Astro-geodetic - Factbites

Astro-geodetic - Factbites
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Topic: Astro-geodetic

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	Geodesy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Before the satellite geodesy era, the coordinate systems associated with geodetic datums attempted to be geocentric, but their origins differed from the geocentre by hundreds of metres, due to regional deviations in the direction of the plumbline (vertical).
		These regional geodetic datums, such as ED50 (European Datum 1950) or (North American Datum 1983) have ellipsoids associated with them that are regional 'best fits' to the geoids within their areas of validity, minimising the deflections of the vertical over these areas.
		Geodesy (jē-ǒ'-dǐ-sē), also called geodetics, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the earth, its gravitational field and geodynamic phenomena (polar motion, earth tides, and crustal motion) in three-dimensional time varying space.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Geodesy

	Astro-geodetic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modern astro geodetic methods use also satellite measurements (optical and electronical, LASER etc.), with CCD observations, and combinations of terrestrial and GPS data (espec.
		It combines the precise determination of the true zenith (geographic or astronomical positioning) with geodetic measurements and coordinate calculations.
		Astro-geodetic geoid solutions are computed by the spatial integration of the two components of vertical deflections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Astro-geodetic

	World Geodetic System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In January 1966, a World Geodetic System Committee composed of representatives from the Army, Navy and Air Force, was charged with the responsibility of developing an improved WGS needed to satisfy mapping, charting and geodetic requirements.
		Current geodetic realizations of the geocentric reference system family ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System) maintained by the IERS are geocentric, and internally consistent, at the few-cm level, while still being metre-level consistent with WGS 84.
		In the late 1950s the United States DOD, together with scientists of other institutions and countries, began to develop the needed world system to which geodetic datums could be referred and compatibility established between the coordinates of widely separated sites of interest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/WGS_84

	Bdageo
		Geodetic coordinates are assumed to be the same as astronomic coordinates at the point of origin (B85); Clarke's 1866 spheroid was employed and zero geoid/spheroid separation was assumed at the point of origin.
		The deviation of the vertical is the difference between the normal to the geoid and the normal to spheroid (see appedix I) and if it is known, astronomic coordinates may be transformed to geodetic coordinates.
		The small size of Bermuda enabled the first proper map of the island to be produced without the use of a geodetic framework in the modern sense (the concept of triangulation by the measurement of angles was not established until the late 17th century).
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/SeanGJohnson/bdageo.htm

	TR80003B.HTM
		Consequently, the astro-geodetic deflection of the vertical depends upon a specific geodetic datum and the use of geodetic data developed by this method is limited to relatively small areas.
		A Laplace station is defined as a triangulation or traverse station at which a geodetic (Laplace) azimuth is derived from an astronomic azimuth by use of the Laplace equation.
		A horizontal geodetic datum may consist of the longitude and latitude of an initial point (origin); an azimuth of a line (direction) to some other triangulation station; the parameters (radius and flattening) of the ellipsoid selected for the computations; and the geoid separation at the origin.
	www.ngs.noaa.gov /PUBS_LIB/Geodesy4Layman/TR80003B.HTM

	Feature Article - Earthly Configurations - Point of Beginning v2
		Geodetic latitude and longitude are derived from algorithms utilizing the parameters, a, b and f, which define the ellipsoid (see Figure 1 on page 49).
		The Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (GRS 80), consequently WGS 84, was developed, which coincides with the true center of the Earth whose ellipsoid surface yields an average fit of the geoid.
		The rationale behind this was to compare the arc length of a degree of latitude measured near the equator and near the north pole, whereby the size of the Earth and its flattening could be ascertained.
	www.pobonline.com /CDA/ArticleInformation/Article/1,9169,86471,00.html

	Mapping with GPS Data
		National geodetic systems such as the North American Datum (NAD), the European Datum (ED) and the Tokyo Datum (TD) are intended to describe the shape of the earth over limited areas and are inadequate describing the shape of the earth over intercontinental distances.
		The National Geodetic Survey maintains an FTP site from which their PC software and documentation may be downloaded.
		Comprises four programs - Inverse which computes the geodetic azimuth and distance between two points, given their geographic positions; Forward which computes the geographic position of a point, given the geodetic azimuth and distance from a point with known geographic position; and the three-dimensional versions of these programs.
	ares.redsword.com /gps/old/sum_map.htm

	NOAA History - Stories and Tales of the Coast & Geodetic Survey - Technology Tales/Geodetic Surveys in the US The Beginning and the next 100 years
		Only a limited amount of Geodetic Astronomy was accomplished during the Hassler period with a few latitudes, azimuths, differences of longitude by the chronometer method and at least one longitude being observed.
		As geodetic surveying in America entered the 20th century, it did so on a solid foundation built on excellent surveying practices where the quality of the observations was never compromised and the quest for higher accuracies never ended.
		About the same time, the first geodetic quality gravimeter, the Worden gravity meter came into use and was adopted by the CandGS in 1952 for differential measurements.
	www.history.noaa.gov /stories_tales/geodetic4.html

	Availability and accessibility of geodetic and map data in India
		The geodetic survey data collected using the above-mentioned techniques is stored in different data banks all over the world, using various techniques, ranging from manual to completely automated.
		A huge amount of geodetic data is stored on these data sites, and it is continuously being updated by the data managers.
		Globally, several geodetic survey data centres exist for different types of geodetic data.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /technology/gps/techgp0004.htm

	CENTRAL LABORATORY OF GEODESY
		Permanent astro-geodetic observations with zenith-telescope at the Geodetic observatory "Plana".
		Permanent astro-geodetic observations with zenith telescope at the Geodetic observatory "Plana".
		The Central Laboratory of Geodesy conducts basic research in space geodesy, geodetic astronomy, physical geodesy, mathematical geodesy, estimation techniques, global, regional and local geodynamics.
	www.cl.bas.bg /BAS/directory/geo/clg.htm

	Astro-Geodesy by Rab Wilkie
		Theory of Geodetic Equivalents", or astro-geodesy, the magical science of measuring Earth by stars.
		It's obvious that our personal geodetic system is about us, or that one based on our nation's capital is about our nation.
		Since then, astrologers have experimented with the orginal system and promulgated several versions, running the zodiacal sequence backwards as well as forwards, keeping the ecliptic on the equator or offsetting it by 23.5 degrees to reflect reality, and employing different longitudinal anchors for Aries to suit varying concepts or personal taste.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Oracle/9189/astgeodesy.htm

	National Report of Poland
		The IGS permanent GPS station Jozefoslaw (JOZE) is located at the Astro-Geodetic Observatory of the Institute of Geodesy and Geodetic Astronomy of the Warsaw University of Technolology, 14 km south from the Warsaw city centre.
		Trimble 4000SSE receiver with antenna Trimble Geodetic L1/L2 are used as a basic GPS equipment.
		Frączyk P., Jaworski L., Lehmann M., Tyranowska A., (1998): Geodetic GPS observations in the presence of radio-frequency signal disturbances.
	www.geodezja.pl /raport/2.html

	Geodesy
		We perform observations using high quality geodetic GPS and conventional terrestrial survey equipment such as Trimble 4000 dual frequency GPS receivers, Wild T-3 astro-geodetic theodolites, electronic total stations and precise digital levels with Invar rods.
		We are experienced with the design, logistics, and analysis of large geodetic networks in a variety of terrain.
		Both carrier phase and code data are logged on a dual frequency geodetic grade GPS receiver.
	www.geometrics-gps.com /geodesy.htm

	DIGEST Part 3 Clause 6 GEODETIC CODES AND PARAMETERS
		In the geodetic case, all elevations in the dataset are referenced to the ellipsoid of the specified geodetic datum, which means they are ellipsoidal heights.
		In some cases a geodetic datum with a 3-letter code is followed by 4-letter codes referring to the same datum but specifying particular regions.
		The way in which geodetic datum, ellipsoid, grid and projection are inter-related is shown in Figure 6-1.
	www.digest.org /html/gp36.htm

	PC-XI/B/8
		1.2 If one includes islands and/or astronomically based datums, the number of local geodetic and horizontal datums on which co-ordinate systems could be based exceeds several hundred.
		For these datums and systems listed in the Attachment, conversions from the local geodetic datum to the WGS-84 datum could be performed by the Secretariat if it purchased the necessary conversion software.
		However, as far as the Secretariat has been able to ascertain, conversion algorithms/parameters have been established for little more than one hundred local datums and geodetic reference systems (compare the Attachment to the Appendix to this Report).
	www.opcw.org /html/global/p_series/pc11/XIB8.html

	Courses - Undergrad Courses
		GE 12 General Surveying II Use of geodetic instruments; horizontal and vertical controls; topographic, hydrographic, route and mine survey operations; introduction to field astronomy, map projections and photogrammetry.
		GE 171 Geodetic Computation and Adjustment I. Frequency distributions, simple probability theory, classifications and propagation of errors, theory of least squares; weight observation and condition equations; variances and co-variances; adjustment method.
		GE 172 Geodetic Computation and Adjustment II Combination of observation and condition equations; sequential solutions and iterations; statistical tests' empirical fitting of polynomials.
	www.engg.upd.edu.ph /ge/bs_courselist.html

	Geodetic Datum List
		The source for most of these parameters is Defense Mapping Agency Technical Report, Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984, DMA TR 8350.2 Second Edition, 1 September 1991.
		The Delta X, Y, and Z parameters are added to the specified datum X, Y, Z to convert to WGS-84.
	www.colorado.edu /geography/gcraft/notes/datum/dlist.html

	The use of GIS by National Survey Authority
		The project that best illustrates the changes brought about by the advent of GPS is the observation of a primary network of 70 Geodetic First Order points spaced throughout the Sultanate.
		There were many requirements the NSA could not readily respond to, and there certainly seemed little immediate prospect of providing the Sultanate with the National Geodetic control network that was so badly needed.
		This took 6 field parties less than six weeks to complete, whereas to have carried out such a task a few years earlier using traditional methodology and conventional equipment would have taken a dedicated large project group at least 12 months.
	www.gisqatar.org.qa /conf97/links/i1.html

	G9..post.htm
		Geodetic and geodynamic programmes of the CEI (Central European Initiative): - Poster Programme
		PACHUTA, K.; PACHUTA, A. The geodetic methods in Pharagmites australis communities ranging in the chosen cross-sections of upper Biebrza tributaries
		BARLIK, M. Contribution of the vertical gravity gradient anomalies to the plumb-line deflections (basing on the example of the geodetic test field near Grybow - South Poland)
	www.copernicus.org /EGS/egsga/nice01/programme/G9..post.htm

	ION99ppr.doc
		After a Doctoral dissertation on geodetic applications of GPS, he has been doing research work on other satellite systems such as DORIS (for which he is the Coordinator for the International Earth Rotation Service).
		Site logs describing station location, equipment and ties to other geodetic control on the site were received for most stations; however, some were never submitted or are incomplete.
		Zarraoa N., W. Mai, E. Sardon, and A. Jungstand, Preliminary evaluation of the Russian GLONASS system as a potential geodetic tool, J. of Geodesy, 72, 6, pp.
	igscb.jpl.nasa.gov /projects/iglos/ION99ppr.doc

	8 Course Descriptions
		8DBA EARTH SCI,GEODESY,ASTRONOMY Geodetic Astronomy: Geodesy: A study of the precise determination, by astronomical techniques, of selected points and azimuths on the earth's surface for the control of geodetic surveys and the establishment of international boundaries.
		8AYY ASTRONOMY Astronomy-Physical Sciences: A study of celestial objects, their brightness, sources of energy, motions, composition formation and evolution (See also Geodetic, Navigation and Geodetic, Radio, Space, Statistical).
		8DBC EARTH SCI,GEODESY,LEVELING Geodetic Leveling: A study of determining orthometric and dynamic elevations of precise control points by means of spirit leveling.
	rr.afit.edu /coding/ASC8.htm

	A+Admiralty - Datums List
		Aside from the World Geodetic Survey of 1984 (WGS84),...
		ASTRO TERN ISLAND (FRIG) 1961 - Tern Island
		KUSAIE ASTRO 1951 - Caroline Islands, Fed States of Micronesia
	www.odyssey.on.ca /~d.emery/apa/screen/datums/datum.htm

	Deflection of the Vertical
		term can be more accurately referred to as the astro-
	www.tpub.com /content/USMC/mcwp3167/css/mcwp3167_56.htm

	Contents of IDL Astronomy User's Library
		ASTRO Interactive driver to compute astronomical precession, or coordinate conversions (calls EULER and PRECESS).
		BARYVEL Compute components of barycentric Earth velocity, given Julian date
	idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov /contents.html

	datasheet.aspx?PID=DY2884
		(feet) VERTCON DY2884 ___________________________________________________________________ DY2884 EPOCH DATE - 1991.35 DY2884 LAPLACE CORR- 1.78 (seconds) DEFLEC99 DY2884 GEOID HEIGHT- -35.96 (meters) GEOID99 DY2884 DY2884 HORZ ORDER - FIRST DY2884 DY2884.The horizontal coordinates were established by classical geodetic methods DY2884.and adjusted by the National Geodetic Survey in June 1996.
	www.geocaching.com /mark/datasheet.aspx?PID=DY2884

	B2.1-PSD1..post.htm
		FREY, S.; MEYER, U.; FEJES, I.; PARAGI, Z.; CHARLOT, P.; BIANCALE, R. Geodetic space VLBI: the first test observation
	www.copernicus.org /COSPAR/warsaw2000/programme/b2.1-psd1..post.htm

	World Geodetic System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		(The datums are relatively oriented with respect to different portions of the geoid by the astro-geodetic methods already described.) The sole contribution of satellite data to the development of WGS 60 was a value for the ellipsoid flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite.
		In accomplishing WGS 60, a combination of available surface gravity data, astro-geodetic data and results from HIRAN and Canadian SHORAN surveys were used to define a best-fitting ellipsoid and an earth-centered orientation for each of the initially selected datums (Chapter IV).
		In January 1966, a World Geodetic System Committee composed of representatives from the Army, Navy and Air Force, was charged with the responsibility of developing an improved WGS needed to satisfy mapping, charting and geodetic requirements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/World_Geodetic_System (1839 words)

	NGA: GEODESY FOR THE LAYMAN
		Consequently, the astro-geodetic deflection of the vertical depends upon a specific geodetic datum and the use of geodetic data developed by this method is limited to relatively small areas.
		A Laplace station is defined as a triangulation or traverse station at which a geodetic (Laplace) azimuth is derived from an astronomic azimuth by use of the Laplace equation.
		A horizontal geodetic datum may consist of the longitude and latitude of an initial point (origin); an azimuth of a line (direction) to some other triangulation station; the parameters (radius and flattening) of the ellipsoid selected for the computations; and the geoid separation at the origin.
	earth-info.nga.mil /GandG/publications/geolay/TR80003B.html (2890 words)

	World Geodetic System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To determine their gravimetric orientation parameters, the Air Force used the mean of the differences between the gravimetric and astro-geodetic deflections and geoid heights (undulations) at specifically selected stations in the areas of the major datums.
		In January 1966, a World Geodetic System Committee composed of representatives from the Army, Navy and Air Force, was charged with the responsibility of developing an improved WGS needed to satisfy mapping, charting and geodetic requirements.
		Current geodetic realizations of the geocentric reference system family ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System) maintained by the IERS are geocentric, and internally consistent, at the few-cm level, while still being metre-level consistent with WGS 84.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/WGS_84 (1839 words)

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