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Topic: Astronomical satellite

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Rakesh Sharma

	Method and apparatus for controlling a solar wing of a satellite using a sun sensor - Patent 5257759
		This invention discloses generally a method of positioning a solar wing of a satellite relative to the sun, and more particularly, a method of positioning a solar wing of a satellite including compensating for the ephemeris motion of the sun by means of a sun sensor on the satellite's body.
		To remain in a geosynchronous orbit it is necessary that the satellite be in an orbit substantially within the equatorial plane of the earth at the desirable distance, and that the satellite's attitude be oriented perpendicular to this plane.
		Relative to a geosynchronous satellite, this increase in velocity is a movement of the sun to the left.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5257759.html (4920 words)

	A Satellite Survey
		In this paper weather satellite data suitable for monitoring and forecasting applications at astronomical sites is described and the methodology for cloud cover, water vapor and (clear sky) transparency measurement is explained.
		Where q is the satellite viewing zenith angle, a and b are the least squares fit slope and intercept of the regression line as defined by the empirical relationship and p0 is a normalized pressure variable.
		Satellite data used are ISCCP from GOES-8 for the period January 1995 to February 1996.
	www.astro.caltech.edu /~erasmus/Projects/ESOph5/UseSat_InvPap_Mar.html (3326 words)

	INFRARED ASTRONOMICAL SATELLITE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This is the task of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), launched on January 25, 1983.
		Astronomical objects generally emit their energy over a wide range of wavelengths, and the hotter an object is, the more its energy output is concentrated at the short end of the spectrum.
		This is the purpose of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite.
	vesuvius.jsc.nasa.gov /er/seh/infra.html (3798 words)

	Satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Gravity pulls the satellite closer to the object it orbits but the satellite is perpendicular to that pull so quickly that satellite continually avoids colliding with the primary
		The motion of the satellite its primary gravitational source is known as freefall.
		I recently took a Satellite Communications course at the university I attend and this was the textbook.
	www.freeglossary.com /Satellite (892 words)

	Infrared Imaging Satellite "AKARI"(ASTRO-F)
		The infrared astronomical satellite "Akari" continues its mission to map the entire sky in infrared light.
		ASTRO-F is an infrared-ray astronomical satellite that seeks an understanding of the formation and evolution of galaxies.
		ASTRO-F is being designed to make this survey with greater sensitivity and higher resolution than those achieved by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), the world’s first astronomical satellite using infrared rays, which was launched jointly by the United Kingdom, the United States and the Netherlands in 1983.
	www.jaxa.jp /missions/projects/sat/astronomy/astro_f/index_e.html (603 words)

	Space observatory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		But space-based astronomy is even more important for frequency ranges which are outside of the optic window and the radio window, the only two wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum that are not severely attenuated by the atmosphere.
		Satellites have been launched by NASA, ESA and the Japanese Space Agency.
		Hipparcos was a satellite for measuring stellar parallax.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Astronomical_satellite (788 words)

	2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		What was required for modern observatories were effective scheduling tools for the entire observing process including preparation by the astronomer of his observation program, dividing of the observing time into manageable time blocks, carrying out of the observation and post-observation data control by the observatory.
		Such a relation is proposed in Section 4 where the satellite derived transparency index (TI) is related to the rms of the atmospheric extinction measured from the ground with a telescope.
		The constants a (K) and b depend on the observation channel and instrument and are constant for a given satellite.
	www.saao.ac.za /~erasmus/Projects/ESOph5/SPIE_4168-17.html (2718 words)

	KISAG - ISO/ISOPHOT
		The satellite essentially consists of: a large liquid-helium cryostat; a telescope with a 60-cm diameter primary mirror; four scientific instruments and the service module.
		Thus, ISO has provided astronomers with a unique facility to see both familiar objects in an unusual way and objects that are invisible at other wavelengths.
		For this reason ISO, operating at wavelengths from 2.5 to 240 microns, could observe astronomical objects that remain hidden for optical telescopes, such as cool objects that are unable to emit in visible light.
	kisag.konkoly.hu /ISO/what_iso.html (1490 words)

	LAMBDA - Infrared Astronomical Satellite
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) mission was a collaborative effort by the United States (NASA), the Netherlands (NIVR), and the United Kingdom (SERC).
		The positional accuracy of sources detected by IRAS depends on their size, brightness and spectral energy distribution but is usually better than 20".
		For the all-sky survey the satellite scanned at 3.85' per second along arcs of constant Solar elongation close to 90°.
	lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov /product/iras (351 words)

	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
		This paved the way for astronomers in the 1900s who used special telescopes to survey the skies at infrared wavelengths.
		The concept of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite was to take such a telescope and place it in orbit above the interference of Earth's atmosphere.
		The Netherlands was responsible for the spacecraft, while the United States contributed the launch, the infrared telescope and final data handling; the United Kingdom was in charge of satellite operations and preliminary data processing.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /missions/past/iras.html (242 words)

	ISO's facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The European Space Agency's (ESA) Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is an astronomical satellite that was operational between November 1995 and May 1998.
		In 1983 the US-Dutch-British IRAS satellite inaugurated infrared space astronomy by mapping 250,000 cosmic infrared sources and large areas of extended emission.
		Astronomers can now combine ISO's results with observations of the same object and others like it, at sub-millimetre radio wavelengths, to build up a detailed picture of the earliest stages of star formation.
	www.iso.vilspa.esa.es /outreach/bck_grnd/iso_fact.htm (3430 words)

	Astronomical Instruments
		Interferometer is used to measure the size of astronomical objects.
		Satellites such as ROSAT (in orbit between 1990-1999), and the Chandra X-ray observatory (since July, 1999) utilize "grazing incidence" telescopes (GRITs), which bring x-rays to a focus by reflecting them at shallow angles from the surfaces of nested sets of tapering, tubelike reflectors as shown in Figure 06.
		Because their wavelengths are far smaller than the sizes of the atoms in a mirror, gamma rays cannot be focued by reflection, and the early gamma-ray satellites were unable to form images of sources or even determine their positions with confidence.
	universe-review.ca /R08-11-instruments.htm (1780 words)

	Dave Harvey - Satellite Tracking
		The procedures for accomplishing satellite tracking have been developed over the past five years by the Steward Center for Orbital Mechanics (S-COM) which is responsible for providing this service to observers from around the world on a resource available basis.
		The satellite was tracked for approximately 2 minutes and 22 seconds in the 2 x 1.5 arcminute field of the 90 inch telescope operating at F/9 as it passed within 621 kilometers the station.
		The satellite, once acquired, will usually be offset in the primary telescope observing field and the telescope must be manually centered on the object by the use of a rate joy-stick connected to the TCS Computer designed to assist the final co-alignment.
	sol.as.arizona.edu /~dave/cbawest/sattrak.html (1320 words)

	IRAS - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was a space-based observatory that performed a survey of the entire sky at infrared wavelengths.
		In IRAS' case, 720 liters of superfluid helium kept the satellite at a temperature of 1.6 kelvins (about −272 °C).
		When the fluid totally evaporated, the satellite temperature rose preventing further observations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/IRAS (363 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Sometimes this is done for practical scientific purposes, as in the case of weather satellites and those used in the study of forested areas and the search for resources.
		The best-known infrared satellite is the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), although a new one called ISO was launched a few years ago and has outdone IRAS's performance.
		The earliest astronomical X-ray observations were made long before artificial satellites were reliable technology, and in fact were carried out using small rockets which could be fired briefly high into the atmosphere before they fell back to Earth.
	www.astro.queensu.ca /~hanes/p014/Notes/Topic_049.html (3208 words)

	NASM Space Artifacts: Uhuru Satellite
		The first satellite devoted exclusively to the study of non-solar x-rays in space was launched by an international team from a platform off the coast of Kenya on December 12, 1970.
		Explorer 42, "Uhuru," the first satellite totally devoted to the study of astronomical x-ray sources, was launched on December 12, 1970 from a platform off the coast of Kenya.
		It was the first American satellite to be launched by a foreign crew and was also the first in NASA series of Small Astronomy Satellites (SAS).
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/dsh/artifacts/SS-Uhuru.htm (781 words)

	Japan Sends X-ray Scope Into Wrong Orbit
		Japan lost a 105-million-dollar astronomical satellite after a rocket went awry Thursday, triggering a drastic review of the country's disaster-prone space program, officials said.
		The institute which launched the satellite is part of the education ministry, and is separate from the National Space Development Agency (NASDA), which has had several spectacular failures.
		That was second successive failure in the costly H-2 rocket project after a 36-million-dollar satellite was lost in space despite a successful separation from the rocket in February 1998.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/japan-astroe-00b.html (559 words)

	Odin Satellite
		Odin - is the first Astronomy satellite that Canada has played a significant role in designing, constructing, and operating - It was successfully launched today, February 20, 2001 on a START-1 rocket from Svobodny, Russia.
		Odin's primary scientific objective is to search for water and oxygen molecules in space which will give crucial clues to our understanding of the origin of life in the Universe.
		To make these observations, the satellite is equipped with radio receivers operating at high frequencies of 500 to 600 gigahertz: about a thousand times higher than the frequencies used in commercial television.
	www.iras.ucalgary.ca /odin/Launch/press.html (459 words)

	RedOrbit - Space - Japan Launches Astronomical Satellite
		In addition to the satellite, the M5 carries a tiny satellite made by the students of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, and experimental equipment for a solar sailor being developed by the agency, also known as JAXA.
		The satellite is equipped with a 70-centimeter telescope and can capture infrared rays emitted by low temperature stars and new galaxies.
		Scientists hope that the satellite will detect several million new astronomical objects and plan to create a database of the whole universe utilizing the satellite's ability to observe wide areas.
	www.redorbit.com /news/space/400962/japan_launches_astronomical_satellite/index.html?source=r_space (322 words)

	NASA - Early History
		In the meantime, astronomers exploited narrow atmospheric transmission windows to observe from the ground at selected near- and mid-infrared wavelengths.
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite, an Explorer-class satellite designed to conduct the first infrared survey of the sky, was a collaborative effort between the United States, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
		Nonetheless, the experiment (developed prior to the Infrared Astronomical Satellite mission) successfully demonstrated a cryogenically cooled telescope design and superfluid helium management in a zero-gravity environment.
	www.nasa.gov /mission_pages/spitzer/infrared/index.html (781 words)

	The ISO Mission - A Scientific Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Astronomers will be able to choose specific targets in the sky and point ISO towards them for up to ten hours at a time to make observations with versatile instruments of unprecedented sensitivity.
		Detailed photometric and spectroscopic study of this emission by ISO will give astronomers a much clearer understanding of the energy balance of the Galaxy and of the composition of the dust (large molecules, carbon grains, silicate grains, etc.) in different parts of it.
		Astronomical sources a million times fainter must be found against this undesired 'background' (really foreground) emission.
	www.iso.vilspa.esa.es /outreach/bck_grnd/bull2/kess184.htm (4359 words)

	Imagine the Universe! Satellite Showcase: SAS-2
		The second NASA Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS-2) was dedicated to gamma-ray astronomy in the energy range above 35 MeV.
		During the approximately six months of the mission, 27 pointed observations, typically of a week duration, were made resulting in about 55 percent of the sky being observed, including most of the galactic plane.
		The SAS-2 satellite carried a single telescope using a 32-level wire spark-chamber covering the energy range from 20 MeV to 1 GeV.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/sats_n_data/satellites/showcase_sas2.html (428 words)

	Introduction to the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was a joint project of the US, UK and the Netherlands.
		IRAS discoveries included a disk of dust grains around the star Vega, six new comets, and very strong infrared emission from interacting galaxies as well as wisps of warm dust called infrared cirrus which could be found in almost every direction of space.
		The satellite design and survey strategy were optimized for maximally reliable detection of point sources.
	www.sron.rug.nl /iras (356 words)

	Aerospace Technology - Odin Civil Satellite
		The Odin satellite, launched in 2001, combines the two scientific disciplines of astronomy and aeronomy on a single spacecraft.
		Swedish Space Corporation developed this small satellite for astronomers and atmospheric researchers, on behalf of the Swedish National Space Board and the space agencies of Canada, Finland and France.
		When observing astronomical sources Odin is continuously pointing towards the object for up to 60 minutes.
	www.aerospace-technology.com /projects/odin/index.html (639 words)

	Infrared Astronomical Satellite - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Infrared Astronomical Satellite" at HighBeam.
		Urgent: Japan launches Astro-F infrared ray astronomical satellite.
		Japan's first infrared ray satellite put into orbit.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-i1r1a1sts1at.html (130 words)

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