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	Nevil Maskelyne, Astronomer Royal
		Nevil Maskelyne, Fifth Astronomer Royal was grandfather by marriage to B-P's Uncle Sir Warington Wilkinson Smyth, brother of Henrietta Grace Smyth Baden-Powell.
		Nevil Maskelyne (1732-1811), astronomer royal, was the third son of Edmund Maskelyne of Purton in Wiltshire, by his wife Elizabeth Booth, and was born in London on 6 Oct. 1732.
		Maskelyne succeeded Nathaniel Bliss [q.v.] as astronomer royal on 26 Feb. 1765, and promptly obtained the establishment of the Nautical Almanac.
	www.pinetreeweb.com /bp-nevil-maskelyne.htm (3376 words)

	The Monarchy Today > The Royal Household > Official Royal posts > Astronomer Royal
		The position of Astronomer Royal is nowadays largely honorary, though he remains available to advise the Sovereign on astronomical and related scientific matters.
		The Astronomer Royal receives a stipend of £100 a year and is a member of the Royal Household.
		John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal, was responsible for one of the earliest recorded sightings of the planet Uranus, which he mistook for a star.
	www.royal.gov.uk /output/Page5001.asp (416 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Astronomer Royal
		Royal Greenwich Observatory astronomical observatory established in 1675 by Charles II of England; formerly known as the Royal Observatory and located at Greenwich, it moved to Herstmonceux Castle, Sussex, in 1946.
		He was appointed (1675) astronomer royal by King Charles II and carried on his researches at Greenwich Observatory.
		From 1887 to 1895 he was astronomer at Lick Observatory in California, and from 1895 he was professor of practical astronomy at the Univ. of Chicago and astronomer at Yerkes Observatory.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Astronomer+Royal&StartAt=11 (667 words)

	[No title]
		The Astronomer Royal is a royal appointment initiated by King Charles II, who founded the Royal Greenwich Observatory in 1675.
		The Astronomer Royal was given initial instructions to study the stars in order to develop a reliable method of navigation.
		He was the first 'Astronomer Royal', and occupied the Royal Observatory built by King Charles the Second at Greewich for some 44 years, seeing astronomy emerge from the mysteries and myths of the middle ages, to become a modern, mathematical and scientific discipline.
	www.lycos.com /info/astronomer--astronomer-royal.html (449 words)

	Astrobiology Magazine
		The title of Astronomer Royal was made an honorary title given to a senior academic astronomer.
		Astronomers can't say whether life is likely or unlikely, because the most uncertain terms in the Drake Equation are the terms biologists have to solve for us.
		In order for life to develop, there have to be habitats in the universe that are stable, are warmed by a star, and contain not just hydrogen but all the elements in the periodic table, like oxygen, carbon, and phosphorus, that are important for life.
	www.astrobio.net /news/print.php?sid=1369 (1769 words)

	Astronomer Royal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Astronomer Royal is a senior post in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom.
		There are two officers, the senior being the Astronomer Royal dating from 22 June 1675, and the second the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, which dates from 1834.
		As Astronomer Royal he receives a stipend of £100 a year and is a member of the Royal Household, under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Astronomer_Royal (164 words)

	Astronomers M
		He is credited with giving the four satellites their current names, and he is the first person to record the presence of the Andromeda Galaxy.
		Maskelyne, Nevil (1732-1811) - the fifth Astronomer Royal of England who attempted to view the 1761 transit of Venus from the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic.
		The list was to help astronomers by charting objects that they might encounter when searching for comets or other phenomena.
	www.pa.msu.edu /people/horvatin/Astronomers/astronomers_m.htm (359 words)

	Astronomer Royal
		An honorary title held by a prominent British astronomer, created in 1675 by King Charles II when the Royal Greenwich Observatory was founded.
		Before 1971, the Astronomer Royal was also director of the Royal Observatory, but after that year these became separate appointments.
		The title of Astronomer Royal for Scotland was created in 1834 and held by the director of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, until 1995 when the appointments were separated.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/Astronomer_Royal.html (141 words)

	With the Astronomer Royal \| Special reports \| Guardian Unlimited
		Sir Frank Dyson, the Astronomer Royal, has been singularly blessed in his choice of the site for the official British observations of the eclipse.
		The prevailing colour of the composition is no more to be described than are the colours in a flame, and here were flames which in scale and intensity have not been seen from this country for two centuries, and will not be seen again in the lifetime of most of us.
		So far as the Astronomer Royal can say at present, the period of 'totality' appears to have begun three seconds before the moment predicted for it by the astronomers - but to confirm this will require further study - and to have lasted exactly as long as expected.
	www.guardian.co.uk /eclipse/Story/0,2763,205700,00.html (773 words)

	Week 6 Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Thus, the Astronomer Royal's timekeeping duties were extended rather than attenuated by the encroachment of accurate and seaworthy timepieces on traditional Greenwich turf.
		Like the Astronomer Royal, Herschel was provided with an observatory and a salary from the King, but unlike his counterpart, Herschel served the Crown as a natural historian of the heavens.
		Growing numbers of astronomers, many of them amateurs with wide ranging research interests, resources, and expertise, sought leadership as well as social and intellectual support in conducting, recording, and communicating their observations, leadership the Astronomer Royal was unable to provide.
	eee.uci.edu /clients/bjbecker/ExploringtheCosmos/week6a.html (2952 words)

	George Biddell Airy
		Of his astronomical writings during this period the most important are his investigation of the mass of Jupiter, his report to the British Association on the progress of astronomy during the 19th century, and his memoir On an Inequality of Long Period in the Motions of the Earth and Venus.
		In June 1835 Airy was appointed Astronomer Royal in succession to John Pond, and thus commenced that long career of wisely directed and vigorously sustained industry at the national observatory which, even more perhaps than his investigations in abstract science or theoretical astronomy, constitutes his chief title to fame.
		He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1836, its president in 1871, and recived both the Copley and Royal medals.
	www.nndb.com /people/766/000096478 (1678 words)

	AAS Biographical Memoirs - Richard van der Riet Woolley 1906-1986
		Astronomers of five or six European countries were considering a proposal to set up in the southern hemisphere - probably in South Africa - a duplicate of the 120-inch reflector at the Lick Observatory and one of the 48-inch Palomar Schmidt telescope, or approximately such facilities, for their joint use.
		Some of the astronomer's brightest ideas may go into programmes he proposes for others to pursue; in work that does count as 'personal' he must generally use other astronomers' observations as well as his own; and much of his work is of course in any case collaborative.
		Inevitably astronomical investigations of this nature, however excellent they were by the standards of their day, sooner or later come to be superseded by others got by means of newer techniques.
	www.asap.unimelb.edu.au /bsparcs/aasmemoirs/woolley.htm (22150 words)

	SOUTHERN ASTRONOMERS and AUSTRALIAN ASTRONOMY
		The observatory was built to house the instruments provided by Dr. Maskelyne, Astronomer Royal at the time, at whose request observations were to be made of one of the comets selected by Dr. Halley for his researches, the return of which was then expected.
		The idea of having the observatory at Sydney was largely strengthened by the action of the Royal Astronomical Society in passing a resolution strongly urging the carrying on of astronomical work at this end of the world.
		Even originally it included a residence for the astronomer, space for the transit instrument, a tower surmounted by a dome for the equatorial, a room for the computer and an office for the astronomer.
	homepage.mac.com /andjames/Page036.htm (4036 words)

	Halley biography
		The most likely explanation is that with the opening of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich in 1675, Flamsteed undertook the task of mapping the northern hemisphere stars and Halley decided to complement this programme with undertaking a similar task for the southern hemisphere.
		Newton became Warden of the Royal Mint in London in 1696 and he used his influence to have Halley appointed as deputy controller of the mint at Chester in the same year.
		In 1720 he succeeded Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal, a position he was to hold for 21 years despite being 64 years old when appointed.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Halley.html (2617 words)

	Astronomers H
		Henderson, Thomas (1798-1844) - the second director of the Royal Cape Observatory and later the first Astronomer Royal of Scotland.
		He eventually became president of the Royal Astronomical Society.
		He also developed a way to take photographs of spectra and was the first to notice the red- and blue-shifting of the light of stars caused by the Doppler Effect.
	www.pa.msu.edu /people/horvatin/Astronomers/astronomers_h.htm (592 words)

	James Bradley Summary
		The English astronomer James Bradley (1693-1762), one of the most determined and meticulous astronomers, discovered the aberration of light and the nutation of the earth's axis.
		In 1718 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and at the early age of 28 he became Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford and so resigned from Bridstow.
		At Greenwich, as astronomer royal, where he found the instruments in a poor state of repair, he obtained some fine new instruments, including an eight foot mural quadrant, with which he compiled a new catalog of star positions.
	www.bookrags.com /James_Bradley (1530 words)

	Manuscripts Department - Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives
		For more than two centuries the Royal Observatory functioned on an established staff of ten or fewer and the official record of the Observatory's work is contained in the papers of the Astronomers Royal.
		Before Woolley's retirement in 1971 it was announced that the title of Astronomer Royal would not in future necessarily be awarded to the current Director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and no Astronomer Royal after 1971 in fact also was been the current Director.
		In 1998 October the Royal Greenwich Observatory was closed by its parent organisation, the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council and its functions dispersed or discontinued.
	www.lib.cam.ac.uk /deptserv/manuscripts/rgo.html (1403 words)

	History - Observatories - Cape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Due to a request made by the British Admiralty the Royal Astronomical Society of England decided in 1820 to establish an observatory at the Cape of Good Hope.
		English Astronomer James Pond took up Wauchope's idea and the first time ball in the world was erected at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in 1833.
		In time these observatories were incorporated into the astronomical observatory, the magnetic observatory was neglected and by 1869 ceased to exist, but meteorological work continued.
	www.saao.ac.za /assa/html/his-pl-obs_-_cape.html (3011 words)

	The Royal observatory, Edinburgh
		The Royal Observatory, Edinburgh is an internationally recognised institution within the world of astronomical observation.
		Ralph Copeland, the then Astronomer Royal for Scotland, chose the cylindrical drum form of covering in preference to the more usual hemispherical shape of dome because he considered it better suited to the Scottish climate.
		He was the first astronomer to appreciate the value of clear, vapourless skies for observing.
	www.roe.ac.uk /roe/heritage/index.html (1145 words)

	Astronomer's predictions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		One of the leading figures in modern astronomy -- Sir Martin Rees, Astronomer Royal -- is coming to the University of Victoria to present a free public lecture highlighting recent breakthroughs in understanding the creation and development of the universe.
		Rees is Royal Society Research Professor at Cambridge University where he and Stephen Hawking (A Brief History of Time) are colleagues.
		Rees was appointed the 15th Astronomer Royal by Queen Elizabeth in 1995.
	astrowww.phys.uvic.ca /media/ring/2.htm (361 words)

	George Airy, Astronomer Royal
		Northumberland-born George Airy (he was born in Alnwick in 1801) could safely lay claim to being the most controversial Astronomer Royal that Britain has ever had.
		All because of his "failure" to detect the planet Neptune as predicted by British astronomer John Adams, thus leaving the way for the glory to be taken by Berlin Observatory, acting on the instructions of the French astronomer, Urban Leverrier.
		Later, when Airy was Director of the Royal Observatory, in 1854, Babbage was a member of the Board of Visitors for the Observatory, and another argument broke out.
	bdaugherty.tripod.com /astronomy/airy.html (959 words)

	Images of Tycho Brahe: John Flamsteed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		John Flamsteed became the first Astronomer Royal on the founding of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich in 1675.
		Like his mentor, Flamsteed was devoted to astronomical measurement, was responsible for equipping and developing an observatory, received patronage from the king while also meeting many of his own costs, and was, he believed, beset by enemies and detractors.
		The engravings of the Royal Observatory and its instruments, commissioned by Flamsteed's patron Jonas Moore from Francis Place, were probably part of a scheme to publish an account of the observatory after the manner of Tycho's Mechanica.
	www.mhs.ox.ac.uk /tycho/flam.htm (327 words)

	Caroline Herschel - First Female Astronomer - Astronomy
		By herself, and in conjunction with her brother, astronomer William Herschel, Caroline helped to redefine the science of astronomy and bring it into the mainstream.
		Caroline and her brother made a number of notable contributions to the still-fledgling science of astronomy, chiefly expanding the field to include not just the solar system, but also the stars, the nebulae and the cosmos.
		At age 78, Caroline won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, at 86 she was elected to the Royal Irish Academy and at 96 she won the King of Prussia’s Gold Medal for Science.
	www.bellaonline.org /articles/art32051.asp (465 words)

	The Royal observatory, Edinburgh
		The title of Astronomer Royal for Scotland was created in 1834 and formally linked with the post of Regius Professor of Astronomy in the University of Edinburgh.
		Appointed by Royal Warrant of 15 December 1910 and held office 21 December 1910-30 September 1937.
		The Royal Observatory Edinburgh comprises the UK Astronomy Technology Centre of the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Edinburgh and the ROE Visitor Centre.
	www.roe.ac.uk /roe/library/astroyal.html (458 words)

	Why is There Life? - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Why is There Life? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Astronomer Hugh Ross has compared the state of affairs to "the possibility of a Boeing 747 aircraft being completely assembled as a result of a tornado striking a junkyard."
		It's a humble but civilized setting for the Astronomer Royal, a title granted Rees by Queen Elizabeth in 1995.
		Among other mysteries, astronomers were stumped as to how the microwave background radiation could be so smooth but still permit matter to "clump" into stars and galaxies.
	www.discover.com /issues/nov-00/cover (2609 words)

	John flamsteed - first Astronomer Royal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		With a home made telescope he could measure the positions of the moon and the planets and soon began to forecast their future positions for himself, finding that they did not agree with the astronomical tables that existed at the time.
		He soon became recognized as an outstanding observational astronomer and in 1674 was granted a master's degree from Cambridge University without having to do the normal residential requirement.
		One important problem at the time, especially for a sea faring nation, was the inability of sea captains to work out their longitude when crossing the oceans.
	www.derbyshireuk.net /derby/john_flamsteed.html (503 words)

	Flamsteed \| John \| 1646-1719 \| 1st astronomer royal
		John Flamsteed (1646-1719) was the first astronomer royal of England.
		Plans to establish a royal observatory, which had been semi-dormant for some time, were rapidly revived, and Flamsteed was appointed as the first astronomer royal (specifically ordered to make observations relevant to navigation), and the Greenwich Observatory was constructed.
		Though he was underpaid, his observatory underfunded, and the initial government enthusiasm for astronomical matters was short-lived, Flamsteed set to work making his observations.
	www.nahste.ac.uk /isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0265.html (570 words)

	ESA - Mars Express - Where is zero degrees longitude on Mars?
		On Earth, the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, is defined as the 'prime meridian,' or zero degrees longitude.
		The transit circle was built by Sir George Biddell Airy, the 7th Astronomer Royal, in 1850.
		The Italian astronomer G. Schiaparelli used this feature as the zero point of longitude in his 1877 map of Mars.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEM0VQV4QWD_0.html (558 words)

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