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Topic: Asteroid impacts

	Asteroid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Asteroid, minor planet, and planetoid are synomyms, and are used to indicate a diverse group of small celestial bodies that drift in the solar system in orbit around the Sun.
		It is thought that asteroids are remnants of the protoplanetary disc, and in this region the incorporation of protoplanetary remnants into the planets was prevented by large gravitational perturbations induced by Jupiter during the formative period of the solar system.
		Asteroids are commonly classified into groups based on the characteristics of their orbits and on the details of the spectrum of sunlight they reflect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asteroid (3702 words)

	Impact event - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Impact events are caused by the collision of large meteoroids, asteroids or comets (generically: bolides) with Earth and may sometimes be followed by mass extinctions of life.
		This has led to the suggestion that the Chicxulub impact was one of several that occurred almost simultaneously, perhaps due to a disrupted comet impacting the Earth in a similar manner to the collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994.
		Asteroid 2004 VD17, of 580m, is estimated as of July 2006 to have a probability of 1 in 63,000 of striking the earth on 4 May 2102, with risk 1 on the Torino scale, although further observations will refine the estimate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Impact_event (2984 words)

	Asteroid impacts
		The recent discovery that many asteroids and comets are composed of loose rubble held together by mutual gravitation rather than material bonding gives credence to the idea that a single large body could -- supply the impacting bodies which evidently struck the Earth during the Flood year.
		Third, the continual rain of impacts during the Flood was the result of breakup of an unstable residual ring.
		The rubble pile disruption-capture model provides a framework for explaining the known impacts of the Earth and the formation of lunar maria, as well as a model that may be extended to other solar system objects.
	www.orgsites.com /oh/evoution-is-a-myth/_pgg7.php3 (1702 words)

	Tsunamis Caused by Asteroid Impacts - Tsunami Fury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Since evidence of the fall of meteorites and asteroids on earth exists, we must conclude that they have fallen also in the oceans and seas of the earth, particularly since four fifths of our planet is covered by water.
		Scientists studying this possibility have concluded that the impact of moderately large asteroid, 5-6 km in diameter, in the middle of the large ocean basin such as the Atlantic Ocean, would produce a tsunami that would travel all the way to the Appalachian Mountains in the upper two-thirds of the United States.
		An asteroid 5-6 kilometers in diameter impacting between the Hawaiian Islands and the West Coast of North America, would produce a tsunami which would wash out the coastal cities on the West coasts of Canada, U.S. and Mexico and would cover most of the inhabited coastal areas of the Hawaiian islands.
	tsunamifury.org /asteroid_tsunami.htm (279 words)

	Asteroid, Comet and Meteor Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Asteroids are made of rocky and/or iron-nickel material and most are found in an orbit between Mars and Jupiter.
		A group of asteroids orbit the sun called Near-Earth Asteroids because they are somewhat close to the Earth and occasionally may cross Earth's orbit.
		Small asteroids obiting the sun between the orbits of Uranus and Neptune thought to be the source of comets.
	www.kidscosmos.org /kid-stuff/asteroid-facts.html (763 words)

	Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) News Release
		The main asteroid belt, a population of roaming boulders with sizes ranging from Texas-sized rocks to tiny pebbles, lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
		Harold P. Levison carefully studied a cluster of asteroid fragments called an “asteroid family,” a group of large and small rocks believed to be the leftover pieces produced by a highly energetic collision.
		Because the Karin cluster asteroids could have been given “blank slates” 5.8 million years ago, craters formed since that time by asteroid collisions could be used to estimate the current crater production rate in the main belt.
	www.swri.org /9what/releases/15asteroid.htm (640 words)

	RedOrbit - Space - Why Bother Moving an Asteroid? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The demonstration asteroid should be large enough to represent a real risk, and the technology used should be scaleable in the future to larger asteroids.
		A 200 meter asteroid is capable of penetrating the atmosphere and striking the ground with an energy of 600 megatons.
		Asteroids of about 150 meters and larger are thought to be comprised of loose conglomerations of pieces, or rubble piles, while smaller asteroids are often single large rocks.
	www.redorbit.com /news/stories/1/2004/05/16/story001.html (1134 words)

	Tsunami risk of asteroid strikes revealed - earth - 12 May 2006 - New Scientist
		Tsunamis triggered by asteroid impacts cause a disaster similar to the 2004 Asian tsunami once every 6000 years on average, according to the first detailed analysis of their effects.
		The study also showed that asteroid impacts in the 300-metre class might be similar to the huge tsunamis thrown up when massive chunks of rock break from the sides of volcanoes and fall into the ocean.
		The solar system's population of 100 m to 400 m asteroids is poorly known, as are coastal population distributions.
	www.newscientist.com /article/dn9160-tsunami-risk-of-asteroid-strikes-revealed.html (622 words)

	Modeling an Asteroid Impact, Did It Kill the Dinosaurs? \| Spring 2003 \| Los Alamos National Laboratory
		An asteroid impact on land could cause vast forest fires such as the famous Tunguska event of 1908, when such an impact devastated 2,000 square kilometers of Siberian forest.
		A marine impact could generate a tsunami capable of inundating the coasts on both sides of the ocean.
		Before studying asteroid impacts, he worked in the fields of astrophysics, plasma physics, adaptive processing, and astronomical transients.
	www.lanl.gov /quarterly/q_spring03/asteroid_text.shtml (1170 words)

	How Dangerous are Earth-Crossing Objects?
		Asteroid / Comet - Earth Impacts by David A. Rideout calculates the approximate kinetic energy of an impacting asteroid and comet along with the consequences of the impact.
		Asteroid Collisions with Earth summarizes a NASA research project by Owen B.Toon, Kevin Zahnle, and David Morrison to study the environmental repercussions of asteroid and comet impacts on the Earth.
		Asteroid Impact reports on a class project to decide whether or not it would be a good idea to build a research center to study Near Earth Objects.
	www.pibburns.com /catastro/impacts.htm (6417 words)

	Meteorites, Meteorites and Impacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		There are probably at least 1000 asteroids larger than 1 km in diameter that cross the orbit of Earth.
		The impact of a comet or asteroid about the size of Hephaistos or SL9 hitting the Earth was probably responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
		Was it a comet or an asteroid that caused the Chicxulub crater in the Yucatan (and probably caused the extinction of the dinosaurs)?
	www.seds.org /nineplanets/nineplanets/meteorites.html (1499 words)

	First Science - Uncovering an asteroid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Usually, asteroids large enough to create craters more than four kilometres wide are vaporised by the high temperatures created when they hit the Earth.
		By analysing the minerals and chemicals in the fragment, the scientists were able to confirm that it was indeed part of an asteroid - more specifically an LL chrondite which accounts for 9% of meteorites that strike the Earth and originated from the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
		Large asteroids typically cause mass extinctions, like the one that hit Chixculub, Mexico 80 million years ago and is believed to have wiped out the dinosaurs.
	www.firstscience.com /SITE/ARTICLES/asteroid.asp (830 words)

	Illuminati agenda: Asteroid impacts threatening Earth exposed in 2004 but few got it - Gold & Silver Forum
		LONDON - Scientists are monitoring the progress of a 390m-wide asteroid discovered last year that is potentially on a collision course with the planet, and are imploring governments to decide on a strategy for dealing with it.
		Scientists are monitoring the progress of a 390-metre wide asteroid discovered last year that is potentially on a collision course with the planet, and are imploring governments to decide on a strategy for dealing with it.
		Because the asteroid is so close, its location in the sky will vary significantly for skywatchers in different places on Earth at any given moment.
	www.goldismoney.info /forums/t36198-illuminati-agenda-asteroid-impacts-threatening-earth-exposed-in-2004-but-few-got-it.html (839 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: News & Events: 03.17.03: Asteroid Impacts: One Less Thing to Worry About
		Given all life's worries, new evidence that asteroids smaller than a kilometer in diameter won't generate catastrophic tsunamis is welcome news, and not only for coast dwellers.
		The idea that asteroids as small as 100 meters across pose a serious threat to humanity because they create great, destructive ocean waves, or tsunamis, every few hundred years was suggested in 1993 at a UA-hosted asteroids hazards meeting in Tucson.
		His recent research has focused on studies of the giant impact origin of the moon, the K/T boundary impact that extinguished the dinosaurs, the ejection of rocks from their parent bodies, and the breakup and collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /news/display.cfm?News_ID=4785 (928 words)

	WorldChanging: Tools, Models and Ideas for Building a Bright Green Future: Torino 2, and Counting
		Whether or not we acknowledge it, the possibility of an asteroid impact on the Earth continues to loom over us, along with the possibility that humankind may well go the way of the dinosaurs.
		Asteroid impacts may be rare, but they can have utterly devastating results; moreover, thinking about how to estimate and respond to asteroid impacts good practice for all kinds of thinking about big-picture, slow-changing planetary challenges.
		Based on the Asteroid Impact Effects page at the University of Arizona, if VD17 was an otherwise typical dense rock asteroid, it would hit the ground with an impact equivalent of a 10 gigaton nuclear bomb, knocking down buildings a hundred or more kilometers away, and leaving a 9 kilometer-wide crater.
	www.worldchanging.com /archives/004162.html (2101 words)

	Asteroid Attacks
		The subjects that we cover are: the likelihood of an asteroid impact, the risks associated with an impact, and our proposal in preventing or minimizing the impact.
		The likelihood of a 10 m asteroid impact is better than a fifty -fifty chance in the next decade according to NASA.
		In conclusion, cosmic impacts are the only known natural disaster that could be avoided entirely by the proper use of space technology.
	www.imsa.edu /programs/pbln/problems/collisions/sadvi97/studentwork/re/t6 (729 words)

	Asteroid and Cometary Impacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Any asteroid is much more likely to hit the ocean than land, and so we may not even notice if one of these small asteroids were to hit the Earth.
		Asteroids are fairly easy to find because they move through the sky, while the stars stay relatively fixed.
		While the title is a bit over-dramatic, the book is a detailed description of the scientific evidence for a large asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous period.
	www.ucolick.org /~mountain/AAA/impact (1793 words)

	ScienceDaily: Worried About Asteroid-Ocean Impacts? Don't Sweat The Small Stuff
		Sky Survey Lowers Estimate Of Asteroid Impact Risk (November 8, 2001) -- The odds of earth suffering a catastrophic collision with an asteroid over the next century are about one in 5,000, which is less likely than previously believed, according to research published this...
		Impact crater -- An impact crater is a circular depression on a surface, usually referring to a planet, moon, asteroid, or other celestial body, caused by a collision of a smaller body (meteor) with the...
		Asteroid belt -- The asteroid belt is a region of the solar system falling roughly between the planets Mars and Jupiter where the greatest concentration of asteroid orbits can be...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/03/030318074036.htm (2192 words)

	CONTINTAL VS OCEANIC ASTEROID IMPACTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		We have used the hydrocode Autodyn(TM) to calculate the normal impact at 20 km/s of a 4 km-diameter olivine asteroid on both continental and oceanic crusts.
		In both sets of calculations, the extreme pressure regimes of the asteroid and the uppermost ten km of the impact region were modeled with Tillotson and Sesame equations of state.
		The lower 20 km of the continental crust was modeled with a shock wave equation of state that incorporated the hysteretic phase changes of quartz and feldspars to stishovite-like and hollandite-like phases.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_76973.htm (456 words)

	USATODAY.com - Astronauts want asteroid collision plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An asteroid two-thirds of a mile wide, at impact, would be enough to easily take out a good-sized European country.
		By comparison, an asteroid or comet believed to be six to seven miles across wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
		The point of impact, for instance, could be inadvertently shifted from one part of the world to another by an intervening spacecraft, jeopardizing one country instead of another.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/space/2005-11-06-asteroid-preparation_x.htm (1235 words)

	History of asteroid impacts
		The resulting zone of chaos is estimated to be as large as the Earth and lends urgency to the search for asteroids and comets.
		Still, he estimated the annual risk of a fatal asteroid impact at one in 90, and concluded that an average of 120,000 people died per event.
		As we'll see, only about 3 percent of impacts leave a crater, and even when a crater does form, it is eventually buried by sediment, as happened to the Yucatan crater, or by the shifting of tectonic plates.
	whyfiles.org /106asteroid/2.html (1010 words)

	Tsunami from Asteroid Impacts
		Note that risk estimates have been substantially reduced from previous values - the risk of a typical coast dweller dying from an asteroid generated tsunami is probably similar to that of dying from the indirect effects of a large asteroid impact (not necessarily impacting the ocean).
		An impact by a 2km diameter stony asteroid is thought to be at the threshold of a global catastrophe and the "damage" would go well beyond the area of direct devastation.
		Impacts by asteroids 2km and larger exceed the global catastrophe threshold and are disregarded for the purpose of analysing tsunami effects.
	users.tpg.com.au /users/tps-seti/spacegd7.html (5766 words)

	SPACE.com -- Catastrophe Calculator: Estimate Asteroid Impact Effects Online
		Larger impacts, like the one thought to have contributed to the demise of dinosaurs, would pummel the atmosphere so severely and quickly there would be no mushroom cloud.
		A civilization-ending impact, while possible, almost surely won't happen within our lifetimes (90 percent of all asteroids big enough and close enough to do the job will be found by 2008) and is extremely unlikely even over the next millennium.
		The global effects of an asteroid impact are harder to predict.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/mystery_monday_040412.html (1581 words)

	SPACE.com -- Many Pennies From Heaven: Asteroid Impacts Render Riches
		The extreme energy of the impact, said to have the equivalent energy of 10 billion Hiroshima bombs, vaporized the asteroid and melded rocks together to form the basin.
		The kidney-shaped basin where the asteroid hit is one of the worlds largest deposits of nickel, measuring about 40 miles long by 16 miles (65 kilometers long by 25 kilometers) wide.
		Though the fruits of the asteroid have been beneficial to Sudbury, pollution from the mining industry over the past century ate away the areas vegetation, killing off wildlife and making the denuded landscape look like the lunar surface.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/business/asteroid_impact_000216.html (794 words)

	Asteroid Comet Impact Hazards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		On July 3 asteroid 2004 XP14 will be the best NEO radar target ever; and NASA holds a 4-day workshop to plan a new program on the discovery, characterization, and hazard mitigation of sub-km NEAs.
		Asteroid 2004 VD17 classed as Torino Scale 2
		A new 500-m asteroid has appeared with a possible impact in 2102, yielding a value of 2 on the Torino impact risk scale.
	impact.arc.nasa.gov (74 words)

	Earth Asteroid Impacts
		First of all, earlier in the history of the solar system there were probably many more asteroids than there are now, so the odds of a collision were greater.
		More recently a large asteroid impact is credited with having led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
		The June 1997 issue of Sky and Telescope has an article on this subject in which they estimate that a very large asteroid impact occurs once every 100 million - 1 billion years (the earth is 4 billion years old), and a large asteroid impacts once every 1 - 100 million years.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/ask_astro/answers/980419c.html (238 words)

	CBC News: Less need to worry about asteroid impacts: scientists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		LONDON - Fewer asteroids than previously thought are likely to collide with the Earth and cause widespread damage, a new computer simulation suggests.
		They say asteroids with a diameter greater than 200 metres (the length of two soccer fields) will hit the Earth about once every 160,000 years.
		An earlier model of asteroid impact assumed the cascade of fragments would form a pancake-like liquid over a large area.
	www.cbc.ca /stories/2003/07/16/asteroids030716 (1031 words)

	Comet and Asteroid Impacts - Links
		Earth Impact Effects Program - Impact effects - put in your own figures and they calculate the effects.
		VULCAN, COMETS AND THE IMPENDING CATASTROPHE Vulcan (planet X or Niburu) is predicted to cause comet swarms to fall on the Earth.
		Comets and Asteroids and Catastrophes a lot of detailed information here.
	exodus2006.com /comets.htm (248 words)

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