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Topic: Asymmetric

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	Asymmetric warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Asymmetric warfare is a military term describing warfare in which the two belligerents are mismatched in their military capabilities or their accustomed methods of engagement.
		Where asymmetric warfare is carried out (generally covertly) by allegedly non-governmental actors who are connected to or sympathetic to a particular nation's (the "state actor's") interest, it may be deemed war by proxy.
		The deniability can be important to keep the state actor from being tainted by the actions, to allow the state actor to negotiate in apparent good faith by claiming they are not responsible for the actions of parties who are merely sympathizers, or to avoid being accused of belligerent actions or war crimes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asymmetric_warfare (2231 words)

	Public-key cryptography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An asymmetric key cryptosystem was published in 1976 by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman, who, influenced by Ralph Merkle's work on public key distribution, disclosed a method of public key agreement.
		Thus, use of asymmetric key algorithms does not ensure security; it is an area of active research to discover and protect against new and unexpected attacks.
		Another potential weakness in the process of using asymmetric keys is the possibility of a 'Man in the middle' attack, whereby the communication of public keys is intercepted by a third party and modified to provide the third party's own public keys instead.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asymmetric_key_algorithm (2981 words)

	Asymmetric Warfare: An Overview
		Asymmetric warfare is a very old method, but has garnered great attention since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
		While disparity of interest, real or perceived, is often the catalyst for asymmetric attacks, it is often the will of the opponent that is the target of the attack rather than the physical target.Asymmetric attacks are often characterized as tactical operations that are meant to achieve some strategic objective or outcome.
		Ideally, the desired effect of the employment of asymmetric approaches should be felt on all levels of war, rippling from the tactical to the strategic.
	radio.weblogs.com /0001134/stories/2003/01/11/asymmetricWarfareAnOverview.html (2424 words)

	An intro to Elliptical Curve Cryptography
		In all asymmetric cryptographic schemes, this property — the property that one key is used for encryption, and another for decryption, and the decryption key cannot be found from the encryption key — is derived from the use of mathematical functions whose inverse is extremely difficult to calculate.
		You may understand an asymmetric cryptographic key pair as a pair of numbers which have some relationship associated with a mathematical function which is relatively easy to compute in one direction, but whose inverse is in practical terms intractable.
		As described in the preceding sections, the common characteristic of all asymmetric cryptosystems is a function whose inverse is significantly harder.
	www.deviceforge.com /articles/AT4234154468.html (6045 words)

	Encyclopedia: Asymmetric warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A belligerent in warfare describes one of the contracting parties in the conflict; that is, one of the powers at war in contrast to neutral countries and non-belligerents.
		Similarly, laws of warfare prohibit combatants from using civilian settlements, populations or facilities as military bases, but when an inferior power uses this tactic, it depends on the premise that the superior power will respect the law that they are violating, and will not attack that civilian target.
		This is the root of the phrase "One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter." The term terrorism â€”largely synonymous with political violence â€”refers to a strategy of using coordinated attacks typically outside of the time, place, and manner of conduct commonly understood as within the bounds of warfare.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Asymmetric-warfare (4811 words)

	Asymmetric warfare -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It should be noted, however, that in these cases, traditional battles were also fought in addition to (A member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment) guerilla tactics.
		Where asymmetric warfare is carried out (generally covertly) by allegedly non-governmental actors who are connected to or sympathetic to a particular nation's (the "state actor's") interest, it may be deemed (Click link for more info and facts about war by proxy) war by proxy.
		Asymmetric warfare is not synonymous with (The calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimindation or coercion or instilling fear) terrorism.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/as/asymmetric_warfare.htm (1529 words)

	The Asymmetric Threat
		They are desirable targets in both conventional and asymmetric warfare, but their vulnerability makes them especially attractive to nations and organizations that do not have the power to wage conventional warfare.
		Training the logistics commander to meet the asymmetric threat is of vital importance, but this training will not be effective unless it is based on sound force-wide doctrine.
		Reducing vulnerability to asymmetric threats is vital for the Army's survival and continued dominance in future operations.
	www.almc.army.mil /ALOG/issues/JulAug01/MS628.htm (1348 words)

	Asymmetric Key Algorithm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first known asymmetric key algorithm was invented by Clifford Cocks of GCHQ in the UK.
		A relatively new addition to the class of asymmetric key algorithms is elliptic curve cryptography.
		One drawback of asymmetric key algorithms is that they are much slower (factors of 1000+ are typical) than 'comparably' secure symmetric key algorithms.
	www.wikiverse.org /asymmetric-key-algorithm (1104 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 2002
		Borrowing from the terrorism case, the most fruitful approach to the better understanding of asymmetric threats is not via a forlorn quest for the perfect definition, but rather by the identification of the principal characteristics of, and corollaries to, asymmetry.
		Even when the asymmetric threat approaches both high plausibility and amenability to a fairly reliable solution--as, for example, with the menace of rogue missile attacks--government and public are likely to opt for the non-response of psychological denial.
		While we do need to worry about, and plan to prevent, the damage that asymmetric threats might cause, we have to be particularly alert to the danger that relatively minor physical damage inflicted by terrorists may be translated--by us--into truly major societal and economic costs as we dignify the asymmetric belligerent by overreacting.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/parameters/02spring/gray.htm (4328 words)

	perl.com: Asymmetric Cryptography in Perl
		Asymmetric cryptography did not only provide an elegant solution to the aforementioned bootstrapping problem, it simultaneously solved several other problems of digital privacy, including unforgeable signatures and non-repudiation.
		Central to asymmetric cryptography, is the notion of trapdoor one-way functions.
		In an asymmetric cryptosystem, each user has two keys: a public key that others use to encrypt messages to the user and a secret key for decrypting messages encrypted with the public key.
	www.perl.com /pub/a/2001/09/26/crypto1.html (1162 words)

	Asymmetric (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Detection of Asymmetric PCR Products in Homogeneous Solution by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscop In asymmetric PCR, the low concentration primer is quantitatively incorporated into double stranded DNA after an appropriate number of cycles.
		Walsh Group Design and development of new asymmetric catalysts and the application of these catalysts to the synthesis of useful chiral building blocks.
		Queen of Spades Implementation of a Molecular Replacement method which simultaneously determines the rotational and translational parameters of all copies of a search model in the crystallographic asymmetric unit of a target structure.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Asymmetric.html (267 words)

	Introduction to Biological Units and the PDB Archive
		The asymmetric unit is used by the crystallographer to refine the structure against experimental data and does not necessarily represent a biologically functional molecule.
		The contents of the asymmetric unit depend on the molecule's position within the unit cell with respect to crystallographic symmetry elements and the level of structural similarities between multiple copies and structurally homologous portions of the molecule.
		The asymmetric unit, which in this case, is the same as the biological molecule, is created by applying the 60 matrices given in remark 350 to chain A. Matrix 2 is highlighted as an example -- the required rotation in red and the translation in blue.
	www.rcsb.org /pdb/biounit_tutorial.html (2034 words)

	Asymmetric Warfare
		In response to these alarming declarations, skeptics have argued that military scenarios focusing on asymmetric threats tend to overstate the vulnerabilities of the United States, and that merely identifying theoretical windows of vulnerability does not necessarily mean that real-world adversaries could climb through them.
		Numerous asymmetric strategies could be used to disrupt U.S. military capabilities and bring the conflict to the U.S. homeland.
		Thus, one way to minimize the future threat of asymmetric warfare would be for the United States to employ greater restraint towards intervention in regional conflicts.
	forum.ra.utk.edu /1999summer/asymmetric.htm (4094 words)

	Asymmetric - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In general, something is asymmetric if it is not symmetric.
		See antisymmetric relation for information on asymmetric relations in mathematics and set theory.
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asymmetric (88 words)

	[No title]
		For example, when bandwidth is asymmetric such that the reverse path used by TCP ACKs is constrained, the slow or infrequent ACK feedback degrades TCP performance in the forward direction.
		The trade-off in AR is between obtaining less bursty performance, a better rate of congestion window increase, and a reduction in the round-trip variation, versus a modest increase in the round-trip time estimate at the sender.
		Asymmetric bandwidth provision may cause TCP ACKs to be lost or become inordinately delayed (e.g., when there is bi-directional traffic.
	www.research.microsoft.com /~padmanab/papers/draft-ietf-pilc-asym-03.txt (9643 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Analysis: Asymmetric warfare
		The new buzz phrase of the moment is "asymmetric warfare": the September 11 attacks on the United States were the epitome of this.
		But if asymmetric warfare is not a new concept, it has taken on new, broader, dimensions.
		Asymmetric warfare will be fought on every front, including its root causes, according to Whitehall officials who have set up a special committee in the Cabinet Office to think about its many facets.
	www.guardian.co.uk /analysis/story/0,3604,562144,00.html (991 words)

	RFC 1423 (rfc1423) - Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Par (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When asymmetric key management is employed, the setting of odd parity bits is encouraged, but the checking of odd parity bits is discouraged, in order to facilitate interoperability, and since an error in the decryption of a DES key can be detected by other means (e.g., an incorrect PKCS #1 encryption-block format).
		Asymmetric Key Management Algorithms This section identifies the alternative asymmetric keys and the alternative asymmetric key management algorithms with which those keys shall be used, namely the asymmetric encryption algorithms with which DEKs and MICs are encrypted, and the asymmetric signature algorithms with which certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs) are signed.
		4.1 Asymmetric Keys This section describes the asymmetric keys that shall be used with the asymmetric encryption algorithms and the signature algorithms described later.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc1423.html (4060 words)

	RFC 1421 (rfc1421) - Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Par
		Appropriate asymmetric encryption algorithms and identifiers, and encrypted DEK formats are defined in RFC 1423.
		In a certificate-based asymmetric key management architecture, certificates are used as a means to provide entities' public components and other information in a fashion which is securely bound by a central authority.
		For the asymmetric key management case, the version/expiration subfield's value is the hexadecimal serial number of the certificate being used in conjunction with the originator or recipient specified in the "Originator-ID-Asymmetric:" or "Recipient-ID-Asymmetric:" field in which the subfield occurs.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc1421.html (10909 words)

	Do Media Victories Mean Anything? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Asymmetric warfare is a hot new topic, portraying the fearsome prospect of high tech American troops brought low by less well equipped, but better thought out, foes.
		Asymmetric warfare includes having the media in your corner, for that can easily turn a military defeat into a media victory.
		But asymmetric warfare is all about taking advantage of the status quo, and hoping the other guys doesn't wise up before you beat him to death.
	www.strategypage.com /dls/articles/20030909.asp (689 words)

	What are symmetric and asymmetric ciphers?
		In an asymmetric cipher, the key is negotiated between the parties during communication.
		Because asymmetric ciphers tend to be significantly more computationally intensive, they are usually used in combination with symmetric ciphers to implement effect public key cryptography.
		The asymmetric cipher is used to encrypt a session key and the encrypted session key is then used to encrypt the actual message.
	www.tech-faq.com /symmetric-asymmetric.shtml (271 words)

	Asymmetric
		Asymmetric Fleet Survey - Thanks to everyone who took the time and trouble to respond to the fleet survey.
		The asymmetric fleet races as start 4 of the Sunday club racing.
		Training for the asymmetric fleet is generally on an "Open" basis using well known coaches.
	www.grafham.org /asymmetric.htm (380 words)

	Quality of Macromolecular Models
		Beyond the technical methods sections of a paper, in the interpretations and discussions of the meaning of the newly published model, authors are careful to describe the functional form of the substance under study (if it is known), and this is the form that holds the most interest for users.
		As mentioned earlier, the asymmetric unit may be only a part of the functional unit.
		Users of models should be careful to distinguish the crystallographic asymmetric unit from the functional unit, which the Protein Data Bank has dubbed the "biologically functional molecule." For example, the functional unit of mammalian hemoglobin is a complex of four subunits, two each of two slightly different polypeptides, called
	www.usm.maine.edu /~rhodes/ModQual (7397 words)

	Asymmetric Catalysis Special Feature Part I: Toward efficient asymmetric hydrogenation: Architectural and functional ...
		The principle of asymmetric catalysis with chiral organometallic molecular catalysts.
		the sense of the asymmetric induction was the opposite of that
		Chiral compounds obtained by the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/15/5356 (2927 words)

	International Canoes at HISC - Hayling Island SC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Fastest lads in the Asymmetric fleet are at present to be found up North at Ulswater and Scaling Dam, so despite being very keen, the Hayling lads still have plenty of tuning to do to get amongst the chocolates nationally.
		Asymmetric Canoes are also taking off around the world with many in Germany, France, America, Canada, Australia and the Cayman Islands.
		With the Asymmetric option now established it allows new sailors to the Canoe, to start in a Standard boat, progressing to the Asymmetric is they choose, with plenty of following and enthusiasm in both.
	www.hisc.co.uk /canoe/page1.htm (325 words)

	FA-PCR and FCS by Kinjo
		In this paper we determined the yield of 500bp DNA in asymmetric PCR using FCS as a simple tool for quantification of the diffusion constant.
		Asymmetric PCR, in which the concentrations of primers are unequal, was introduced to make single-strand DNA for direct sequencing or for use as a hybridization probe (5).
		Asymmetric PCR, in which the concentrations of primers are unequal, was introduced to make single-strand (ss) DNA for direct sequencing or for use as a hybridization probe.
	imd-www.es.hokudai.ac.jp /~kinjo/fapcr/fapcrout.html (3733 words)

	2 or 4 post automotive and motorcycle lifts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He is well known throughout the lift industry for his ability to critique the operational functions of lifting equipment with symmetric and asymmetric auto lifts working with vehicles and storage for their productive applications for the operator.
		This innovation along with 4-wheel adjustable suspensions literally put an end to the wheel alignment pits in the early 1980's and gave owners the most economical way to capture more profits from their wheel alignment bay and hobby.
		Among his most significant work includes the introduction of the asymmetric, 2-column above ground lift to the United States while President of Group 10 Import Company working with car, garage and automotive hoists also hydraulic scissor, air and motorcycle lift or bike lifts.
	www.directlift.com (580 words)

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