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| | Astrophysics |
 | | Astrophysics: Commencing with the advent of photography and the study of stellar spectra in the second half of the nineteenth century, astrophysics no includes optical and radio observations of stars, clusters, interstellar material, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies, and their interpretations. |
 | | Study of the motions of stars in pairs, groups, clusters, associations, and galaxies, is the overlap of celestial mechanics with astrophysics, and the study of the distribution and pattern of motion of the distant galaxies is the overlap with cosmology. |
 | | Astrophysics used to be called the "new astronomy"; it represents merely a natural development of knowledge about the celestial bodies, resulting from the application of the new methods of observation, employing the spectroscope, the photoelectric cell, the thermocouple, the photographic plate, etc, and stimulated by modern advances in atomic physics. |
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