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	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> cossack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The divisions of the Cossacks within was clearely visible between those that chose to stay loyal to the Russian Monarch and continue the service (who later moved to the Kuban) and those that chose to continue their pro-mercinary role and ran off the the Danube delta.
		Cossacks of the Ural, year of establishment 1571; 1914 dress unifom blue with crimson trouser stripes, crimson hat crown and crimson shoulder straps.
		The Cossack sense of being a separate and elite community gave them a strong sense of loyalty to the Tsarist government and Cossack units were frequently used to suppress domestic disorder, especially during the widespread worker and peasant unrest of 1905â“06.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/cossack (2883 words)

	Cossack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the 15th century, the Cossack society was described as a loose federation of independent communities, often forming local armies, entirely separate from the neighboring states (of, e.g, Poland, Grand Duchy of Moscow or the Khanate of Crimea).
		Cossacks for their part were mostly happy to plunder everybody more or less equally, although in the 16th century, with the dominance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth extending south, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were mostly, if tentatively, regarded by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as their subjects.
		Cossack ambitions to be recognized as equal to szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Two-Nations Commonwealth (Polish-Lithuanian) into Three Nations (with the Cossack and Ruthenian people) were limited to a small minority.
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Cossacks (3569 words)

	Cossacks - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first Cossack companies were formed in the 15th cent., when Ukraine, then part of the unified Polish-Lithuanian state, took independent measures to defend itself against the devastating Tatar raids.
		The Cossacks gave shelter to refugees from Poland and Russia and took part in peasant revolts in Ukraine and Russia in the 17th and 18th cent.
		Although the Cossack communities were incorporated into the Soviet administrative system, their traditions and customs survived, notably on the Don and Kuban rivers.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-cossacks.html (566 words)

	Astrakhan City Russia: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Astrakhan is also an important rail junction and a major transshipment center for oil, fish, grain, and wood.
		The capital of the khanate of Astrakhan (see Tatars) from the 1460s, it was conquered by Ivan the Terrible in 1556.
		Russia's Holy Warriors: Fervently Orthodox, Anti-Islamic, and Proudly Militaristic, the Cossacks Are on the Rise in Vladimir Putin's New Russia
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/astrakhan_city_russia.jsp (1475 words)

	Cossacks history
		Cossacks were proud of their arms, often passed from grandfather to father, and from father to son, and of their horses.
		These Cossacks were different in their appearance, facial characteristics, and even in the uniforms they wore; but in the main they were the same; they cherishrd theier free and easy way of life; they knew that they were born for war; they were proud to be Cossacks.
		Those Cossacks who had remained in Russia after their defeat in 1920, the families, the kin of those few who had managed to escape, and all those who had been in the ranks and whose regiments were cut off from the ports of embarkation, had to live under the stiff yoke of their conquerors.
	www.armymuseum.ru /kaz1_e.html (8984 words)

	Master Rallye 2002: Course : ALONG THE ROADS OF ANCIENT KHAZARIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nowadays Astrakhan is situated on several islands in the delta of Volga, and that’s why the territory of the town is crossed by channels and branches of its main course, and central part of Astrakhan is an island washed by waters of Volga.
		Astrakhan, like most Russian cities and towns on the way of “Master Rallye”, is famous not only for its centuries-old history saturated with events, but also for its multiple archeological, historical, architectural and cultural monuments and memorials.
		Astrakhan is one of the oldest and most beautiful towns in the region of Volga, that have kept their importance and were recognized to have a historical value.
	www.rally.ru /MR2002/ENG/course/cour_ast.shtml (497 words)

	COSSACKS. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Following the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), the majority of the Cossacks fought against the Soviet armies in the civil war of 1918–20.
		In 1936, however, the Cossack party regained status, being allowed to form several cavalry divisions in the Russian army.
		Although the Cossack communities were incorporated into the Soviet administrative system, their traditions and customs continue to survive, notably on the Don and Kuban rivers.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/co/Cossacks.html (394 words)

	Russian Cossacks from Kuban - Krasnodar, Novopokrovskaya Cossacks
		Russian Cossacks on active service were divided into three equal parts according to age, and only the first third (approximately age 18-26) normally performed active service, while the rest effectively functioned as reserves, based at home but bound to march out at short notice.
		In 1893 the Cossacks had a total population of 2,648,049 (including 1,331,470 women), and they owned nearly 146,500,000 acres (593,000 kmІ) of land, including 105,000,000 acres (425,000 kmІ) of arable land and 9,400,000 acres (38,000 kmІ) under forests.
		The income which the Cossack voiskos received from the lands (which they rented to different persons), also from various sources (trade patents, rents of shops, fisheries, permits for gold-digging, etc.), as also from the subsidies they received from the government (about Ј712,500 in 1893), went to cover all the expenses of state and local administration.
	personal.atl.bellsouth.net /j/d/jdoxx/faqs.html (1112 words)

	Astrakhan, Russia (Government) - LoveToKnow 1911
		ASTRAKHAN, a government of S.E. Russia, on the lower Volga, bounded N. by the governments of Samara and Saratov, W. by Saratov and the government of the Don Cossacks, S. by Stavropol and Terek, and E. by the Caspian Sea and the government of the Urals.
		The government is divided into five districts, the chief towns of which are Astrakhan, Enotayevsk (pop.
		The Kalmucks and Kirghiz have their own local administrations, and so have the Astrakhan Cossacks (25,600).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Astrakhan,_Russia_(Government) (367 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Exhibitions
		The Cossacks first appeared in the southern and south-eastern outskirts of the Russian State and they were freedom-loving peasants, who escaped from the serfdom oppression.
		Alongside the rivers Don, Volga, Dnepr, Terek, Yaik (Urals) liberal Cossack communities were formed and during short period of time they have reclaimed vast lands till the Black and Caspian Seas and the Caucasian Mountains.
		Cossacks were of different nationalities: besides the Russians, there were the Ukrainians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Kalmyks, peoples of the Caucasus, Kazakhs, Buryats, Yakuts and many other peoples of Russia.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/04/2005/hm4_2_156.html (263 words)

	Stenka Razin
		The Cossacks were a military caste that formed in what is now southern Russia and Ukraine perhaps as early as the 14th century.
		Originally, the Cossacks did not form an ethnic group so much as an aggregate of fugitives, outlaws and vagabonds who were able to organize effective military groups.
		Antecedent to the Razin Revolt was the Khmelnitskyi Revolt (1648-1654), led by Bohdan Khmelnitskyi (or Chmielnicki), a nobleman who became a Cossack ataman and led a rebellion against the Poles, believing Poles had sold the Cossacks into the hands of Jewish slavemasters.
	www.useless-knowledge.com /1234/mar/article402.html (843 words)

	The Tatar Khanate of Crimea - All Empires
		In 1554 a Russian army seized Astrakhan practically without a fight and it placed the Tsar's ally Derwish Ali on the throne (ultimately, in 1566 Astrakhan was annexed to the state of Tsars).
		These invasions were staged both in retaliation for an assault against the Khanate by Cossacks and as a response - partially inspired by the Sultan - to the Polish's attempts to establish a new alliance with the Habsburgs.
		Mehmed Khan was suspected by the Cossacks for betrayal and was thus killed by the Cossacks, while Shahin escaped under the protection of the Persian Shah to Kaukaz.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=The_Crimean_Khanate (7638 words)

	bird supplies, bird toys, bird food, bird cages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Cossacks are a people living in the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asian Russia, famous for their self-reliance and military skills, particularly horsemanship.
		The most prominant and famous were the Russian Cossacks (ÐÐ°Ð·Ð°ÌÐºÐ¸, Kazaki) of the Don, Terek and Ural regions, as well as areas of Siberia (such as the Baikal Cossacks).
		Also famous were the Ukrainian Cossacks (ÐÐ¾Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¸Ì, Kozaky) of the Zaporozhian Host, who lived on the southern steppes of modern Ukraine.
	www.birdsuppliesiworld.com /wiki3-Cossack (2660 words)

	Cossack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Famous were the Cossacks (Каза́ки, Kazaki) of the Don, Terek and Ural regions, as well as areas of Siberia (such as the Baikal Cossacks).
		Also famous were the Cossacks (Козаки́, Kozaky) of the Zaporozhian Host, who lived on the southern steppes of modern Ukraine.
		A Ukrainian folk musician, Ostap Kindratchuk, playing the bandura on an Old Market in Poznań wearing the traditional cossack outfit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cossacks (2822 words)

	Reviews (ADR)
		On November 2nd, 1858, Alexandre Dumas left Astrakhan, as recounted in his travel book En Russie, and set off by carriage into the Caucasus, then (as now) a lawless, war-torn mountain chain lying north of Iran, east of the Black Sea, and west of the Caspian Sea.
		In 1858, the Caucasus was definitely not pacified, and Dumas' party traveled armed and with an escort of Cossacks.
		Dumas also went on a night patrol with the Russian forces, during which the patrol ambushed and killed a Daghestani returning from a raid carrying a woman kidnapped from a local village.
	www.cadytech.com /dumas/note.php?key=686 (456 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Cossacks in the 17th and 18th Century
		The DON COSSACKS, living between Russia and the Tatars, sided with Russia; yet both hosts were rather independent-minded and unpredictable.
		Peter burnt the Zaporozhe Sich; many cossacks fled; a new Cossack host was formed in the KUBAN region, another one at the YAIK (Ural) River.
		The cossacks, because of the structure of their society, always remained a state of their own, nonwithstanding the Russian protectorate.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/cossacks1718.html (506 words)

	Pirates & Privateers: The History of Maritime Piracy - Stepan Razin
		Stepan Timofeevich Razin, also known as Stenka Razin or Rasin, was born to an old Cossack family that lived on the Don River.
		Fearing the loss of their freedom and autonomy, Cossack elders captured Razin and one of his brothers, and delivered them to Moscow.
		Although Stepan Razin’s attempt to gain greater freedom for the Cossacks had the opposite effect, he became a martyred hero whose memory was immortalized in folklore.
	www.cindyvallar.com /razin.html (1337 words)

	Pygmy Wars Uniforms
		The outfit most people associate with the Cossacks – the red coats with bullet holders on the chests and big furry hats – owes more to the Tsar’s personal guard and later dance troupes than true Cossack uniforms.
		Most Cossacks (those from the Don, Astrakhan, Ural and all the various Siberian Hosts) wore uniforms that differed only in minor details from regular Russian cavalry, such as slightly baggier trousers and a preference for controlling the horse by way of a short whip.
		Traditionally the Cossacks had to supply their own uniforms and equipment (although the extreme circumstances of the Great War and following Civil War meant that central authorities had to often supply them).
	pygmy-wars.50megs.com /sources/books/uniforms.html (1973 words)

	Cossacks — FactMonster.com
		Don Cossacks - Don Cossacks, Cossack settlers (see Cossacks) who in the 16th cent.
		Cossack Marlinsky - Marlinsky, Cossack: see Bestuzhev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich.
		Zaporizhzhya: The Zaporizhzhya Cossacks - The Zaporizhzhya Cossacks The island of Khortytsya, in the Dnieper, was headquarters (sich) of the...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0813711.html (512 words)

	Cossacks: cossacks ii, cossacks european war, 2 battle cossacks europe
		Cossacks: cossacks ii, cossacks european war, 2 battle cossacks europe
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	advantacell.com /wiki/Cossacks (2882 words)

	Winter Hats - Russian Fur Hats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is a warm and cozy hat, perfect for protecting from Siberian winters.
		Such hats have been worn throughout the centuries by Russian Cossacks living on the banks of the Cuban' River.
		Papakha (Russian: папаха) is a high fur hat, worn by many peoples of the Caucasus, Don Cossacks and Russian army.
	www.coolantarctica.com /feeds/russian/winter_hats.html (155 words)

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