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Topic: Astronomical cuneiform texts

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	CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS IN THE LOOTED IRAQ MUSEUM
		The cuneiform writing system (from the Latin word for "wedge") was in use in ancient Mesopotamia for some three thousand years (approximately 3,000 B.C. to the beginning of the Christian era).
		The world's largest collection of cuneiform tablets is probably the British Museum‘s, much acquired in their excavations in the mid- to late nineteenth century, and partly acquired on the antiquities market.
		The size and shape of cuneiform tablets varied greatly depending on the period and area and the purpose of the tablet.
	www.ifar.org /cuneiform.htm (1256 words)

	Archibald Sayce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		3, part 1), with transcriptions and translations of the relevant cuneiform texts, that was one of the first articles to recognise and translate astronomical cuneiform texts.
		He had suspected for some time that Boghazkoy was the capital of the Hittites because some hieroglyphic scripts found at Aleppo and Hamath in northern Syria were matched the script on a monument at Boghazkoy.
		In 1882, in a lecture to the Society of Biblical Archaeology in London, he announced that the Hittites, far from being a small Canaanite tribe who dealt with the kings of the northern kingdom of Israel, were the people of a "lost Hittite empire," which Egyptian texts were then bringing to light.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Archibald_Sayce (787 words)

	Historians of Astrology - by Lester Ness (Changchun University of Technology)
		Brown is one of the successors of Otto Neugebauer.
		Erica Reiner’s most important astrological publication is her text, translation and commentary, in collaboration with David Pingree, of Enuma Anu Enlil, the canonical Mesopotamian catalog of astral omens.
		Molnar is primarily an astronomer, but he has written extensively on the early Christians and astrology, particularly the star of the Magi mentioned in the Gospel of Luke.
	cura.free.fr /xxv/24ness.html (3502 words)

	Indian Institute of Astrophysics > Public Outreach > Constellations (Site not responding. Last check: )
		texts (wedge-shaped characters used by Sumerians and Babylonians) from the second half of the second millenium B.C. record the Sumerian names of the constellations.
		Drawings of these astronomical animals on Babylonian boundary stones of the same period, and the earlier occurance of these motifs on prehistoric seals, Sumerian vases and gaming boards suggest that they may have originated as early as 4000 B.C. These then found their way to Greece through contact with Phoenicians.
		The only oriental astronomer to re-observe the positions of Ptolemy's stars was Ulugh Begh, grandson of the Mongol conqueror Tamerlane.
	www.iiap.res.in /outreach/constellation.html (898 words)

	THE VELIKOVSKY AFFAIR: CHAPTER 4: CUNEIFORM ASTRONOMICAL RECORDS AND CELESTIAL INSTABILITY
		Most of his life was dedicated to the interpretation of cuneiform texts dealing with astronomy and with the related topics of chronology and mythology; the main characteristic of his method was a mathematical rigour for which he is considered still unsurpassed today.
		Such precise astronomical details are given that, calculating by the position of the constellations around 100 B. C., the crisis began in September and reached a climax in seven months and 2.7 days, after the 7th or the 8th of April.
		The argument of Weidner was that cuneiform documents refer to the left and right 'horn' of Venus, using a Sumerian symbol which is used to refer to the shape of the waxing or waning moon.
	www.quantavolution.org /vol_15/velikovsky_affair_04.htm (9374 words)

	The Myth of Babylonian Knowledge of Precession
		The cuneiform tablet evidence clearly establishes that it was the astronomy of the Mul.Apin scheme (circa 1000 BCE) that established the preconditions for the importance of the ecliptic and the establishment of the Babylonian zodiacal scheme which was later adopted by the Greeks.
		Its use is evidenced in administrative texts from Uruk III at the end of the 4th millennium BCE and from Jemdet Nasr throughout the 3rd millennium BCE.
		Over the past century the astronomical cuneiform tablets have gradually been deciphered, and one of the most surprising things that has emerged is the relatively high accuracy with which parameters can be extracted from very approximate observations.
	www.members.optusnet.com.au /~gtosiris/page9f.html (4892 words)

	Otto E. Neugebauer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1931 he founded the mathematical reviewing journal Zentralblatt für Mathematik and in 1939, after the Zentralblatt was taken over by the Nazis, he founded Mathematical Reviews in the U.S.A. to take its place.
		In 1967 he was awarded the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship by the American Astronomical Society.
		In 1979 he received the Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics from the Mathematical Association of America for founding these journals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Otto_E._Neugebauer (350 words)

	The Myth of Babylonian Knowledge of Precession
		Also, from his study of cuneiform texts Kugler pointed out that the concept of precessional movement of the tropical points through ecliptic constellations was not contained in early Babylonian astronomical texts.
		The cuneiform tablet evidence clearly establishes that it was the astronomy of the Mul.Apin scheme (circa 1000 BCE) that established the preconditions for the importance of the ecliptic and the establishment of the Babylonian zodiacal scheme which was later adopted by the Greeks.
		Its use is evidenced in administrative texts from Uruk III at the end of the 4th millennium BCE and from Jemdet Nasr throughout the 3rd millennium BCE.
	members.optusnet.com.au /~gtosiris/page9f.html (6193 words)

	Discussion Part B
		Franz Xavier Kugler (1862-1929), a Jesuit priest who devoted much of his life to the study of cuneiform astronomical texts, ultimately reached the conclusion that most of these ancient tablets reflected actual observations and were not, as many other philologists had adduced, nonsensical.
		The latter text might refer to a comet which has broken up into three or four comets under the stress of the sun's gravitational pull; however, this is an unusual occurrence.
		TEXT: If in the sky a meteor train occurs from east to west (and) north to south (and) stands out (?) like a cross: the king of that land will die, and famine will seize (it).
	abob.libs.uga.edu /bobk/discb.html (2232 words)

	Hipparchus...SciPeeps.com
		Hipparchus (circa 190 BC - circa 120 BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician.
		Hipparchus is considered the greatest astronomical observer, and by some the greatest astronomer of antiquity.
		In addition to his other writings dealing with astronomical topics, the work of Hipparchus (flourished second half of second century BC) dealing with the calculation and prediction of celestial positions would have been very useful to those engaged in the sort of astronomy known as astrology.
	www.scipeeps.com /hipparchus.html (6700 words)

	Intimations of an Alien Sky
		Among the Babylonians, texts that deal strictly with astronomical, as opposed to astrological, observations do not seem to have made their appearance until about the middle of the seventh century B.C. during the reign of Nabonassar.
		Astronomically, they are nothing but a catalogue of the same boring celestial events that we see enacted in the sky above us to this day.
		With so many cuneiform tablets having been lost through the vagaries of nature and the hand of man, and with so many undeciphered others falling apart in museum basements, it would not have been remarkable had this datum not survived in the original.
	www.bearfabrique.org /Catastrophism/Saturn/aliensky.html (12705 words)

	Amazon.com: Astronomical Cuneiform Texts : Babylonian Ephemerides of the Seleucid Period for the Motion of the Sun, the ...
		Amazon.com: Astronomical Cuneiform Texts : Babylonian Ephemerides of the Seleucid Period for the Motion of the Sun, the Moon, and the Planets; Parts 1,2 and 3 (Sources...
		Astronomical Cuneiform Texts : Babylonian Ephemerides of the Seleucid Period for the Motion of the Sun, the Moon, and the Planets; Parts 1,2 and 3 (Sources...
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	www.amazon.com /Astronomical-Cuneiform-Texts-Ephemerides-Mathematics/dp/0387908129 (596 words)

	The Star of Babylon
		The Babylonian's appear to have possessed two sets of initial corrections to cope with both the fast and the slow arcs; the second correction in longitude given above (5;00 degrees) concerns the former; for the slow arc the correction was the 4;50 degrees above in association with the 71-year period relation.
		The corrections for the 583-year period are based on information in a lunar text (ACT 210, Section 2) found in a line preceding the possible mention of the 265-year fundamental period for Saturn.
		An earlier Babylonian text does in fact contain a cryptic reference to a moving "star" in the constellation of Pisces, i.e., "If the Fish Star approaches the Acre Star...," with the latter star considered to be a member of the adjacent constellation Pegasus.
	www.angelfire.com /wizard/regulus_antares/star_of_babylon.html (4021 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.06.29
		The horoscopes both draw on observed and calculated astronomical data to describe the configuration of the skies at the nativity and make predictions of the client's future from the celestial omen tradition (pp.
		She is generous with translated quotes from both published and unpublished sources, but annoyingly, discussions or citations of ancient texts are not indexed (although names and subjects are).
		The best introduction to astronomical genres is Hermann Hunger, 'Non-mathematical astronomical texts and their relationships', in Swerdlow (ed.) 1999 (see note 9), 77-98.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2005/2005-06-29.html (3369 words)

	Annotated Bibliography for Catastrophism: Astronomy, Archaeoastronomy, and Ethnoastronomy
		Allen provides a history of the literary and mythological uses of the stars and constellations, including the history of the lunar and solar zodiacs, the legends associated with various constellations and star groups, and the history of astrology.
		Since the original publication of this book predates important astronomical discoveries from the Near and Far East, it is rather dated.
		Skidi villages were laid out and organized astronomically, and sky symbols decorated their belongings.
	www.pibburns.com /catasbib/astro.htm (1591 words)

	Bibliography of Mesopotamian Mathematics
		One of the most important distinctions I have drawn is to treat Mesopotamian astronomy, including mathematical astronomy, as a separate discipline and so not include astronomical works unless they they have some distinct relation to non-astronomical mathematics.
		Aaboe, A. 'A new mathematical text from the astronomical archive in Babylon: BM 36849'.
		Nemet-Nejat, K.R. 'Corrigenda to NABU 2001/10 (A Late-Babylonian mathematical text)'.
	it.stlawu.edu /~dmelvill/mesomath/biblio/bigbib.html (7826 words)

	Anaximander [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The text is cast in indirect speech, even the part which most authors agree is a real quotation.
		The danger exists that we are tempted to use this stray text - beautiful and mysterious as it is - in order to produce all kinds of profound interpretations that are hard to verify.
		We may discern three of his astronomical speculations: (1) that the celestial bodies make full circles and pass also beneath the earth, (2) that the earth floats free and unsupported in space, and (3) that the celestial bodies lie behind one another.
	www.iep.utm.edu /a/anaximan.htm (5447 words)

	Babylonian Mathematics and Sexagesimal Notation
		It is also a slightly more accurate value (11;51,40,25,48,..years) than the period of 11.86111* years (11;51,40) obtained from the Babylonian integer period relationship for 427 years to which correspond 36 mean sidereal periods, 391 mean synodic periods and the rounded mean synodic arc of 33;8,45, degrees.
		As for the interval of 13:30,27,46 months in ACT 812 Section 1--a value that Neugebauer found to be "completely dark"-- this is most sensibly and reasonably understood in heliocentric terms, i.e., the time expressed in mean synodic months for Earth to move one complete sidereal revolution of 360 degrees plus an additional 33;8,45 degrees.
		Consequently, what is known with respect to the astronomical cuneiform texts of the Seleucid Era should, perhaps, be judged mainly on its practical merit, namely the simple yet successful description of complex celestial phenomena associated with the mean, varying, and apparent motions of the five known planets, Sun and Moon.
	www.spirasolaris.ca /sbb1sup1.html (2106 words)

	ETCSL: Consolidated bibliography of Sumerian literature
		Cuneiform Studies in honor of Samuel Noah Kramer.
		Sumerian Literary Texts from Nippur in the Museum of the Ancient Orient at Istanbul.
		"Sumerian Texts and Fragments in the University of Pennsylvania Museum Related to Rulers of Isin." Pp.
	www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk /bibliography.htm (4126 words)

	Astrology and Judaism in Late Antiquity - Astrology in Mesopotamia
		It is significant that one of Marduk's first acts in shaping the universe was to organize the heavenly bodies, and particularly the schedule of the moon.
		This text is interesting as an example of the public worship of the planets, together with the sky, Anu.
		texts, in particular, were meant to annul bad omens by an appeal to the gods.
	www.smoe.org /arcana/diss1.html (12752 words)

	Christianism - Appendix IV
		for the sun was used in ancient astronomical texts to denote the sun." [67].
		Despite these shortcomings, Egyptian astronomers must have existed, for their contributions to modern civilization—the tropical [solar] calendar and the twenty-four-hour day—continue to remind us of the ideas they developed more than five thousand years ago.
		The interweaving of astronomical imagery into the myths, legends, and poetry of the Egyptians also underlines the close interrelationship they felt existed between the terrestrial and celestial worlds.
	www.christianism.com /appendicies/IV.html (4717 words)

	Hipparchus - Crystalinks
		Most known astronomical tablets have been described by A. Sachs, and later published by Otto Neugebauer in "Astronomical Cuneiform Texts" (3 vol.; Princeton and London, 1955).
		According to the late classical philosopher Simplicius (early 6th century AD), Alexander ordered the translation of the historical astronomical records under supervision of his chronicler Callisthenes of Olynthus, who sent it to his uncle Aristotle.
		For his chord table Hipparchus must have used a better approximation for ¼ than the one from Archimedes (between 3 + 1/7 and 3 + 10/71); maybe the one later used by Ptolemy: 3;8:30 (sexagesimal) (Almagest VI.7); but it is not known if he computed an improved value himself.
	www.crystalinks.com /hipparchus.html (3264 words)

	Mesopotamian Astronomy & Astrology
		Aaboe, Asger Hartvig and Sachs, Abraham Joseph, “Two Lunar Texts of the Achaemenid Period from Babylon”, Centaurus: International Magazine of the History of Science and Medicine, 14 (1969), 1-22 – discusses BM 36599, 36737, 36822 and 47912.
		Steele, John M., “A 3405: An Unusual Astronomical Text from Uruk”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 55 (2000), 103-135 [SpringerLink] – collection of dates and longitudes of planetary phenomena and lunar eclipses for the period SE 60 to 70.
		These lunar eclipses have recently been identified in the cuneiform tablets BM 37088+37652, confirming that they were indeed observed in Babylon.
	www.phys.uu.nl /~vgent/babylon/babybibl_sunmoon.htm (3159 words)

	A Bibliography of Mesopotamian Astronomy & Astrology
		Aaboe, Asger Hartvig, “A New Mathematical Text from the Astronomical Archive in Babylon: BM 36849”, in: N.M. Swerdlow (ed.), Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination (MIT Press, Cambridge/London, 1999), pp.
		Horowitz, Wayne, “Astronomical Cuneiform Texts in the Birmingham City Museum”, in: A.R. George and I.L. Finkel (eds.), Wisdom, Gods and Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G. Lambert (Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, 2000, pp.
		309-314 – fragments of an astronomical diary for 278 BC, a Normal Star almanac, a procedure text for the Moon and an undated astronomical diary.
	www.phys.uu.nl /~vgent/babylon/babybibl_unsorted.htm (2772 words)

	Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Neugebauer, On a Special Use of the Sign 'Zero' in Cuneiform Astronomical Texts.
		Neugebauer, R. Parker, and K.-T. Zauzich, A Demotic Lunar Eclipse Text of the First Century B.C. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 125 (1981) 312-327.
		Revue d'histoire des textes 22 (1992) 47-87 and plates I-V. Turner, Roman Oxyrhynchos.
	www.epas.utoronto.ca /~ajones/oxy/biblio.html (1321 words)

	Babylonian chronicles
		Geller, M.J. 1990, "Babylonian astronomical diaries and corrections of Diodorus" in: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53, 1-7
		Van der Spek, R.J. 1998b, "The chronology of the wars of Artaxerxes II in the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries" in: Maria Brosius and Amélie Kuhrt eds., Studies in Persian History: essays in memory of David M. Lewis.
		Van der Spek, R.J. 2001, "The theatre of Babylon in cuneiform" in: W.H. van Soldt, et al., edd., Veenhof Anniversary Volume.
	www.livius.org /cg-cm/chronicles/chron_literature.html (1740 words)

	Zero in Four Dimensions
		The act of dividing by zero is meaningless.
		Neugebauer O., (editor), Astronomical Cuneiform Texts : Babylonian Ephemerides of the Seleucid Period for the Motion of the Sun, the Moon, and the Planets, Springer Verlag, 1983.
		The first underlines the mathematical suitability of 360 (its factors are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9,10, 12, etc) in problems related to the division of a whole in equal parts, the second points out the connection with come astronomical constants (as 365).
	www.pantaneto.co.uk /issue5/arsham (8874 words)

	Hipparchus - Gurupedia
		Hipparchus (Greek Ἳππαρχος) (circa 190 BC – circa 120 BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician.
		He is believed to be the greatest Greek astronomic observer, and many regard him as the greatest astronomer of ancient times, although Cicero gave preferences to
		Thebes, Egypt that was built in around 2000 BC) he still later observed that the equinox had moved 2° relative to Spica.
	www.gurupedia.com /h/hi/hipparchus.htm (6645 words)

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