan talks on international humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan were held under the UN aegis in January 1999.
		Turkmenistan offered creation in the region of a UN Centre for Preventive Diplomacy at the first round of the Forum on Prevention of Conflicts and Sustainable Development in Central Asia, held in Ashgabat in 2003.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntc60214.htm (455 words)

	Turkmenistan culture and society informatiom
		Trapped in a loveless marriage, he lost his two young sons to illness; later in life his whole body of work was not only confiscated by the Persians but, as he stood witness, the camel on which his precious manuscripts were loaded lost its footing and fell into a river to be swept away.
		Though Turkmenistan is predominantly a Sunni Muslim country, the religion is not militantly or strictly enforced.
		Centuries-old tribal loyalties are at least as important as Islam; even the most urbane Turkmen retains allegiance to his tribe, while in the more remote regions tribalism dominates to such an extent that each tribe is easily distinguished by dialect, style of clothing and jewellery and the patterns woven into their carpets.
	asiarecipe.com /turculture.html (1530 words)

	UN: Turkmenistan, Iran Criticized On Human Rights
		The vote by the full assembly yesterday mirrored the action taken by its human rights committee last month and succeeded despite a last-minute effort by Turkmenistan to block the resolution.
		Turkmenistan's UN ambassador, Aksoltan Ataeva, proposed a "no-action" motion, a procedure that Belarus used last month to end debate on its record.
		Ataeva said Turkmenistan had adopted an "active, open, and constructive" approach to rights issues since a similar resolution was adopted last year.
	www.payvand.com /news/04/dec/1167.html (630 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Under the 1992 constitution there is a directly elected 50-member working parliament, the Majlis, and a supervisory 110-member supreme national assembly, the People's Council (Khalk Maslakhaty), comprising 60 directly elected representatives from the districts, the 50 Majlis members, members of the council of ministers, and local council and judicial heads.
		However, in the March 1991 USSR constitutional referendum the population voted to maintain the Union, and the attempted anti-Gorbachev coup in Moscow August 1991 was initially supported by President Niyazov.
		Turkmenistan was less severely affected by the dissolution of the USSR than many other republics due to its abundant natural resources.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0036976.html (656 words)

	[30 Sep 1997] GA/9317 : DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEED STRONGER PRESENCE ON REFORMED SECURITY COUNCIL, GENERAL ASSEMBLY TOLD
		Assembly decisions had great moral and political force and it was essential to raise the level of quality in their formulation, as well as their timeliness.
		The Assembly resolution adopting uniform and standardized rates for payment of awards in cases of death and disability sustained by troops in the service of the United Nations peacekeeping operations was an important step that put an end to an unjust situation.
		Turkmenistan had hosted a series of intra- Tajik talks and would support the convening of an international conference on Afghanistan with the participation of its immediate neighbours.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/1997/19970930.GA9317.html (5525 words)

	NCSJ - Turkmenistan page
		U.S. Turkmenistan is slightly larger than California and occupies the fourth-largest landmass in the former Soviet Union, although 90 percent of the land is the uninhabited Kara Kum Desert.
		Turkmenistan maintains a policy of “positive neutrality” that eschews alliances with other nations, a position simultaneously driven by a reliance on surrounding countries as export markets and an isolationist doctrine.
		Turkmenistan allowed its territory to be used for humanitarian aid shipments during the war in Afghanistan, while it maintained its official neutrality by refusing to participate militarily.
	www.ncsj.org /Turkmenistan.shtml (1380 words)

	Turkmenistan: Angus Reid Consultants
		Niyazovâs tenure has been characterized by eccentricities, which include a reliance of herbal remedies to deal with hair loss, so that his countrymen would not experience the "unpleasantness" of having a bald leader, and his decision to ban smoking in public places after experiencing major heart surgery in 1997.
		Niyazov was first elected in 1994, and then was cleared by the Assembly in 1999 to rule until his death.
		Turnout for the elections was tabled at 76.88 per cent for the first round, and 72.24 per cent for the second round.
	www.angus-reid.com /tracker/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewItem&itemID=4979 (630 words)

	Turkmenistan
		As unregistered religious activity is illegal in Turkmenistan, Forum 18 commented that the claim of the 6th Department (which has responsibility for terrorism and other organized crime) implies that any organized activity by the congregation would be considered to be illegal.
		Khudaiberdy Orazov is a former prime minister of Turkmenistan and a founder of the Watan (Fatherland) opposition movement.
		Turkmenistan's constitution was amended in 2003 to stipulate that the 50-seat Mejlis is part of the Halk Maslahaty (People's Council), a supreme legislative body led by Niyazov.
	www.exorthodoxforchrist.com /turkmenistan.htm (5080 words)

	Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-30)
		Turkmenistan began as a province ruled by ancient Persia, although its people trace their ancestry to Turkic tribes.
		From the 8th century to the 19th century, the country was ruled by the Arabs, the Seljuk Turks, Genghis Khan, the Timurids, and the Uzbeks.
		Turkmenistan came under the rule of Russia in 1881, and fought for independence in 1917, only to be overcome by the Bolsheviks and incorporated as a republic within the Soviet Union in 1925.
	www.caaef.com /turk.htm (255 words)

	Turkmenistan archive
		Turkmenistan is contemplating bartering natural gas for Russian weapons, a top official from the Russian state arms trading company said, indicating the Central Asian nation is looking for new ways to market its energy riches in the cash-poor former Soviet region.
		Turkmenistan's agricultural sector is unreformed and, according to unofficial estimates, has remained static or declined over the past few years, despite government-mandated increases in production of the country's two principal crops, cotton and wheat.
		Turkmenistan is a party to the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention and a party to the Biological Weapons Convention.
	www.sjcite.info /turkmarchv.html (14782 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan is famous for its carpets and each tribe has its own distinctive gul.
		According to a Dutch diplomat the laurel branches refer presumably to the resolution, adopted January 12, 1995 by the General Assembly of the United Nations, in which is stated that the Republic of Turkmenistan is permanent neutral.
		Turkmenistan's public was informed that an olive branch, similar to the one on the UN flag, symbolizing the country's neutrality and the peace-loving qualities would appear below the five motifs situated on the flag's left corner.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/tm.html (893 words)

	Turkmenistan Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-30)
		Though details were not given, the call follows the recent failure of Russia’s Gazprom to reach an agreement with Turkmenistan on gas prices in July as Turkmenistan has sought to raise the price of its gas supplies to Gazprom from the current $65 per 1,000 cubic meters to $100 per 1,000 cu.m.
		IWPR cites data that since 1997, Turkmenistan has seen the number of NGOs drop from 400 to fewer than 90, most of which are pro-government bodies and suggests that the decline is a result of the pressure on public associations.
		Kakamurat Balliyev was the former editor in chief of Eseger newspaper (the newspaper of Turkmenistan’s Defense Ministry) and before that, a press secretary to the president.
	eurasianet.org /turkmenistan.project/index.php?.../wnb041210&lang=eng (781 words)

	TURKMENISTAN
		Turkmenistan is one of the independent states which a few days ago celebrated the fifth year of its independence.
		A year ago, the international community supported us, and in December 1995, the General Assembly of the United Nations took a resolution with regard to the permanent neutrality of Turkmenistan.
		We will develop the productive sector and Turkmenistan is a country, like many others, which have recently become independent, and are facing difficulties during this transitional period.
	www.fao.org /docrep/003/x0736m/rep2/turkmen.htm (823 words)

	Turkmenistan
		He serves with three deputy chairmen: the Mufti of Turkmenistan, the head of the ROC in Turkmenistan, and a government representative.
		In March the former Chief Mufti of Turkmenistan, Nasrullah Ibn Ibadullah, was sentenced to 22 years in prison for alleged involvement in the November 2002 coup attempt; observers speculate that insufficient support of the Rukhnama may have also merited the arrest.
		On March 2, Turkmenistan's popular and respected former Chief Mufti, Nasrullah ibn Ibadullah, was secretly tried and sentenced to 22 years in prison, reportedly in connection with his alleged role in a failed November 2002 coup plot.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35490.htm (8080 words)

	Welcome to Turkmenistan
		Economy—overview: Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources.
		Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings.
		Turkmenistan is working hard to open new gas export channels through Iran and Turkey to Europe, but these will take many years to realize.
	www.middleeastnews.com /Turkmenistan.html (1141 words)

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		"The human rights situation in Turkmenistan is extremely threatening to its citizens and all who inhabit the country, and indeed, a threat to regional and international security," Rhodes asserted.
		Comparing the regime of Turkmen President Saparmurat Niyazov to that of North Korea's Kim Yong-tae and Iraq's Saddam Hussein, he explained that the social and spiritual foundations of Turkmen society had been brutally debased by the dictatorial regime that polluted all spheres of life, imposing conformity and obedience with the threat of violent reprisals.
		IRIN is a project of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
	irinnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=37080&...&SelectCountry=TURKMENISTAN (594 words)

	Turkmenistan - Amnesty International
		Key to the failure to address impunity or counter the widespread abuse of human rights was the domination by President Niyazov of all aspects of life in the country and the personality cult he has developed.
		The European Parliament, in a resolution in October, said that Turkmenistan had “acquired one of the worst totalitarian systems in the world.” In December the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on the human rights situation in Turkmenistan with an overwhelming majority.
		Arrested in December 2002, he was convicted on the basis of fabricated charges; he was accused of concealing a serious criminal act for allegedly not disclosing a coup plot by opposition supporters after attending an international human rights conference.
	web.amnesty.org /report2004/tkm-summary-eng (1250 words)

	Turkmenistan
		The progress of the Baha'i Faith in Turkmenistan was the responsibility of the National Spiritual Assembly of Iran from 1964.
		The local spiritual assembly has been active, meeting regularly and establishing classes for children and deepening the knowledge of the Baha'is with the help of many traveling teachers and visitors from abroad.
		By September 1991, there were about 125 Baha'is in Turkmenistan with two local assemblies and two groups (in Balakhanih and Bayranali).
	www.northill.demon.co.uk /relstud/turkmnst.htm (1828 words)

	Turkmenistan
		In January 2003, the popular former Mufti of Turkmenistan, Nasrullah ibn Ibadullah, was demoted and replaced, reportedly because he declined to call for the death penalty for perpetrators of the November 2002 attack against President Niyazov and because he was insufficiently rigorous in promoting "Rukhnama," President Niyazov's spiritual-social tome.
		He serves with three deputy chairmen: the Mufti of Turkmenistan, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church in Turkmenistan, and a government representative.
		In March 2002, a Jehovah's Witness was publicly criticized at a general assembly at her institute of higher learning and expelled for her religious beliefs.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24440.htm (5633 words)

	OSCE Press release - OSCE Centre supports study visit to France by Turkmenistan Members of Parliament
		ASHGABAD, 14 April 2006 - Three Turkmenistan Members of Parliament took part in a study trip to France from 11 to 14 April, to meet officials of the two chambers of the French Parliament.
		During their visit to the Senate and the National Assembly, the Turkmenistan parliamentarians acquainted themselves with the French legislative process, and specifically the experience of developing legislation in compliance with international human rights standards.
		The visit, a first of its kind, is expected to open the path for further co-operation between the Parliament of Turkmenistan and other OSCE participating States.
	www.osce.org /item/18724.html (136 words)

	FREE In-depth report - Preface - Turkmenistan
		May Turkmenistan adopts new constitution; Kazakstan and Uzbekistan sign treaties of friendship and cooperation with Russia.
		June Niyazov reelected president of Turkmenistan, running unopposed; Kyrgyzstan signs treaty of friendship and cooperation with Russia.
		December Turkmenistan signs treaty of cooperation, mutual assistance, and joint border security with Russia; Akayev dismisses Kyrgyzstani government of Tursunbek Chyngyshev after vote of no confidence; Kazakstan approves Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty as non-nuclear signatory; Kazakstan's parliament dissolves itself.
	www.exploitz.com /Turkmenistan-Preface-cg.php (3084 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources.
		For 1996, Turkmenistan will face continuing constraints on its earnings because of its customers' inability to pay for their gas and a below average cotton crop in 1995.
		Turkmenistan is working hard to open new gas export channels through Iran and Turkey, but these will take many years to realize.
	www.fortunecity.com /bally/waterford/96/tus.htm (916 words)

	Erkin Turkmenistan (Free Turkmenistan)
		Unfortunately, the government of Turkmenistan did not respond to any recommendations that was mentioned in report, and systematically continues braking law of Human Rights, by using methods of violation against citizens, and braking International Obligations that Turkmenistan accepted according with UN main agreement of Human Rights, so its membership in OSCE.
		On 24 November 2003, representatives of different democratic organizations of Turkmenistan, who were compelled to abandon the Homeland and live in exile, gathered in Vienna (Austria) and decided to unite into a single force aiming to overthrow the criminal, anti-popular regime of Niyazov.
		The life in Turkmenistan is a constant interchange of Niyazov's wicked whims that alternate fear and malice towards the people of Turkmenistan.
	www.erkin.net /english.html (6062 words)

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