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Topic: Astrocyte

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	Astrocyte - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Astrocytes, also known as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain.
		Astrocytes are sub-type of the glial cells in the brain.
		Astrocytes are classically identified histologically by their expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Astrocyte (445 words)

	Hypothesis: Cortical Neuron-Astrocyte Interaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Astrocytes are not necessarily a stationary cell population (6, 7, 8); astroglia in vitro extend processes with highly motile tips (9) and human fetal astrocytes in tissue culture are in a state of almost constant motion (Antanitus D., unpublished observations).
		Retinal astrocytes are immigrants from the optic nerve.
		Zhou HF, Lund RD. Migration of astrocytes transplanted to the midbrain of neonatal rats.
	www.antanitus.com /hypothesis (3504 words)

	Astrocytes
		In order for astrocyte movement to occur, the state of the astrocyte must either be receptive or motile.
		In order for an astrocyte to become a blocker, some amyloid fiber must be in a neighboring grid space (these are the white spaces shown in the pictures for movement above).
		For every whole astrocyte represented by an astrocyte agent, the chemical diffusivities of the affected grid spaces are reduced by a percentage equal to the reduction percentage for diffusivities parameter (call it r) with a probability equal to the probability of blocking parameter (call it p) in a Monte Carlo fashion.
	www.math.ubc.ca /~ais/website/formulation/ast.html (1202 words)

	Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Glial Scarring and Progressive Cavitation: In Vivo and In Vitro Analysis of ...
		Astrocyte GFAP staining (A) and vimentin intermediate filament staining (B) demarcate the astrocyte-free cavity that is filled with activated macrophages and microglia (C).
		Arrows track a single astrocyte as it is stretched until it is broken or dislodged (panel 2), gradually moves up from the surface of the culture plate (panels 3, 4), and migrates back on top of the astrocyte monolayer (panel 5) where it remains as a loosely attached ball (panel 6).
		As this astrocyte cavity gradually increases in size, the marked astrocyte is pulled and stretched to a very thin morphology, whereas the marked neurite is broken or pulled free from its original connection in panel 3 and is left to retract in panels 4-10.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/19/19/8182 (8656 words)

	Astrocytes
		Determining why the astrocyte chatting occurs and whether it actually affects the neurons' ability to process information, is another area of research.
		Astrocytes' relationship to glutamate also may make them good targets for clinical intervention since several brain disorders have been tied to glutamate problems.
		The cells, known as astrocytes, appear to talk to neurons and affect their ability to signal with each other.
	web.sfn.org /content/Publications/BrainBriefings/astrocytes.html (802 words)

	PARs in the stars: proteinase-activated receptors and astrocyte function. Focus on "Thrombin (PAR-1)-induced ...
		Regulation of neurons and astrocytes by thrombin and protease nexin-1.
		Thrombin receptor activation stimulates astrocyte proliferation and reversal of stellation by distinct pathways: involvement of phosphorylation.
		Astrocytes induce blood-brain barrier properties in endothelial cells.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/5/C1347 (2700 words)

	Astrocytes and Brain Function: Implications for Reproduction -- Dhandapani et al. 228 (3): 253 -- Experimental Biology ...
		and ER-ß in hypothalamic astrocytes in the presence (+) or absence (-) of reverse transcriptase.
		by astrocytes in the brain from the substrate pregnenolone (11).
		Through these postulated steps, astrocytes are envisioned to participate with the classical transsynaptic inhibitory and excitatory inputs to facilitate GnRH release, and the subsequent LH surge and ovulation.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/228/3/253 (4994 words)

	Distinct roles for astrocyte alphavbeta5 and alphavbeta8 integrins in adhesion and migration -- Milner et al. 112 (23): ...
		Distinct roles for astrocyte alphavbeta5 and alphavbeta8 integrins in adhesion and migration -- Milner et al.
		Distinct roles for astrocyte alphavbeta5 and alphavbeta8 integrins in adhesion and migration
		in migration on vitronectin relative to wild-type astrocytes.
	jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/112/23/4271 (615 words)

	Neurone-to-astrocyte signalling in the brain represents a distinct multifunctional unit -- Fellin and Carmignoto 559 ...
		Astrocytes contain a vesicular compartment that is competent for regulated exocytosis of glutamate.
		Swelling-induced release of glutamate, aspartate, and taurine from astrocyte cultures.
		Segregated expression of AMPA-type glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters defines distinct astrocyte populations in the mouse hippocampus.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/559/1/3 (6763 words)

	Effects of arginine vasopressin on cell volume regulation in brain astrocyte in culture -- Sarfaraz and Fraser 276 (3): ...
		Astrocyte volume regulation was measured by the method of Kletzien et al.
		Role of calmodulin and protein kinase C in astrocyte cell volume regulation.
		Role of calcium in astrocyte volume regulation and in the release of ions and amino acids.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/3/E596 (3606 words)

	Intracellular Astrocyte Calcium Waves In Situ Increase the Frequency of Spontaneous AMPA Receptor Currents in CA1 ...
		Note that IP was uncaged in a 2.5 µm diameter region in the astrocyte soma, and the Ca increases measured in other astrocyte compartments were caused by Ca spreading as a wave into these regions.
		Astrocytes (angled arrows) were clearly evident by the perinuclear labeling by streptavidin Alexa 488; a vertical arrow points to a blood vessel.
		(1) Astrocytes release glutamate in response to evoked intracellular
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/3/722 (7319 words)

	Astrocyte-Specific Inactivation of the Neurofibromatosis 1 Gene (NF1) Is Insufficient for Astrocytoma Formation -- ...
		GFAP immunofluorescence (green) of astrocytes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus is shown for CKO mice (panel b) and for control mice (panel e).
		Note that there are increased numbers of astrocytes in panel b, corresponding to the mutant mice, compared to panel e (control mice).
		Increased expression of the neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) tumor suppressor gene protein, neurofibromin, in reactive astrocytes in vitro.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/22/14/5100 (7134 words)

	CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) as a Receptor Governing Astrocyte Apoptotic or Inflammatory Responses: A Key Role in Brain ...
		Early passage astrocytes (open bars) and late passage astrocytes (solid bars) were incubated with different concentrations of CH11 mAb or control IgM, and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay.
		Astrocytes (fourth passage) were incubated for 24 h with CH11 mAb or control IgM (1 µg/ml) in the presence of anti-IL-8 mAb or control IgG1 (5 µg/ml).
		Astrocyte cultures from human embryonic brain: characterization and modulation of surface molecules by inflammatory cytokines.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/162/4/2326 (5937 words)

	Thyroid hormone induces cerebellar astrocytes and C6 glioma cells to secrete mitogenic growth factors -- Trentin et al. ...
		Primary cultures of astrocytes were prepared from cerebella obtained from 2- to 3-day-old Wistar rats as described (34-37).
		Use of the MTT assay for estimating toxicity in primary astrocyte and C6 glioma cell cultures.
		Effects of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha on the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and transferrin in cultured astrocytes.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/5/E1088 (3741 words)

	Transcriptional Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Binding Protein Gene Expression in Astrocyte Cultures -- ...
		Total RNA was isolated from the astrocyte cultures with Trizol reagent.
		Astrocyte cultures were treated with Fsk or TPA for intervals
		Cortright DN, Goosens KA, Lesh JS, Seasholtz AF 1997 Isolation and characterization of the rat corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein gene: transcriptional regulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate and CRH.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/140/9/4095 (5273 words)

	HIV-1 latency in the astrocyte: the role of intracellular factors.
		HIV-1 latency in the astrocyte: the role of intracellular factors.
		We also demonstrate that stimuli which are associated with both an increase in NF-kB and an increase in p24 are associated with an increase in the supershift of a Rev/RRE complex by astrocyte nuclear proteins.
		We suggest that in vitro p24 production may be limited in the astrocyte because of an insufficiency of required intracellular factors such as NF-kB that in vivo, because of stimuli that increase NF-kB such as opportunistic infections and elevations in TNF-alpha, this cell type may serve as a viral reservoir.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/dec/M95C3052.html (477 words)

	Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Mediates Astrocyte-Specific Regulation of Brain Endothelial Anticoagulant Factors • ...
		Astrocytes are responsible for the induction of the
		In vitro interactions of astrocytes and pericytes with capillary-like structures of brain microvessel endothelium.
		of the astrocytic response in acute stroke therapy.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/8/1671 (4482 words)

	BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS
		The pia mater is a permeable membrane of collagen, elastin fibers and fibroblasts on the floor of the subarachnoid space which allows diffusion between the CSF and the interstitial fluid of the brain tissue.
		One of the damaging effects of mercury poisoning is swelling of astrocytes, which are rendered unable to soak-up glutamine from synapses (contributing to excitotoxicity).
		Moreover, considering the demonstrably critical role played by astrocytes in GABA re-uptake at synapses, one might wonder whether glial cells are also an essential component of identity.
	www.benbest.com /science/anatmind/anatmd10.html (6622 words)

	Astrocyte-Synapse Relationship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The astrocyte (blue-gray) contacts many of the synapses between axonal boutons (green) and the spines (brown) from a segment of dendrite.
		In the hippocampus, however, relationships between astrocytes and synapses are much more variable.
		Only 60% of the synapses in stratum radiatum of hippocampal area CA1 have any astrocytic coverage at all around their spine-axon interface.
	synapses.mcg.edu /anatomy/astro3d/3d_essay.stm (127 words)

	Dr. Koop - Brain Tumors- Health Encyclopedia and Reference
		These tumors tend to be named after the kind of cell they arise in.
		A tumor of the astrocyte, a neuron-support cell, is referred to as an astrocytoma.
		A tumor of the cells lining the open areas inside the spinal cord and brain is an ependymoma.
	www.drkoop.com /encyclopedia/43/62.html (939 words)

	Estrogen-Astrocyte-Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Signaling: A Rolefor Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 -- ...
		Transforming growth factor-ß and astrocytic conditioned medium influence luteinizing hormone releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamic cell line GT1–1.
		Transforming growth factor ß1 regulates the expression of cyclooxygenase in cultured cortical astrocytes and neurons.
		Localization of estrogen receptor beta immunoreactivity in astrocytes of the adult rat brain.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/62/6/1710 (6260 words)

	Rat Hippocampal Astrocyte Kit: SCR007
		CHEMICON®’s Rat Hippocampal Astrocyte Kit provides researchers with a convenient means for the culture and analysis of primary rat hippocampal astrocyte cells.
		In addition to viable, cryopreserved astrocytes, this kit also includes reagents for the immunostaining of astrocytes and for the detection of neuron formation.
		· Evaluation of the influence of astrocytes on the activity and function of neurons.
	www.chemicon.com /Product/ProductDataSheet.asp?ProductItem=SCR007 (286 words)

	All Astrocyte
		Reacts with Cat, Cow, Human, Mouse, Pig, Rat and all other Mammals tested to date.
		Does not react with Mouse or Rat (see Abreviews for further details).
		ICC, IHC-Fr, IHC-P, WB Astrocyte, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
	www.abcam.com /?c=474 (707 words)

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