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Topic: Astronaut Maneuvering Unit

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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The propulsion unit was used to retrieve two communication satellites, Westar VI and Palapa B2, that did not reach their proper orbits because of faulty propulsion modules.
		The AMU was flown aboard the Gemini 9 mission, but was not tested because the astronaut, Eugene Cernan, had difficulty maneuvering from the Gemini cabin to the AMU storage place, at the back of the spacecraft, and overheated, causing his helmet faceplate to fog up.
		The Skylab AMU was the closest to the Shuttle MMU, but was not used outside of the spacecraft because the EVAs were conducted with the astronauts attached to life support umbilicals, and to prevent damage to the delicate solar arrays on the Apollo Telescope Mount.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Manned_Maneuvering_Unit (1345 words)

	Manned Maneuvering Unit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The propulsion unit was used to retrieve two communication satellites, Westar VI and Palapa B2, that did not reach their proper orbits because of faulty propulsion modules.
		The AMU was flown aboard the Gemini 9 mission, but was not tested because the astronaut, Eugene Cernan, had difficulty maneuvering from the Gemini cabin to the AMU storage place, at the back of the spacecraft, and overheated, causing his helmet faceplate to fog up.
		The Skylab AMU was the closest to the Shuttle MMU, but was not used outside of the spacecraft because the EVAs were conducted with the astronuats attached to life support umbilicals, and to prevent damage to the delicate solar arrays on the Apollo Telescope Mount.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit (1340 words)

	Astronaut - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit (MMU) outside the Challenger in 1984.
		For the most part, "cosmonaut" and "astronaut" are synonyms in all languages, and the usage of choice is often dictated by political reasons.
		The first astronauts, both in the U.S. and USSR, tended to be jet fighter pilots, often test pilots, from military backgrounds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Astronaut (1184 words)

	Astronaut - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		However in the United States, the term "astronaut" is typically applied to the individual as soon as training begins, while in Russia, an individual is not labeled a cosmonaut until successful space flight.
		In 1998 the European Space Agency formed a single astronaut corps of 18 by dissolving the former national corps of France, Germany and Italy.
		The first astronauts, both in the USA and USSR, tended to be jet fighter pilots, often test pilots, from military backgrounds.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/a/s/t/Astronaut.html (1120 words)

	ipedia.com: Astronaut Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		By convention, an astronaut employed by the Russian Aviation and Space Agency or its Soviet predecessor is called a cosmonaut.
		Actually, "cosmonaut" and "astronaut" are synonyms in both languages, and the usage of choice on both sides is often dictated by political reasons.
		Military astronauts receive a special qualification badge, known as the Astronaut Badge upon completion of Astronaut training and participation in a space flight.
	www.ipedia.com /astronaut.html (841 words)

	G4C AMU
		Astronaut Eugene Cernan wore the suit during the Gemini IX-A mission in June 1966 in an unsuccessful attempt to test the AMU during extravehicular activity.
		23 February 1966 The astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU) scheduled to be tested on the Gemini IX mission was delivered to Cape Kennedy.
		Compatibility tests involving the ELSS, the astronaut maneuvering unit, and the spacecraft were completed March 24.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/mwade/craft/g4camu.htm (544 words)

	Spacewalk!
		The astronauts were unable to attach a capture bar to the satellite from a position on the Shuttle robotic arm.
		Astronauts wear "Snoopy" caps (named after the cartoon Flying Ace, Snoopy) that contain their communications headset so they can be in touch with each other, the flight crew, and the Mission Control Center at all times.
		Astronauts have retrieved and repaired satellites, practiced using maneuvering units, assembled pieces of the International Space Station, and sometimes gotten to enjoy the view.
	aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov /HAS/Cirr/ss/3/6.cfm (3088 words)

	Manned Maneuvering Unit
		The manned maneuvering unit is a one-man propulsion backpack that snaps onto the back of the space suit's portable life-support system.
		The MMU allows the astronaut to work outside without a tether and is able to move as far as 300 feet from the orbiter.
		This photo is the newest form of the manned maneuvering unit.
	ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu /211.web.stuff/Adamczak/mmu.htm (146 words)

	Spaceflight :Project Gemini
		Astronaut Edward H. White II, pilot for the Gemini 4 spaceflight, floats in zero gravity of space.
		Astronaut Edwin Aldrin, pilot for the Gemini 12 space flight, practices work tasks in preparation for his extravehicular activity during the Gemini 12 flight.
		This flight used new, improved restraints for the astronauts to hook to outside the spacecraft, and underwater training, which became a staple of all future spacewalk simulations, was added as a training technique for working in space.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/gemini/SP18.htm (1912 words)

	Manned Space Chronology: Gemini 9A
		The ATDA subsequently was dubbed the "Angry Alligator" by astronauts Stafford and Cernan because the partially separated Agena shroud took on the appearance of a long, open mouth.
		Although a spacewalk by astronaut Cernan was scheduled for the second day of the mission, it was postponed due to crew fatigue, and the crew devoted their second day in space to experiments.
		During the spacewalk, Cernan was supposed to have performed the first test of an innovative thruster-powered astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU), which was stored in the Gemini 9A adapter section and needed to be accessed from outside the spacecraft.
	www.spaceline.org /flightchron/gemini9a.html (920 words)

	Space Suits — FactMonster.com
		which is a one piece suit made of spandex, and keeps the astronaut cool while in the suit.
		Gloves are included with the unit along with a helmet and a visor.
		All of this is necessary to protect the astronaut from micrometeoroids, solar radiation, infrared radiation, temperature changes, pressure changes, and oxygen deprivation.
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0875382.html (375 words)

	NASA plans to include the DOD's astronaut maneuvering unit "back pack" aboard AAP flights.
		The unit was first flown aboard the Gemini IX mission, but EVA problems forced an early termination of the experiment.
		Mueller told Seamans that the astronaut maneuvering unit could be incorporated into AAP flights without compromising primary objectives of the Orbital Workshop mission.
		Although the Air Force had not yet asked that the astronaut maneuvering unit be assigned to AAP, officials were studying the desirability of committing the estimated cost of $2.5 million to $3 million to do so.
	www.astronautix.com /details/nas22002.htm (280 words)

	On The Shoulders of Titans - Ch13-4
		Designed like the AMU to fit into the spacecraft adapter section, it carried, aside from its own oxygen supply, a radio and 8 kilograms (18 pounds) of propellant for a zip-gun maneuvering unit.
		Once the astronaut had switched over from the spacecraft to the backpack oxygen supply, he could add a lightweight 23-meter tether to the shorter hose and, theoretically at least, maneuver as far as 30 meters from the spacecraft.
		The astronauts practiced EVA maneuvers, supported by an air cushion of 0.0254 millimeter (0.001 inch), on a table roughly 6 by 7 meters.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4203/ch13-4.htm (1386 words)

	Manned Maneuvering Unit - Definition, explanation
		A Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) is a jetpack (propulsion backpack that snaps onto the back of the spacesuit) which has been used on spacewalks (EVAss) from NASA's space shuttle, allowing an astronaut to move independently from the shuttle.
		Two months later during mission STS-41-C, astronauts James van Hoften and George Nelson used the MMU to capture the Solar Maximum mission satellite and to bring it into the orbiter's payload bay for repairs and servicing.
		Astronauts Joseph Allen and Dale Gardner captured the two satellites and brought them into the Orbiter payload bay for stowage and return to Earth.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/m/ma/manned_maneuvering_unit.php (640 words)

	Shuttle MMU
		The MMU Manned Maneuvering Unit was designed for maneuvering by astronauts untethered from the shuttle.
		The reliability of the unit was guaranteed with a dual parallel system rather than a backup redundant system.
		In the event of a failure in one parallel system, the system would be shut down and the remaining system would be used to return the MMU to the orbiter cargo bay.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/shulemmu.htm (224 words)

	NASA Quest > Space Team Online
		A short tether and clip enables the astronaut to hang on to the wrench in case it is dropped.
		The propulsion unit was used to retrieve two communication satellites that did not reach their proper orbit because of faulty propulsion modules.
		Although unlikely, an astronaut could become separated from the station during an EVA and a Shuttle not be available to retrieve the crew member.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /space/teachers/suited/6work.html (2101 words)

	G4C AMU
		Astronaut Eugene Cernan wore the suit during the Gemini IX-A mission in June 1966 in an unsuccessful attempt to test the AMU during extravehicular activity.
		Compatibility tests involving the ELSS, the astronaut maneuvering unit, and the spacecraft were completed March 24.
		The astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU), which had been installed in Gemini spacecraft No. 12 on September 17, was removed as the spacecraft was undergoing final preparations for movement to complex 19.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/g4camu.htm (560 words)

	Space Shuttle program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The winged shuttle orbiter is launched vertically, usually carrying five to seven astronauts (although eight have been carried) and up to 50,000 lb (22,700 kg) of payload into low earth orbit.
		When its mission is complete, it fires its maneuvering thrusters to drop out of orbit and re-enters the earth's atmosphere.
		After landing, the vehicle stands on the runway for several minutes to permit the fumes from poisonous hydrazine, used as propellant for attitude control, to dissipate, and for the shuttle fuselage to cool before the astronauts disembark.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Space_Shuttle_program (5796 words)

	Gemini Space Suit Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.com (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Incorporation of a urine-collection device strapped onto the astronauts leg--Mercury astronauts used a rubber condom held in place by a pair of women's underwear.
		Borman later was able to get his suit off and biomedical data collected during the flight revealed that astronauts would be more comfortable during the flight when wearing flight suits during "non-critical" phases of the mission.
		Unfortunately, the Apollo 1 accident, which killed astronauts Grissom, White, and Roger Chaffee resulted in NASA cancelling the "Block I" program and starting with the flight of Apollo 7, testing the spacecraft in its "Block II" configuration, which included the new A7L spacesuit worn by its crew.
	www.launchbase.com /encyclopedia/Gemini_Space_suit (543 words)

	More Favored than the Birds The Manned Maneuvering Unit in Space
		Maneuvering is an extravehicular activity independent of the protective and supportive space suit, yet integrated with the suit and even the spacecraft.
		The decision was to extend two forward nozzles on the maneuvering unit and to rebuild the lower section of the space suit, but without altering the delivery schedule, something "not possible if we are to meet NASA flight dates," according to the director of the Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory.
		Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan experienced difficulty donning the maneuvering unit due to the problem of maintaining body position in zero gravity and the necessity of holding on to hand and foot bars.
	history.nasa.gov /SP-4219/Chapter13.html (12065 words)

	NASA plans to include the DOD's astronaut maneuvering unit "back pack" aboard AAP flights. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The unit was first flown aboard the Gemini IX mission, but EVA problems forced an early termination of the experiment.
		Mueller told Seamans that the astronaut maneuvering unit could be incorporated into AAP flights without compromising primary objectives of the Orbital Workshop mission.
		Although the Air Force had not yet asked that the astronaut maneuvering unit be assigned to AAP, officials were studying the desirability of committing the estimated cost of $2.5 million to $3 million to do so.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/mwade/details/nasights.htm (279 words)

	Manned Maneuvering Unit \| Macmillan Space Sciences
		The image of space-suited astronaut Bruce McCandless flying free high above Earth is one of the most famous in spaceflight history, yet the device that made it possible, the manned maneuvering unit (MMU), had a surprisingly short career.
		The first U.S. astronaut maneuvering aid was the Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit carried by spacewalkers outside Gemini capsules (1965-1966).
		Astronauts using the MMU and RMS worked together to capture the Palapa and Westar VI satellites during STS-51-A (November 1984).
	www.bookrags.com /research/manned-maneuvering-unit-spsc-03 (671 words)

	NASAexplores 9-12 Article: A SAFER Way To Space Walk
		An astronaut is working outside his spacecraft in the vacuum of space when something happens—his tether breaks, a satellite hits him, or an evil computer pushes him away from the ship.
		Astronauts control the SAFER device using a hand controller attached to the front of their space suits, and computers assist in its operation.
		Walking on the Moon meant that astronauts had to be able to leave their craft, untethered, in self-contained space suits.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show2_912a.php?id=03-050&gl=912 (954 words)

	Astronaut (Site not responding. Last check: )
		U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut [[Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit.
		To April 14, 2005, a total of 443 humans had spent a total of 27,876 crew-days in space including 99 crew-days of spacewalks.
		The first astronaut to fly a privately-funded mission was Mike Melvill, on SpaceShipOne flight 15P (only according to American space flight definition).
	astronaut.ask.dyndns.dk (965 words)

	NASA - NSSDC - Experiment - Details
		The objectives of Skylab experiment M509 were to demonstrate astronaut maneuvering unit flying qualities and piloting capability, test and evaluate system response, and relate the data and experience gained to ground based analysis, future AMU design requirements and projected EVA capabilites.
		The astronaut maneuvering equipment consisted of two jetpowered AMUs, a back-mounted hand-controlled unit called the automatically stabilized maneuvering unit (ASMU or backpack) and a handheld maneuvering unit (HHMU).
		The HHMU was a handgrip unit with a pair of thrusters that pulled the astronaut forward, a single thruster that pushed him backwards, and thruster controls.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1973-027A&ex=38 (329 words)

	McCandless, Bruce II (1937-)
		American astronaut who became the first human to conduct an untethered extravehicular activity (EVA) in space.
		Selected by NASA as one of 19 new astronauts in April 1966, McCandless was appointed a member of the astronaut support crew for the Apollo 14 mission and backup pilot for Skylab 2.
		McCandless was a mission specialist on the tenth Shuttle flight (STS 41-B), on Feb. 3, 1984, during which the MMU and the Manipulator Foot Restraint were tested in space for the first time.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/M/McCandless.html (231 words)

	Reference Frames in Skylab (Site not responding. Last check: )
		SCENE 3: Moving Camera - The camera is held by a moving astronaut who starts in the forward compartment and moves slowly through the forward hatch, into the airlock module (DARK), and into the multiple docking adapter.
		SCENE 1: Rest Camera - The astronaut moves himself through the forward compartment with an experimental unit called the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (AMU).
		SCENE 2: Moving Camera - The astronaut moves about the forward compartment and holds a camera fixed in his reference frame showing his feet near the bottom of the picture.
	demo1.physics.wisc.edu /MDemos/Writeups/M2SLreffra.htm (250 words)

	NASA Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) Patch
		Using rotation and translation hand controllers, the crew member can fly with precision in or around the orbiter cargo bay or to nearby free-flying payloads or structures, and can reach many otherwise inaccessible areas outside the orbiter.
		In the event of a failure in one parallel system, the remaining system can be used to return the MMU to the orbiter cargo bay.
		The MMU weighs 310 pounds and includes a 35-mm still photo camera that is operated by the astronaut while working in space.
	galacticvoyager.com /pat/mmu (144 words)

	Skylab II (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After an early bout with motion sickness, the crew settled down for their two-month mission, deploying a second sun shield on a space walk lasting six hours, 30 minutes.
		Also on this mission the astronauts finally got to test the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit, or AMU, which had initially been carried into space aboard Gemini IX but could not be tested then because of problems with the old Gemini space suit.
		The AMU experiments assisted engineers in designing the Manned Maneuvering Unit, which was first flown aboard the Shuttle flight STS 41B in February, 1984, and was still in use until quite recently.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/apollo/skylab2.html (154 words)

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